Shell boosts development efficiency

https://www.tanglei.name/blog/linux-shell-makes-more-efficient.html

This article mainly comes from a small share within the group, and it is organized into an article here. The title is "Shell to help improve development efficiency". The more relevant topic should be called "command line" to improve development efficiency. Shell is not mentioned here. Programming, but mainly introduces some basic tool commands commonly used under Linux or Mac to help deal with some daily affairs. (In fact, the previous article, Mac software recommendation (continued), the program ape article also roughly mentioned most of this article)

Through the introduction of this article, you should have a preliminary understanding of the related commands, such as what commands can be used to complete what operations,
as for specific parameters, you do not have to deliberately remember, when you use it, you go cmd --help or man cmdGo to see it, use it familiarly, and you will remember it frequently.

This article first introduces some commonly used command line tools under Linux / Mac, then introduces some commonly used commands, and finally illustrates the power of these tools through one or two cases: for
example, given an nginx log file, you can find HTTP 404 What is the top 10 with the most requests? For example, what is the top 10 with the most time-consuming requests? For example, how much can I get the "PV" per hour? For
example, if I get an article, can I simply count it? What are the ten most frequently used words in this article?

Mac environment

zsh
on-my-zsh
plugin
- git
- car dump
- osx(man-preview/quick-look/pfd(print Finder director)/cdf(cd Finder))
Common shortcut keys ( bindkey)
Demo: Highlight / git / smart completion / jump (j, d) ...

For more Mac-related skills, you can refer to the following three articles: Mac Software Recommendation (Preface) , Mac Software Recommendation Continued (! Program Ape) , and Mac Software Recommendation (Continued) Program Ape

Shell basic commands

which / whereis, common whatis, man, --help

➜  .oh-my-zsh git:(master)$ whereis ls
/bin/ls
➜  .oh-my-zsh git:(master)$ which ls
ls: aliased to ls -G

Basic file directory operations

rm, mkdir, mv, cp, cd, ls, ln, file, stat, wc(-l/w/c), head, more, tail, cat...

Sharp weapon pipeline: |

Shell text processing

Here is a case to talk about the approximate usage and parameters of the 12 commands.You can directly click the command you want to know by clicking the directory on the right.

find, grep, xargs, cut, paste, comm
join, sort, uniq, tr, sed, awk

find

Common parameters
- File name -name, file type -type, find maximum depth-maxdepth
- Time filtering (create / access / modify) -[cam]time
- Perform action -exec

Examples

find ./ -name "*.json"
find . -maxdepth 7 -name "*.json" -type f
find . -name "*.log.gz" -ctime +7 -size +1M -delete (atime/ctime/mtime)
find . -name "*.scala" -atime -7 -exec du -h {} \;

grep

Common parameters
- -v(invert-match),
- -c(count),
- -n(line-number),
- -i(ignore-case),
- -l, -L, -R(-r, –recursive), -e

Examples

grep 'partner' ./*.scala -l
grep -e 'World' -e 'first' -i -R ./  (-e: or)

Related commands: grep -z / zgrep / zcat xx | grep

xargs

Common parameters
- -n (number of columns per row),
- -I (variable substitution)
- -d (separator), Mac does not support, pay attention to the difference with the GNU version

Examples

find . -type f -name "*.jpg" | xargs -n1 -I {} du -sh {}

cut

Common parameters
- -b (bytes)
- -c (character)
- -f (columns), -d (separator), f range: n, n-, -m, n-m

Examples

echo "helloworldhellp" | cut -c1-10
cut -d, -f2-8 csu.db.export.csv

paste

Common parameters
- -d separator
- -s column to line

Examples

➜  Documents$ cat file1
1 11
2 22
3 33
4 44
➜  Documents$ cat file2
one     1
two     2
three   3
one1    4

➜  Documents$ paste -d, file1 file2
1 11,one     1
2 22,two     2
3 33,three   3
4 44,one1    4
➜  Documents$ paste -s -d: file1 file2
a 11:b bb:3 33:4 44
one     1:two     2:three   3:one1    4

join

Similar to sql ...inner join ...on ..., -t separator, default is space or tab

➜  Documents$ cat j1
1 11
2 22
3 33
4 44
5 55
➜  Documents$ cat j2
one     1   0
one     2   1
two     4   2
three   5   3
one1    5   4
➜  Documents$ join -1 1 -2 3 j1 j2
1 11 one 2
2 22 two 4
3 33 three 5
4 44 one1 5

comm

Common parameters
- usage comm [-123i] file1 file2
- Dictionary sequence , 3 columns: only in file1 / file2 / both
- - Remove a column, i ignoring case

Examples

➜  Documents$ seq 1 5 >file11
➜  Documents$ seq 2 6 >file22
➜  Documents$ cat file11
1
2
3
4
5
➜  Documents$ cat file22
2
3
4
5
6
➜  Documents$ comm file11 file22
1
        2
        3
        4
        5
    6
➜  Documents$ comm -1 file11 file22
    2
    3
    4
    5
6
➜  Documents$ comm -2 file11 file22
1
    2
    3
    4
    5
➜  Documents$ comm -23 file11 file22
1

sort

常用参数
- -d, –dictionary-order
- -n, –numeric-sort
- -r, –reverse
- -b, –ignore-leading-blanks
- -k, –key

示例

➜  Documents$ cat file2
one     1
two     2
three   3
one1    4
➜  Documents$ sort file2
one     1
one1    4
three   3
two     2
➜  Documents$ sort -b -k2 -r file2
one1    4
three   3
two     2
one     1

uniq

常用参数
- -c 重复次数
- -d 重复的
- -u 没重复的
- -f 忽略前几列

示例

➜  Documents$ cat file4
11
22
33
11
11
➜  Documents$ sort file4 | uniq -c
   3 11
   1 22
   1 33
➜  Documents$ sort file4 | uniq -d
11
➜  Documents$ sort file4 | uniq -u
22
33
➜  Documents$ cat file3
one     1
two     1
three   3
one1    4
➜  Documents$ uniq -c -f 1 file3
   2 one     1
   1 three   3
   1 one1    4

注意: uniq比较相邻的是否重复, 一般与sort联用

tr

常用参数
- -c 补集
- -d 删除
- -s 压缩相邻重复的

示例

➜  Documents$ echo '1111234444533hello' | tr  '[1-3]' '[a-c]'
aaaabc44445cchello
➜  Documents$ echo '1111234444533hello' | tr -d '[1-3]'
44445hello
➜  Documents$ echo '1111234444533hello' | tr -dc '[1-3]'
11112333
➜  Documents$ echo '1111234444533hello' | tr -s '[0-9]'
123453hello
➜  Documents$ echo 'helloworld' | tr '[:lower:]' '[:upper:]'
HELLOWORLD

sed

常用参数
- -d 删除
- -s 替换, g 全局
- -e 多个命令叠加
- -i 修改原文件(Mac下加参数 “”, 备份)

示例

➜  Documents$ cat file2
one     1
two     2
three   3
one1    4
➜  Documents$ sed "2,3d" file2
one     1
one1    4
➜  Documents$ sed '/one/d' file2
two     2
three   3
➜  Documents$ sed 's/one/111/g' file2
111     1
two     2
three   3
1111    4
#将one替换成111 并将含有two的行删除
➜  Documents$ sed -e 's/one/111/g' -e '/two/d' file2
111     1
three   3
1111    4
# ()标记(转义), \1 引用
➜  Documents$ sed 's/\([0-9]\)/\1.html/g' file2
one     1.html
two     2.html
three   3.html
one1.html    4.html
# 与上面一样 & 标记匹配的字符
➜  Documents$ sed 's/[0-9]/&.html/g' file2
one     1.html
two     2.html
three   3.html
one1.html    4.html
➜  Documents$ cat mobile.csv
"13090246026"
"18020278026"
"18520261021"
"13110221022"
➜  Documents$ sed 's/\([0-9]\{3\}\)[0-9]\{4\}/\1xxxx/g' mobile.csv
"130xxxx6026"
"180xxxx8026"
"185xxxx1021"
"131xxxx1022"

awk

基本参数和语法
- NR 行号, NF 列数量
- $1 第1列, $2, $3…
- -F fs fs分隔符，字符串或正则
- 语法: awk 'BEGIN{ commands } pattern{ commands } END{ commands }', 流程如下:
  1. 执行begin
  2. 对输入每一行执行 pattern{ commands }, pattern 可以是正则/reg exp/, 关系运算等
  3. 处理完毕, 执行 end

示例

➜  Documents$ cat file5
11  11 aa cc
22  22 bb
33  33 d
11  11
11  11
#行号, 列数量, 第3列
➜  Documents$ awk '{print NR"("NF"):", $3}' file5
1(4): aa
2(3): bb
3(3): d
4(2):
5(2):
#字符串分割, 打印1，2列
➜  Documents$ awk -F"xxxx" '{print $1, $2}' mobile.csv
"130 6026"
"180 8026"
"185 1021"
"131 1022"
#添加表达式
➜  Documents$ awk '$1>=22 {print NR":", $3}' file5
2: bb
3: d
#累加1到36，奇数，偶数
➜  Documents$ seq 36 | awk 'BEGIN{sum=0; print "question:"} {print $1" +"; sum+=$1} END{print "="; print sum}' | xargs | sed 's/+ =/=/'
question: 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 + 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 + 16 + 17 + 18 + 19 + 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + 24 + 25 + 26 + 27 + 28 + 29 + 30 + 31 + 32 + 33 + 34 + 35 + 36 = 666
➜  Documents$ seq 36 | awk 'BEGIN{sum=0; print "question:"} $1 % 2 ==1 {print $1" +"; sum+=$1} END{print "="; print sum}' | xargs | sed 's/+ =/=/'
question: 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19 + 21 + 23 + 25 + 27 + 29 + 31 + 33 + 35 = 324
➜  Documents$ seq 36 | awk 'BEGIN{sum=0; print "question:"} $1 % 2 !=1 {print $1" +"; sum+=$1} END{print "="; print sum}' | xargs | sed 's/+ =/=/'
question: 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14 + 16 + 18 + 20 + 22 + 24 + 26 + 28 + 30 + 32 + 34 + 36 = 342

其他高级语法: for, while 等, 各种函数等, 本身awk是一个强大的语言, 可以掌握一些基本的用法.

实际应用

日志统计分析

例如拿到一个nginx日志文件, 可以做很多事情, 比如看哪些请求是耗时最久的进而进行优化, 比如看每小时的”PV”数等等.

➜  Documents$ head -n5 std.nginx.log
106.38.187.225 - - [20/Feb/2017:03:31:01 +0800] www.tanglei.name "GET /baike/208344.html HTTP/1.0" 301 486 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322) 360JK yunjiankong 975382" "106.38.187.225, 106.38.187.225" - 0.000
106.38.187.225 - - [20/Feb/2017:03:31:02 +0800] www.tanglei.name "GET /baike/208344.html HTTP/1.0" 301 486 "-" "Mozilla/5.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322) 360JK yunjiankong 975382" "106.38.187.225, 106.38.187.225" - 0.000
10.130.64.143 - - [20/Feb/2017:03:31:02 +0800] stdbaike.bdp.cc "POST /baike/wp-cron.php?doing_wp_cron=1487532662.2058920860290527343750 HTTP/1.1" 200 182 "-" "WordPress/4.5.6; http://www.tanglei.name/baike" "10.130.64.143" 0.205 0.205
10.130.64.143 - - [20/Feb/2017:03:31:02 +0800] www.tanglei.name "GET /external/api/login-status HTTP/1.0" 200 478 "-" "-" "10.130.64.143" 0.003 0.004
10.130.64.143 - - [20/Feb/2017:03:31:02 +0800] www.tanglei.name "GET /content_util/authorcontents?count=5&offset=0&israndom=1&author=9 HTTP/1.0" 200 11972 "-" "-" "10.130.64.143" 0.013 0.013

上面是nginx的一个案例, 例如希望找到top 10 请求的path:

head -n 10000 std.nginx.log | awk '{print $8 "," $10}' | grep ',404' | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr -k1 | head -n 10
#or
head -n 10000 std.nginx.log | awk '$10==404 {print $8}' |sort | uniq -c | sort -nr -k1 | head -n 10

当然, 你可能一次不会直接处理成功, 一般会先少拿一部分数据进行处理看逻辑是否正常, 或者你可以缓存一些中间结果.

cat std.nginx.log | awk '{print $8 "," $10}' | grep ',404' >404.log
sort 404.log | uniq -c | sort -nr -k1 | head -n 10

再比如每小时请求数量, 请求耗时等等

➜  Documents$ head -n 100000 std.nginx.log | awk -F: '{print $1 $2}' | cut -f3 -d/ | uniq -c
8237 201703
15051 201704
16083 201705
18561 201706
22723 201707
19345 201708

其他实际案例 ip block

案例: db数据批处理

背景: 因为某服务bug, 导致插入到db的图片路径不对, 需要将形如(安全需要已经将敏感数据替换)
https://www.tanglei.name/upload/photos/129630//internal-public/shangtongdai/2017-02-19-abcdefg-eb85-4c24-883e-hijklmn.jpg
替换成
http://www.tanglei.me/internal-public/shangtongdai/2017-02-19-abcdefg-eb85-4c24-883e-hijklmn.jpg, 因为mysql等db貌似不支持直接正则的替换, 所以不能够很方便的进行写sql进行替换.
当然将数据导出, 然后写python等脚本处理也是一种解决方案, 但如果用上面的命令行处理, 只需要几十秒即可完成.

步骤:

准备数据

select id, photo_url_1, photo_url_2, photo_url_3 from somedb.sometable where 
photo_url_1 like 'https://www.tanglei.name/upload/photos/%//internal-public/%' or
photo_url_2 like 'https://www.tanglei.name/upload/photos/%//internal-public/%' or
photo_url_3 like 'https://www.tanglei.name/upload/photos/%//internal-public/%';

替换原文件
一般在用sed替换的时候, 先测试一下是否正常替换.

#测试是否OK
head -n 5 customers.csv | sed 's|https://www.tanglei.name/upload/photos/[0-9]\{1,\}/|http://www.tanglei.me|g'
# 直接替换原文件, 可以sed -i ".bak" 替换时保留原始备份文件
sed -i "" 's|https://www.tanglei.name/upload/photos/[0-9]\{1,\}/|http://www.tanglei.me|g' customers.csv

拼接sql, 然后执行

awk -F, '{print "update sometable set photo_url_1 = " $2, ", photo_url_2 = " $3, ", photo_url_3 = " $4, " where id = " $1 ";" }' customers.csv > customer.sql
#然后执行sql 即可

其他

play framework session

老方式: 需要启play环境, 慢

sbt "project site" consoleQuick
import play.api.libs._
val sec = "secret...secret"
var uid = "97522"
Crypto.sign(s"uid=$uid", sec.getBytes("UTF-8")) + s"-uid=$uid"

新方式:

➜  Documents$  ~/stdcookie.sh 97522
918xxxxdf64abcfcxxxxc465xx7554dxxxx21e-uid=97522
➜  Documents$ cat ~/stdcookie.sh
#!/bin/bash ##  cannot remove this line
uid=$1
hash=`echo -n "uid=$uid" | openssl dgst -sha1 -hmac "secret...secret"`
echo "$hash-uid=$uid"

统计文章单词频率: 下面案例统计了川普就职演讲原文中词频最高的10个词.

➜  Documents$ head -n3 chuanpu.txt
Chief Justice Roberts, President Carter, President Clinton, President Bush, President Obama, fellow Americans and people of the world, thank you.

We, the citizens of America, are now joined in a great national effort to rebuild our country and restore its promise for all of our people. Together we will determine the course of America and the world for many, many years to come.
➜  Documents$ cat chuanpu.txt | tr -dc 'a-zA-Z ' | xargs -n 1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -nr -k1 | head -n 20
  65 the
  63 and
  48 of
  46 our
  42 will
  37 to
  21 We
  20 is
  18 we
  17 America
  15 a
  14 all
  13 in
  13 for
  13 be
  13 are
  10 your
  10 not
  10 And
  10 American

随机数

➜  Documents$ cat /dev/urandom | LC_CTYPE=C tr -dc 'a-zA-Z0-9' | fold -w 32 | head -n 5
cpBnvC0niwTybSSJhUUiZwIz6ykJxBvu
VDP56NlHnugAt2yDySAB9HU2Nd0LlYCW
0WEDzpjPop32T5STvR6K6SfZMyT6KvAI
a9xBwBat7tJVaad279fOPdA9fEuDEqUd
hTLrOiTH5FNP2nU3uflsjPUXJmfleI5c
➜  Documents$ cat /dev/urandom | head -c32 | base64
WoCqUye9mSXI/WhHODHDjzLaSb09xrOtbrJagG7Kfqc=

图片处理压缩, 可批量改图片大小等等 sips

➜  linux-shell-more-effiency$ sips -g all which-whereis.png
/Users/tanglei/Documents/linux-shell-more-effiency/which-whereis.png
  pixelWidth: 280
  pixelHeight: 81
  typeIdentifier: public.png
  format: png
  formatOptions: default
  dpiWidth: 72.000
  dpiHeight: 72.000
  samplesPerPixel: 4
  bitsPerSample: 8
  hasAlpha: yes
  space: RGB
  profile: DELL U2412M
➜  linux-shell-more-effiency$ sips -Z 250 which-whereis.png
/Users/tanglei/Documents/linux-shell-more-effiency/which-whereis.png
  /Users/tanglei/Documents/linux-shell-more-effiency/which-whereis.png
➜  linux-shell-more-effiency$ sips -g all which-whereis.png
/Users/tanglei/Documents/linux-shell-more-effiency/which-whereis.png
  pixelWidth: 250
  pixelHeight: 72
  typeIdentifier: public.png
  format: png
  formatOptions: default
  dpiWidth: 72.000
  dpiHeight: 72.000
  samplesPerPixel: 4
  bitsPerSample: 8
  hasAlpha: yes
  space: RGB
  profile: DELL U2412M
➜  linux-shell-more-effiency$ sips -z 100 30 which-whereis.png
/Users/tanglei/Documents/linux-shell-more-effiency/which-whereis.png
  /Users/tanglei/Documents/linux-shell-more-effiency/which-whereis.png
➜  linux-shell-more-effiency$ sips -g pixelWidth -g pixelHeight which-whereis.png
/Users/tanglei/Documents/linux-shell-more-effiency/which-whereis.png
  pixelWidth: 30
  pixelHeight: 100

Reference

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