For intelligence, people tend to emphasize the rational side too much, and often ignore the other perceptual side. As everyone knows, the world is composed of numbers and non-numbers.
"Interstellar" is the master of science fiction movies in human history, and it is a perfect science fiction movie. This film is very practical and closely related to physics and other disciplines. Someone asked the question: Why is science fiction so powerful in the United States and Europe? But in China it is not so powerful? And use this as a topic to introduce for today's report.
1. The origin of science fiction
In the course of human development, the four ancient civilizations have embodied the traces of the development of human civilization. Europe inherited the essential research of the first two civilizations-the study of the relationship between people and things. Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt are the two earliest civilizations in the world, which existed six to seven thousand years ago. They mainly studied food, clothing, shelter, transportation and normal material conditions, which were later transferred to the Mediterranean, where science and technology were derived in Europe, and they studied the interaction between objects, atoms, molecules, people and objects. Science and technology originated in Europe, and science fiction has historical origins in these regions.
The United States is an immigrant culture. It not only inherits the scientific spirit of Europe (the relationship between people and things), but also incorporates the theology of India and the Middle East (the relationship between people and gods). The relationship between humans and gods is injected into their culture, and the thoughts on the interaction between humans and humans and the environment of Chinese civilization are also partly integrated into their culture. Therefore, Hollywood in the United States has become the birthplace of science fiction movies, and science fiction is rooted in the four ancient civilizations.
In addition, it is worth noting that the development of intelligent science originated in Europe, and the development of intelligent technology in the United States. Science and technology are not the same, that is, after 1956 it was technology, before 1956 it was science. The Turing test provided groundbreaking ideas for later artificial intelligence science.
What is science fiction? Science fiction connects the fragments of imagination and reality to form a power or an emotional explosion.
The German philosopher Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling (Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, 1775-1854) once said: "The infinity expressed in a finite form is beauty." And what is intelligence? Intelligence also has this color-to represent infinite things in a limited way, that is, intelligence.
Regarding the definition of "wisdom", there are two iconic figures: one is Mencius of our country, and the other is Ludwig von Mises of Austria.
"Mencius·Gaozishang" mentioned: "The mind of right and wrong is also of wisdom." The Austrian economist and philosopher Ludwig von Mises (1881—1973) mentioned in his book Human Action: A Treatise on Economics : "The starting point of knowledge is to clearly distinguish A from non-A." (Figure 1)
The difference between Eastern civilization and Western civilization is expressed in these two sentences. Westerners talk about rationality and logic, while Orientals talk about ethics, morality, and perceptuality. Therefore, the East and the West differ greatly in their understanding of intelligence. The most fundamental difference is reflected in 2500 years ago when Thales, the father of Western science and philosophy, once said a motto: "Water is best". This sentence is the origin of science and philosophy. Water gave birth to life. When the Chinese talked about water, both Confucius and Laozi once said that "goodness is like water" and "the dead are like husbands". These moral, moral, ethical, and rational contents are reflected in the differences in thinking between the East and the West in the early days. Out.
2. Questions of David Hume
Hume’s question is whether the so-called “should” can be derived from “being”, that is, whether the “fact” proposition can be derived from the “value” proposition. It is a famous question raised by Hume in The Theory of Human Nature. This question occupies an important position in the modern history of Western philosophy. After him, many famous philosophers have intervened, but they have not effectively solved it in the end.
Hume once said that many causal relationships are caused by habits and customs, rather than real reasoning and logic. Hume’s question is the origin of intelligence. Solving this problem, strong artificial intelligence and general artificial intelligence will be connected, and there will be the kind of incredible robots that appear in science fiction movies. The bottleneck of all machines now lies in intelligence, and there has been no connection between intelligent software and human intelligence simulation. People can get through "being" and "should".
休谟之问的意思是从事实里推不出应该来。以清华大学校训为例：“天行健，君子必自强不息。”天行健，就是宇宙运行得非常强健，它和人的好与坏没有关系，那是客观事物，是being。一个人想成为一名君子，一个很有力量 的人，这是should，是主观的。客观和主观是割离的，这在休谟之问里推不出来的。但在中国知识体系中是可以推出来的，是可以类比、可以隐喻的，也可以从事实里推出价值观来。
我们一直在研究人机交互和人机融合智能。初步可以给大家做了这样一个区分：人机交互的本质是“共在”（脖子以下），即人的生理+机的物理；人机融合智能的未来是“共生”（脖子以上），即人的智慧+机的智能。值得注意的是，所有的机器智能，是把别人的智慧转变成程序或可程序化的事物，与使用者进行交流。
人机融合智能的本质就是把事实与价值统一起来，形成安全、高效、敏捷的信息处理机制。机处理事实，而人负责价值。所以，人机融合智能可以破解休谟之问——事实与价值的统一问题。
科技是Being，艺术是Should。Being与Should的结合就是休谟之问的融合，也是科学与艺术的融合，更是科幻的完美体现。《星球大战》就是一个很好的例子。
三、真正的智能发源处
真正的智能起源不是从美国人那里，而是起于以下介绍的这批著名学者。 查尔斯·巴贝奇（Charles Babbage，1792—1871）是世界上做机械计算机（差分机）的第一人。当时英国人征战世界各地，需要航海。航海需要测算航迹曲线，然而总是算错，于是英国人想，能不能用一台机器来进行准确的航迹计算？当局者让巴贝奇来研制这个机器。他用机械、齿轮做成了一个计算机，做成之后，请来一位女士进行编程。这位女士就是大名鼎鼎的阿·洛芙莱斯（Ada Lovelace，1815—1852），第一个程序就命名为阿达程序，被公认为是第四代计算机语言的主要代表。
图2中这位叼着烟斗的人是伯特兰·罗素（Bertrand Russell，1872—1970），他是英国哲学家、数学家、逻辑学家，分析哲学的主要创始人。他有一名非常出色的学生——维特根斯坦（Ludwig Wittgenstein，1889—1951），他的理论及其所著的《逻辑哲学论》(图3)一书对世界产生了很大的
影响。该书的第一句话是：“世界是由事实构成的，而不是由事物构成的。”事实就是关系，事物就是属性。关系的形成是智能的形成，所有的智能就是产生关系。
提到维特根斯坦，还要提到他的一个学生，也是朋友——英国数学家、逻辑学家艾伦·麦席森·图灵（Alan Mathison Turing，1912—1954），被称为“计算机科学之父”“人工智能之父”。二人曾针对一个问题进行了讨论：数学是发明还是发现？图灵认为是发现，而维特根斯坦认为是发明。
大卫·马尔（David C. Marr，1945—1980）是计算机视觉的鼻祖。他写的《VISION》是计算机视觉的开山之作。同时，他也是一位神经系统学家与心理学家，被公认为计算神经学的创始人。他利用心理学、人工智能以及神经心理学的成果发展出视觉处理的新模型，提出分析的层次和视觉的阶段。
还有两位都是在剑桥大学学习的。一位是杰夫·辛顿（Geoff Hinton），AI领袖级人物，深度学习之父，曾在剑桥大学心理系学习，他发现一种可以使神经网络变得更好的方法，尤其是这种方法能够揭示大脑是如何工作的；另一位是戴密斯·哈萨比斯（Demis Hassabis），创业公司DeepMind创始人，是阿尔法Zero、阿尔法围棋之父，剑桥大学计算机系本科毕业，后到UCL研究大
脑，攻读硕士和博士学位。他认为大脑就是一堆神经元组织的，于是转而做游戏开发。他掌握先进的人工智能技术，帮助谷歌展开一场全新的人工智能革命。
这些人大部分都来自剑桥大学三一学院，智能的起源也在这里。刘教授认为，这批人对世界智能，尤其是对最底层哲学的思考非常深入，以至于后来影响了图灵，乃至整个世界。
四、人工智能的三大标志性成果——“得形忘意”
1.深蓝（Deep Blue）
它是美国IBM公司生产的一台超级国际象棋电脑，机器当时装备了有关国际象棋冠军卡斯帕罗夫比赛的大量信息，比赛过程中，IBM工程师不断利用卡斯帕罗夫的下棋特点对深蓝进行启发式调整。后来禁止调整后，就只能以平棋告终。深蓝每秒2亿布，棋手的大脑每秒3步。
2.沃森（Watson）
这台超级计算机储备了2亿页信息在内存上，共15PB信息，却不允许人浏览网页或配备数据库。对回答what、where、who问题占优，不能准确回答how或why方面的逻辑推理问题。
3.阿尔法围棋（AlphaGo）
这是一款围棋人工智能程序，其主要工作原理是“深度学习”。但是，下棋知其然，而不知其所以然。多人围棋经验的物理符号系统形式化，可以预编程实现，暴力搜索+模式匹配，只能依葫芦画瓢，照猫画虎，不能临机决断，照猫画象。
再举两个著名的军事人机融合智能案例，也是美国最领先的两个人工智能系统——“深绿”和阿尔法。美国国防高级研究计划局（DARPA）研制了一套名为“深绿”系统，希望该系统在战斗行动中能够做“深蓝”计算机在国际象棋赛中所做的事情；2016年6月美国辛辛那提大学研发的人工智能程序阿尔法（ALPHA）在模拟空战中击落了人类飞行员——前空军上校Gene Lee。从以上实例可以看出，人机大战对于人工智能的发展意义很有限。虽然解决了围棋问题，并不代表类似技术可以解决其他问题，如自然语言理解、图像理解、推理、决策等问题依然存在，但不可否认，人机互动推动了科技进步，进一步激发了人类潜力，给现代社会带来了巨大的震动。
五、人机融合与科幻的未来
人机融合智能主要研究如何在人、机器及系统之间实现最优智能匹配（人的智能+机器智能），涉及人机协同系统的整体设计及其优化等方面的研究，研究的目的是使整个人机环境系统更可靠、高效、敏捷。(图4)
人机融合智能未来的发展趋势将是主动推荐、交互学习、高效容错及混合决策。一切人类的学习都能建立一种范围不确定的隐性知识。这一点是机器做不到的。
所有的科幻如果不接地气，不与科学结合，那么这种科幻将是虚无缥缈的，没有根基的。因此希望今后的科幻作品要邀请行内人参与。科幻从业者要始终 明确一点：科幻不是文学，而是科学+艺术。
在这里，我们来引入另一个概念——态势感知 ( Situation Awareness，简称 SA)。该概念最早在军事领域被提出，覆盖感知、理解和预测三个层次，并随着网络的兴起而升级为“网络态势感知（Cyberspace Situation Awareness，简 称 CSA）”，旨在大规模网络环境中对能够引起网络态势发生变化的安全要素进行获取、理解、显示以及最近发展趋势的顺延性预测，进而进行决策与行动。
所有的科幻都离不开三个阶段——信息的输入、信息的处理与信息的输出。第一阶段面临着物理性的数据和主观性的信息知识怎样融合的问题；第二阶段面临着基于公理的推理和基于非公理的推理怎样融合的问题；第三阶段面临着直觉的决策和逻辑的决策怎样融合的问题。这三个问题，都是科幻。未来的科幻发展主题主要有这些特征：1.信息表征；2.意图理解；3.主动推荐；4.自主学习；5.自然进化。
对于人工智能相关领域的发展态势，我们总结如下：传统人工智能——已有游戏规则，是我们的必争之地，需要“数学”+特定领域的支持；人机交互领域——正在形成规则，需要“自动化”+“人工智能”领域的支 持；人机融合智能领域——没有游戏规则，需要人的智慧+“人工智能”来完成。
The creative process of science fiction is a process of combining rationality and sensibility. Reason is difficult to create, and sensibility is difficult to be precise. It is very difficult to use reason to create a new and subversive thing, but sensibility is very easy to do. why? Because sensibility can connect seemingly unrelated things, but rationality can hardly do this. For people, science fiction movies are a tool for extending oneself, and at the same time a means for cognizing oneself.
The future of human-computer integration is very worth looking forward to. After all, when people invent machines and create science fiction movies, they are also discovering themselves. And love is the eternal theme in this. If there is no concept of love, all meaning and value will be lost between man and machine, between man and the world.
This article is excerpted from Liu Wei's report at the first "Blue Planet" Science Fiction Film Forum of the 14th Changchun Film Festival
Wisdom and trust are half -reasonable things