Linux installation and management tools (rpm and yum)
- One, the basics of Linux applications
- Two, RPM package management tool
- Three, source code compilation
- Four, yam installation
- 5. Mount the shared directory in Windows (Supplement)
One, the basics of Linux applications
(1) The relationship between application programs and system commands
| Character | System command | application |
|---|---|---|
| File location | -Generally in the /bin and /sbin directories, or shell internal commands | Usually in /usr/bin, /usr/sbin and /usr/local/bin, /usr/local/sbin |
| The main purpose | Complete the basic management of the system, such as IP configuration tools | Complete other relatively independent auxiliary tasks, such as a web browser |
| Applicable environment | Generally only run in the character operation interface | According to actual needs, some programs can be run in the graphical interface |
| Run format | Generally include command words, command options and command parameters | Usually there is no fixed execution format, which is defined by the program developer |
(2) Directory structure of typical applications
| file type | Save directory | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Ordinary executable program | /usr/bin | Executable by all users |
| Server program, management program command | /usr/sbin | Only the administrator can execute |
| Application configuration file | /etc | Applications installed via rpm or yum |
| Log file | / var / log | System log |
| Application Reference Document File | /usr/share/doc | Reference documents and other data about the application |
| Application man page file | /usr/share/man | Man manual for execution files and configuration files |
(3) Common package types
| file type | Save directory |
|---|---|
| RPM package | The extension is ".rpm", suitable for RHEL, CentOS and other systems |
| DEB software package | The extension is ".deb", suitable for Ubuntu, Debian and other systems |
| Source code package | Generally, it is a compressed package in the format of ".tar.gz", ".tar.bz2", etc., which contains the original code of the program and needs to be compiled and installed |
| Package with installer | The extension of the software package is mostly in TarBall format, and the executable program or script file for installation will be provided in the software package. For example: install.sh, setup, etc., you only need to run the installation file during installation to complete the installation operation according to the prompts of the wizard program |
Two, RPM package management tool
(I. Overview
1. RPM package manager Red-Hat Package Manager
1. Proposed by Red Hat and adopted by many Linux distributions
2. Establish a unified file database
3. Detailed record of software package installation, uninstallation, upgrade and other change information
4. Automatic analysis of software package dependencies
2. RPM package
1. Software material reference: http://www.rpm.org
2. General naming format: 
for example: libusal-1.1.11-23.el7.x86_64.rpm (you can use rpm -qi libusal to query software details)
software name : Libusal Version number: 1.1.11 Number of releases: 23.el7 (23 releases of el7: CentOS 7) Hardware platform: x86_64 Extension: .rpm
(2) RPM command format
1. The rpm command can realize almost all the management functions of the RPM software package.
2. Execute the "man rpm" command to get detailed help information about the rpm command.
3. The function of the rpm command
- Query and verify the relevant information of the RPM software package
- Install, upgrade, and uninstall RPM software packages
- Maintenance and reconstruction of RPM database information and other comprehensive management operations
(3) Query RPM package software information
1. Query the installed rpm software information
rpm -q 软件名 查询指定软件名（完整名称）是否已安装
rpm -qi 软件名 显示已安装的指定软件的详细信息
rpm -ql 软件名 显示已安装的指定软件的文件列表
rpm -qc 软件名 列出已安装的指定软件的配置文件
rpm -qd 软件名 列出己安装的指定软件的软件包文档所在位置
rpm -qR 软件名 列出己安装的指定软件的依赖的软件包及文件
rpm -qF 文件或目录 查询已安装的指定软件属于哪个安装包
rpm -qa 显示当前系统中以 rpm方式安装的所有软件列表
rpm -qa | grep -i postfix 查询软件postfix是否已安装（可以不是完整的软件名）2. Query the information in the RPM software package file that is not installed
rpm -qpi RPM包文件名 查询指定软件包的详细信息
rpm -qpl RPM包文件名 查询指定软件包的文件列表
rpm -qpc RPM包文件名 查询指定软件包的配置文件
rpm -qpd RPM包文件名 查询指定软件包的软件包文档的位置(4) Install, upgrade, and uninstall RPM software packages
1. Command format
rpm [选项] RPM包文件
rpm -ivh RPM软件包2. Common options
- -i: Install a new RPM package.
- -U: upgrade a software package, if it has not been installed, install it
- -F: Upgrade a certain software package, if it has not been installed, abort the installation.
- -h: In the process of installing or upgrading the software package, the installation progress will be displayed with "#"
- -v: Display detailed information during the software installation process.
--force: Mandatory installation of a certain package, such as installing an older package- -e: Uninstall the software package with the specified name.
- -nodeps: When installing, upgrading, or uninstalling a software package, the dependencies with other software packages are not checked.
(5) Maintain the RPM database
1. Rebuild the RPM database
1. When the RPM database is damaged, it can be repaired by rebuilding the RPM database
rpm --rebuilddb 或者 rpm --initdb2. Import the verification public key
1. Before importing the public key file for digital signature verification, an error will be reported when installing part of the RPM software package in the CD. Need to import the public key file located in the root directory of the CD into the RPM database
mount /dev/sr0 /mnt/ 挂载光盘
rpm --import /mnt/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 切换到挂载目录查看目录信息ls(6) Resolve dependencies
1. When multiple software with dependencies are installed
- Dependent packages need to be installed first
- Multiple .rpm package files can be specified for installation at the same time
2. When uninstalling multiple software with dependencies
- Packages that depend on other programs need to be uninstalled first
- Can specify multiple software names to uninstall at the same time
3. Ignore dependencies,
combined with the "-nodeps" option, but may cause software exceptions
If you use the rpm method to install, you need to install multiple dependent packages first, which will be very cumbersome. Here you can use yum to perform one-click installation
Three, source code compilation
(I. Overview
1. Advantages
1. Obtain the latest software version and fix bugs in time
2. According to user needs, flexibly customize the software function application examples
2. Application scenarios
1. When a newer version of the application is
installed 2. When the currently installed program cannot meet the needs
3. When a new function needs to be added to the application
3. Tarball packet
1. Tar.gz and .tar.bz2 formats are mostly
2. Software material reference: http://sourceforge.net integrity check
4. Integrity check
1.md5sum verification tool
md5sum httpd-2.4.25.tar.gz
24fb8b9e36cf131d78caae864fea0f6a httpd-2.4.25.tar.gz confirm
5. Source code compilation environment
Need to install a compiler that supports C/C++ programming language, such as: gcc, gCC-C++, make,...
6. Compile and install process
Four, yam installation
(1) Configure the local yum source warehouse
mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/ 把光盘挂载到/mnt目录下
cd /etc/yum.repos.d/ 包含了一些安装包不建议删除，可以创建一个目录做备份
mkdir repos.bak 创建备份目录
mv *.repo repos.bak 移动所有以.repo为后缀的文件到备份目录中
vim local.repo
[local] 仓库类别
name=local 仓库名称与所创建的文件名一致
baseurl=file:///mnt 指定URL 访问路径为光盘挂载目录，file：//（格式）/mnt（目录）
enabled=1 开启此yum源，此为默认项，可省略
gpgcheck=0 不验证软件包的签名
yum clean all && yum makecache 删除yum缓存并更新
yum clean 可以拆分成两个步骤来进行
yun makecache(Two) yum common operation commands
yum -y install 软件名 安装、升级软件包，“-y”选项表示自动确认
yum -y remove 软件名 卸载软件包，可自动解决其依赖关系
yum -y update 软件名 升级软件包
yum list 查询软件包列表
yum list installed 查询系统中已安装的软件包
yum list available 查询仓库中尚未安装的软件包
yum list updates 查询可以升级版本的软件包
yum info 软件名 查询软件包的描述信息
yum info httpd
yum search [all] 关键词 根据某个关键词来查找相关的软件包
yum search all httpd 根据httpd关键词来查找相关的软件包
yum whatprovides 命令 查询命令属于哪个软件包
yum whatprovides netstat 查询netstat命令属于哪个软件包
(3) Use yum to install
1.yum install -y gcc gcc-c++ make
5. Mount the shared directory in Windows (Supplement)
(1) Windos end sharing permission setting
1. Unblock Guest,
right-click on My Computer and select Manage-Local Users and Groups-Double-click the Guset user in the user options summary-Cancel the account has been disabled option
2. Set the shared directory permissions,
right-click the shared directory point properties-on the sharing page Click on the sharing option in the drop-down menu to select the shared object as Everyone, click on add to select read and write-click on the share button
3. Set the local strategy
Open the command box-enter sepol.msc-select the local strategy
User permission assignment-deny access to this computer from the network-delete the guest user
security option-network access: local account sharing and security Model-drop down to select only guests
(2) Linux mount end
1. Scan the shared directory
smbclient -L //192.168.71.1/ (IP address on the Windows side)
directly press Enter without entering the password
2. Mount the shared directory
yum install -y cifs-utils
mkdir /data
3.mount.cifs //192.168.71.1/share /data ###share: The directory to be shared, here I use the folder of windows commonly used software for sharing. You
don’t need to enter a password and press Enter.
4.df -h #View mounted
ls / data #Display the contents of the mounted directory
(3) Problems arising from the specific operation process
Problem one (protocol negotiation failed: connection reset): protocol negotiation failed: NT_STATUS_CONNECTION_RESET
**Solution: **vim /etc/samba/smb.conf modify the file, add the following two parameter items under the global label:
client min protocol = CORE
client max protocol = SMB3
Problem two:
**Solution: **Open the windows control panel—>Programs—>Programs and Features—>Start or close windows functions
