During this new crown pneumonia epidemic, many new things aroused curiosity and attention, and the health code is one of them. Since February, Internet companies Tencent and Alibaba have launched health code related services in Shenzhen, Hangzhou and other places. Residents will get a colored health code after declaring their identity card, address, health status, contact history, travel history and other information.
Some analysts say that the national residents’ health information platform is another highly developed “information flow” such as “fund flow,” “logistics,” “population flow,” and “commercial flow,” another “health information flow” with great data value. .
Contribute to social governance and smart city construction
At present, the health code is mainly used for two purposes: it is a certificate for residents to enter and exit public places, and it is also a pass for resuming work and school in some provinces; enterprises, communities, etc. judge people's health status based on the color of the health code for precise epidemic control.
As a new thing, the current health code has not yet achieved national uniformity, and the relevant rules and functions of the health code launched in various regions are different. For example, in some areas, residents can enter and leave the community, check in to work, and take subway buses when they show the green code; the yellow code is limited to commuting to and from get off work and cannot take public transportation; the red code must be in isolation. Some regions analyze personal information through big data systems and then issue corresponding color codes. Those who use the green code can pass through the city; those who use the red code and the yellow code are subject to 14-day and 7-day intensive or home isolation respectively. During this period, the health check-in card is declared normal before it can be converted to the green code.
Therefore, some people on social media reported that nearly a hundred types of health codes have many problems, such as various names, different certification standards, and difficulty in mutual recognition. The phenomenon of "data islands" still exists. In addition, some people reported that the color of their health code changed abnormally, and private information was leaked from time to time.
In order to solve the above problems, the government and relevant departments are taking actions. For example, the General Office of the State Council has worked with relevant parties to quickly promote the comprehensive establishment of a cross-provincial mutual recognition mechanism for health code information in various provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), and upgrade the national integrated government service platform "Epidemic Prevention Health Information Code". At the same time, it has also completed the technical docking and data aggregation of the health code of various provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), which can support the cross-regional intercommunication and mutual recognition function, can realize the one-stop health information query service, and support the practical application of "one code access".
However, the integration of "health codes" also raises some concerns about whether big data applications such as "health codes" will therefore reveal the privacy of users' movement trajectories, identity information, and health data. Generally speaking, the hidden dangers of privacy leakage are mainly related to people-providers and recipients of services involved. The service providers of the "Health Code" are mainly government agencies and large enterprises with strict information protection measures such as Tencent and Alibaba. The purpose of implementing the code is to cooperate with the epidemic prevention and control work. If you do not obtain the address book when using it, you do not need users Fill in the bank account, bank password, and do not touch some private data such as physiological information, which can greatly reduce the risk of privacy leakage. At the same time, as service recipients-users themselves also need to pay attention. For example, the health code pages held by most people now have encryption measures, but it is best not to publish them in the circle of friends at will to prevent knowing the health code. For all persons whose birth date, try out the complete ID number information, etc. Finally, in the process of analyzing and using health code data, government regulatory agencies should strictly implement data security and personal information protection measures in accordance with the law, and effectively strengthen supervision to prevent health code data leakage, data abuse and other violations, such as timely detection And deal with leaks and misuse of health code data, publish typical cases to the public, and strengthen the warning and deterrent effect.
Although it is a product that appeared during the epidemic prevention and control period, the emergence and application of the health code is regarded by some experts as a potential product that may promote social governance innovation and the construction of a new smart city.
The multiple technologies behind the "health code"
At present, modern intelligent social governance technology mainly refers to the comprehensive application of computational intelligence, perceptual intelligence, cognitive intelligence, and insight intelligence in information flow management. Its basic operation process includes information input, processing, output, and feedback, among which the most important The bottleneck is the representation of the input information. As one of the signs, the health code not only involves objective time and space facts, but also related to subjective behavior and trust value. The scale of the facts and values generated in this specific period far exceeds its connotation and extension. , Is the organic unity of rational intelligence and perceptual intelligence. Behind the "health code" is actually artificial intelligence, big data, mobile communications, cloud computing, blockchain and other technologies escorting it. This is also a practical training of the comprehensive use of these technologies.
健康码技术就是充分利用人和机器的长处形成一种新的人机融合智能形式。一方面，人能理解健康码并在适当的限制内有效地进行决策，与其配合的他人并与其形成默契；另一方面，健康码将人有效的信息输送给机器，使机器符合人的个性与习惯，并随时随地随环境而变化；进而形成一种将输入数据与知识处理统一起来的健康码，实现“人+机>人或机”的效果。
健康码是以个人自行申报健康信息为基础，结合大数据分析判定的，是政府数字化转型与社会诚信体系、个人社会责任感的有机结合。不仅打通了区域内政府、社区、医疗、交通各部门数据，同时实现了跨地区跨平台的数据联通，在短时间内解决了各部门防疫信息采集表单不统一、系统不统一，数据孤岛造成的反复报送，跨地区数据缺失无法有效同步等各方面的问题，实际实现了通行管理、复工审核、医疗健康信息采集核验等多个方面的应用落地。
区块链是分布式数据存储、去中心化、点对点传输、可追溯性和可验证性、共识-信任机制、加密算法等计算机技术在智能网络时代的创新应用模式。除了比特币之外，区块链技术从诞生起就让许多人感到很难落地，这次疫情期间，“健康码”的使用让更多人看到区块链好处的一次实际应用，即通过结合区块链技术，提出新的技术思想和框架，解决全民健康信息平台建设数据共享相关方面存在的问题。研究区块链技术，基于联盟链提出健康链架构，构建健康链平台。新架构能够发挥联盟链特性，更好地适应医疗领域发展，可有效解决平台存在的一些问题。
简言之，健康码揭示了人工智能等技术为代表发展方向。一是人工智能等技术的发展要从以计算机为中心的单纯计算转向“以人为中心”的综合认知，健康码要求把人类认知模型引入人工智能中，使其能够在推理、决策、记忆等方面达到多目标弹性协同——即能够处理矛盾的自然智能水平。二是人工智能等高新技术的伦理问题任重道远，目前人工智能等技术的伦理概念仅仅是人类强加在机器身上的，当务之急是弄清楚人类伦理中可以进行结构化处理的部分，唯其如此，才可能进而让机器学习，以形成人机共生、携手共赢的伦理体系。
“人—机—环境”协调发展
社会治理说到底关乎“人”，因此，人文层面的考量必不可少。健康码本身是一个符号，是个体与社会互动的中介。
当前，现代认知智能技术主要是指信息的流动，包括信息的输入、处理、输出、反馈等环节，其最重要的关键之处就是输入信息的表征。作为表征之一的健康码不但涉及客观的时间、空间事实，还关联着主观的行为、信任价值，这种特定时期所产生的事实与价值的弥聚尺度远远超出了它本身的内涵和外延，是理性智能与感性智慧的有机统一。
未来社会的快速发展面临的一个关键问题是：人—机—环境系统如何在高速运行的同时保持协调发展。这里的“人”涉及管理者、设计者、制造者、营销者、消费者、维护者等；“机”不但指智能装备中的软件、硬件，还涉及产业链中各环节之间衔接的机制机理；“环境”则涉及诸多领域的“政用产学研商”合作协同环境。
一个理想的社会治理体系，应该同时实现精准治理和人文关怀。如何实现呢？可通过人—机—环境系统三者之间态、势、感、知的相互作用，在人性与机性之间实现有机平衡。
此次疫情是对各国社会治理的一次大考。目前看来，“数据孤岛”等现象仍广泛存在——数据在不同部门相互独立存储、独立维护，彼此间相互孤立。
令人欣慰的是，中国目前正在布局的“新基建”与过去的传统基建明显不同，聚焦领域倾向5G、人工智能、大数据等新一代数字技术。一些业内人士表示，希望在“健康码”后，进一步开启发展“人文码”“环境码”和“科学码”的数字时代。
众所周知，社会治理不是简单的自上而下的产物，而是人—物—环境系统交互作用的生态产物，既包括客观数据也包括主观的信息和知识，是主客观融合的结果。有效的智能社会治理一般不仅是场景的，而且是加入了人文关怀情境的。
中国是战疫最早、动作最快的国家之一，面对全球科技创新的新态势，我们可以通过诸如健康码这样的智能管理方式，建立起从“芯心相联”到“心心相印”的通道，抓住机遇，主动谋划，引领世界社会智能治理发展新潮流。
At the same time, we can also accelerate the development of social intelligent governance experiments, and on the basis of continuous observation and data collection and analysis of the comprehensive impact of social intelligent governance, explore the "Chinese solution" for the intelligentization of global social governance, and promote various intelligent technologies and industries. Requirements and the sound development of governance concepts are required to build an intelligent governance society that not only has technological "highness" but also humanistic "temperature".
This article was published in Xinhua News Agency's "Global" magazine 2020.4.13
