1. What is an antigen antibody?
1. Antigen: refers to a substance that can stimulate the body to produce a (specific) immune response, and can bind to immune response product antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes in vivo and in vitro to produce an immune effect (specific reaction). There are two basic characteristics of antigens, one is the ability to induce an immune response, that is, immunogenicity, and the other is to react with the product of an immune response, that is, antigenicity.
2. Antibody: refers to the immunoglobulin that is produced by plasma cells proliferated and differentiated from B lymphocytes or memory cells under the stimulation of antigen by the body's immune system and can specifically bind to the corresponding antigen. It is mainly distributed in serum, but also in tissue fluid and exocrine fluid. Primates mainly have four types of immunoglobulins: IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgE, and immune serum examination mainly detects IgG and IgM antibodies.
This is a professional explanation. The popular point is that antigens are invaders. After being recognized by the body, the body will react to eliminate substances (antigens) that do not belong to the body itself. The substances formed by the reaction are antibodies, and antibodies are used to fight against antigens. substance.
Antigens refer to substances that can cause the human body to produce an immune response. It contains a wide range of pathogenic microorganisms, heterogeneous proteins, pollen, paint, and so on. Antibodies are specific proteins secreted by immune cells through a series of immune responses under the stimulation of antigens. Antigens and antibodies can be combined, and antibodies have a protective effect. The detection of antigens and antibodies in the clinic can be used as the basis for the diagnosis of diseases.
2. The difference between blood, plasma and serum and their respective applications
1. Different colors: plasma is the remaining part of the whole blood after hemorrhage cells are separated, and it is light yellow, while serum is a colorless and transparent liquid sucked out on the surface of the blood clot after plasma coagulation, so the color is different. Blood is a red, opaque, viscous liquid that flows in human blood vessels and heart.
2. Different density: Because plasma contains various coagulation factors, the density of plasma is higher than that of serum. Blood is a tissue that circulates in the cavities of the heart and blood vessels. Adult blood accounts for about one-third of body weight, with a relative density of 1.050 to 1.06.
3. The composition is different, because the plasma contains various coagulation factors, from coagulation XIII to fibrinogen. Since all coagulation factors in the serum are involved in blood coagulation, the serum does not contain coagulation factors. At the same time, since calcium ions are also involved in the coagulation process, the concentration of calcium ions in serum is lower than that in plasma. Blood is composed of plasma and blood cells.
Precautions:
1. Do not test blood routines immediately after strenuous exercise, because blood flow speeds up during strenuous exercise, and white blood cells adhering to the blood vessel wall may fall off into the blood circulation, increasing the number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood. Data, it will interfere with the clinical results.
2. Do not perform blood tests immediately after a meal or bath, because the number of white blood cells in the peripheral blood will also increase after a meal or bath.
3. Do not perform routine blood tests after drinking a lot of water, because drinking a lot of water will absorb water into the blood volume, causing the blood volume to increase and the density of blood cells to dilute, which can easily lead to the illusion of a decrease in the number of blood cells and mislead the clinical results.effect:
It is equivalent to the intercellular substance of connective tissue. It is an important component of blood and is a pale yellow liquid (because it contains bilirubin). In the chemical composition of plasma, water accounts for 90% to 92%, and the solute is mainly plasma protein. Plasma protein is a general term for a variety of proteins, which can be divided into three types of albumin, globulin and fibrinogen by salting out.
The function of plasma protein is to maintain the osmotic pressure of plasma colloid; compose the blood buffer system to participate in maintaining blood acid-base balance; when transporting nutrients and metabolites, plasma protein is a hydrophilic colloid, and many insoluble substances combine with them to become soluble. Substances in water; nutritional function, amino acids produced by the decomposition of plasma proteins, which can be used to synthesize tissue proteins or provide energy for oxidative decomposition; participate in blood coagulation and immunity.
There seems to be no apparent difference between serum and plasma, but the main difference is that the serum does not contain fibrinogen, which is obtained after blood clotting without anticoagulation therapy. In some tests that require serum determination, blood tests are often encountered, which are basically measured by plasma. Serum is mainly used to determine the immunity of blood biochemical indicators; plasma is mainly used to determine blood coagulation.
3. Source of blood type A, B, AB, O, blood transfusion rules
A: There is an A factor.
B: There is a B factor.
AB: There are A and B factors.
O: There are no A, B factors.
There are two different antibodies in human blood cells, namely A and B antibodies.
Some people only have A antibodies, which is type A blood.
Some people only have B antibodies, which is type B blood.
Some people have A and B blood types.
Some people's blood cells do not carry any antibodies, which is type O blood.The above is a popular explanation
1. The specific distinction is based on the antigens on the red blood cells in human blood and the antibodies in the serum. A person's red blood cell contains A antigen (also called agglutinogen), and the serum containing anti-B antibody (also called clusterin) is called type A; the red blood cell contains B antigen, and the serum containing anti-A antibody is called B Type; red blood cells containing A and B antigens, and no anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the serum are called type AB; red blood cells containing no A and B antigens, and serum containing anti-A and anti-B antibodies are called type O.
2. Blood type O is a very old blood type in anthropology, also called hunting blood type;
Type A blood is the second most common blood type, and its ancestors were the first to engage in farming crops, also called farming blood type;
and Compared with type O, type B is a blood type that appeared later in anthropology. This type of people are the first nomads who are accustomed to climate and other changes. They are also called nomadic blood types.
Type AB is the latest and rarest blood type, accounting for less than 5% of the total population. Such people have the characteristics of part A blood and part B blood.
3. In genetics, there are dominant and recessive genes, AB is the dominant gene, and O is the recessive gene.
The gene for blood type A may be AA or AO, the gene for blood type B may be BB or BO, the gene for blood type O is OO, and the gene for blood type AB is AB.
Principles of blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is based on the principle of transfusion of the same type of blood. For example: Under normal circumstances, people with type A will be transfused with type A blood, and those with type B will be transfused with type B blood.
In an emergency, people with blood type AB can accept any blood type, and blood type O can be transfused to people with any blood type.
Although the serum of people with blood group AB does not contain anti-A and anti-B antibodies, their red blood cells contain AB antigen. If other blood types are used for blood transfusion , certain blood transfusion reactions can also be caused . Therefore, the AB blood type cannot accept a large amount of blood of other blood types.
Type O blood is not omnipotent blood , and the old notion that type O blood is omnipotent blood should be discarded. Because there are no A and B antigens on type O red blood cells, type O red blood cells can be transfused to patients with types A, B, and AB when the primary side matches. However, blood type O plasma contains anti-A lectin and anti-B lectin. If red blood cell preparations containing type O plasma are injected into the body of patients with types A, B, and AB, it will cause varying degrees of immune hemolytic transfusion. Adverse reactions. In general, the same type of blood is used for blood transfusion in hospitals.
If the blood transfusion between people of different blood types is too fast and too much, the infused lectin will not be diluted in time, which may cause agglutination of red blood cells . Therefore, blood transfusion should be based on the principle of transfusion of the same type of blood. Blood transfusion between people of different blood types is only used in emergency situations as a last resort.
In the ABO blood group system , the blood is divided into 4 types according to the type of agglutinogen contained on the red blood cell membrane. Those containing only A agglutinogen are called type A, and those containing only B agglutinogen are called type B, and they contain both A and B agglutinogens. Blood type is called AB, and blood type O has neither A agglutinogen nor B agglutinogen. In addition to different agglutinogens, different blood types also contain lectins that are different from the agglutinogen. For example, blood type A only contains anti-B lectin, blood type B only contains anti-A lectin, and blood type AB contains only anti-B lectin. There are no anti-A and anti-B lectins, and blood type O contains both anti-A and anti-B lectins. The result of this is to ensure that the infusion of the same kind of blood will not cause hemolytic reaction . When different blood types are infused, it will cause the corresponding hemolytic reaction. For example, blood type A contains agglutinogen A and anti-B. Lectin, type B blood contains B lectogen and anti-A lectin. When type B blood is transfused into type A blood, A lectogen and anti-A lectin will react, and there will be a reaction between B lectogen and anti-B lectin A strong hemolytic reaction can cause death in severe cases.
The relationship between ABO blood type and blood transfusion
Why only blood type matched to blood transfusion? Because when containing A (or B) agglutinogens when red blood cells containing anti-A (or anti-B) agglutination serum mixed pigment , due to the phase of confrontation agglutinogens and lectin (such as A and anti- A) The interaction makes red blood cells agglomerate into clusters. The agglomerated red blood cells can block small blood vessels, causing blood circulation to become obstructed. Then these red blood cells ruptured and hemolyzed, releasing large amounts of hemoglobin . When a large amount of hemoglobin is excreted from the kidney, it can block the renal tubules and damage the kidney function, causing oliguria or anuria. This series of reactions can cause the following symptoms: blue skin, numb limbs , tremors, chest tightness, back pain , rapid heartbeat, drop in blood pressure, and even death in severe cases. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the choice of blood type during blood transfusion, and the principle of transfusion of the same type of blood should be the principle.
4.Is it reliable to confess with blood?
Secondly, the method of combining blood is not scientific, because human blood can fuse itself, regardless of whether the two parties are related by blood.
5. Principles of DNA Paternity Testing