三、简单查询
3.1 查询一个字段
select 字段名 from 表名;
查询部门名字，
mysql> select dname from dept;
+------------+
| dname |
+------------+
| ACCOUNTING |
| RESEARCH |
| SALES |
| OPERATIONS |
+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.2 查询两个或多个字段
# 使用逗号隔开“,”
select 字段名1, 字段名2 from dept;
mysql> select deptno, dname from dept;
+--------+------------+
| deptno | dname |
+--------+------------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING |
| 20 | RESEARCH |
| 30 | SALES |
| 40 | OPERATIONS |
+--------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.3 查询所有字段
# 法1，可以把每个字段都写上
select a, b, c, d, ... from tablename;
# 法2，可以使用 *
select * from dept;
# 法1
mysql> select deptno, dname, loc from dept;
+--------+------------+----------+
| deptno | dname | loc |
+--------+------------+----------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+--------+------------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 法2
mysql> select * from dept;
+--------+------------+----------+
| DEPTNO | DNAME | LOC |
+--------+------------+----------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK |
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO |
| 40 | OPERATIONS | BOSTON |
+--------+------------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
这种方式的缺点：1、效率低，2、可读性差（实际开发中不建议）
3.4 给查询的列起别名
# 使用as关键字起别名
# 注意：下面只是将显示的查询结果列名(字段)显示为deptname，原表列名(字段)还是叫dname
# ！！！select语句永远都不会进行修改操作！！！
mysql> select deptno, dname as deptname from dept;
+--------+------------+
| deptno | deptname |
+--------+------------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING |
| 20 | RESEARCH |
| 30 | SALES |
| 40 | OPERATIONS |
+--------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# as关键字可以省略
# 如果起别名时，别名里面有空格，就需要给别名加 单引号 （单引号是标准，双引号不标准）
mysql> select deptno, dname 'dept name' from dept;
+--------+------------+
| deptno | dept name |
+--------+------------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING |
| 20 | RESEARCH |
| 30 | SALES |
| 40 | OPERATIONS |
+--------+------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.5 计算某列数值
mysql> select ename, sal from emp;
+--------+---------+
| ename | sal |
+--------+---------+
| SMITH | 800.00 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 |
| WARD | 1250.00 |
| JONES | 2975.00 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 |
| KING | 5000.00 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 |
| JAMES | 950.00 |
| FORD | 3000.00 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 |
+--------+---------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 计算员工年薪: sal * 12
mysql> select ename, sal*12 from emp; # 结论，字段可以使用数学表达式
+--------+----------+
| ename | sal*12 |
+--------+----------+
| SMITH | 9600.00 |
| ALLEN | 19200.00 |
| WARD | 15000.00 |
| JONES | 35700.00 |
| MARTIN | 15000.00 |
| BLAKE | 34200.00 |
| CLARK | 29400.00 |
| SCOTT | 36000.00 |
| KING | 60000.00 |
| TURNER | 18000.00 |
| ADAMS | 13200.00 |
| JAMES | 11400.00 |
| FORD | 36000.00 |
| MILLER | 15600.00 |
+--------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 给员工年薪起别名
mysql> select ename, sal*12 as yearsal from emp;
+--------+----------+
| ename | yearsal |
+--------+----------+
| SMITH | 9600.00 |
| ALLEN | 19200.00 |
| WARD | 15000.00 |
| JONES | 35700.00 |
| MARTIN | 15000.00 |
| BLAKE | 34200.00 |
| CLARK | 29400.00 |
| SCOTT | 36000.00 |
| KING | 60000.00 |
| TURNER | 18000.00 |
| ADAMS | 13200.00 |
| JAMES | 11400.00 |
| FORD | 36000.00 |
| MILLER | 15600.00 |
+--------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
# 也可以起个中文别名，需要用单引号括起来
mysql> select ename, yearsal as '年薪' from emp; # 再次强调，别名并没有改变原字段，只是显示效果而已，比如这里操作别名就会报错
ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'yearsal' in 'field list'
mysql> select ename, sal*12 as '年薪' from emp;
+--------+----------+
| ename | 年薪 |
+--------+----------+
| SMITH | 9600.00 |
| ALLEN | 19200.00 |
| WARD | 15000.00 |
| JONES | 35700.00 |
| MARTIN | 15000.00 |
| BLAKE | 34200.00 |
| CLARK | 29400.00 |
| SCOTT | 36000.00 |
| KING | 60000.00 |
| TURNER | 18000.00 |
| ADAMS | 13200.00 |
| JAMES | 11400.00 |
| FORD | 36000.00 |
| MILLER | 15600.00 |
+--------+----------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)