1. The origin of artificial intelligence
1.1 Turing test
When the tester is separated from the testee (a person and a machine), some devices (such as a keyboard) are used to ask questions to the testee at will.
After multiple tests (usually within 5 minutes ), if more than 30% of the testers cannot determine whether the testee is a human or a machine, then the machine has passed the test and is considered to have human intelligence .
1.2 Dartmouth Conference
In August 1956, in the quiet Dartmouth College in the small town of Hannos, USA,
John McCarthy (John McCarthy)
Marvin Minsky (Marvin Minsky, expert in artificial intelligence and cognition)
Claude Shannon (Claude Shannon, the founder of information theory)
Allen Newell (Allen Newell, Computer Scientist)
Scientists such as Herbert Simon (Nobel Laureate in Economics) are getting together to discuss a theme of totally non-cannibalistic fireworks:
Use machines to imitate human learning and other aspects of intelligence.
The meeting lasted for two months. Although everyone did not reach a general consensus, a name was given to the content of the meeting:
Artificial Intelligence
Therefore, 1956 became the first year of artificial intelligence.
2 Development history
Artificial intelligence is full of ups and downs in the unknown exploration road. How to describe the development of artificial intelligence over 60 years since 1956, academia can be said that the benevolent see benevolent, and the wise see wisdom. We divide the development process of artificial intelligence into the following six stages:
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The first is the initial development period: 1956-the early 1960s.
After the concept of artificial intelligence was put forward, a number of eye-catching research results have been achieved, such as machine theorem proofs, checkers programs, etc., which set off the first climax of the development of artificial intelligence.
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The second is to reflect on the development period: from the 1960s to the early 1970s.
The breakthrough progress in the early development of artificial intelligence has greatly raised people's expectations of artificial intelligence. People began to try more challenging tasks and put forward some unrealistic research and development goals. However, successive failures and the failure of expected goals (for example, the inability to use machines to prove whether the sum of two continuous functions is a continuous function, machine translation makes jokes, etc.) have brought the development of artificial intelligence into a trough.
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The third is the application development period: the early 1970s to the mid 1980s.
The expert system that emerged in the 1970s simulates the knowledge and experience of human experts to solve problems in a specific field, and realizes a major breakthrough in artificial intelligence from theoretical research to practical application, from the discussion of general reasoning strategies to the use of specialized knowledge. Expert systems have achieved success in the fields of medicine, chemistry, geology, etc., pushing artificial intelligence into a new climax of application development.
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The fourth is the period of sluggish development: the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s.
As the application scale of artificial intelligence continues to expand, problems such as narrow application fields, lack of common sense knowledge, difficulty in acquiring knowledge, single reasoning methods, lack of distributed functions, and difficulty in compatibility with existing databases have gradually emerged.
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The fifth is the period of steady development: mid-1990s to 2010.
Due to the development of network technology, especially Internet technology, the innovation research of artificial intelligence has been accelerated, and artificial intelligence technology has been further moved towards practicality. In 1997, the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) Deep Blue supercomputer defeated the world chess champion Kasparov. In 2008, IBM put forward the concept of "Smart Earth". The above are all landmark events of this period.
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The sixth is the period of vigorous development: 2011 to present.
With the development of information technologies such as big data, cloud computing, the Internet, and the Internet of Things, computing platforms such as ubiquitous perception data and graphics processors have promoted the rapid development of artificial intelligence technology represented by deep neural networks, which has greatly surpassed the science and application. The "technical gap" between the two, such as image classification, speech recognition, knowledge question and answer, human-machine game, unmanned driving, and other artificial intelligence technologies have achieved technological breakthroughs from "unusable, unusable" to "usable" and ushered in The new climax of explosive growth.
