In the bottom of the stack abstract, in part just above the core memory is an assembly language. Assembly language was born half a century ago, it is to allow programmers to more easily manipulate those generated by 0 and 1. Previously they need to write a lot of binary code, such as 1,011,000,001,100,001, and now you can use something like "mov" This command has the same effect write assembly language instructions, variable names are also easier to remember. You have to manually bit, but now have a more convenient tool.
For most people, difficult to learn assembly language and writing. ● programmer and critic Allen uman (Ellen Ullman) In this regard there have been punch cloud, assembly language "from the machine close" even if not a machine head, the machine is attached to the ear speak. Universal assembly language is not strong: Each CPU has its own different assembly language, to run on a different computer, you have to rewrite code. Therefore, the beginning of yore programmers to add more abstraction layers, each layer farther away from the machine, away from human beings closer.
Decade of the 1950s to the 1960s can be described as the Cambrian explosion of new programming language. Many programming languages was produced, or are still in use, either became the ancestors of the current mainstream language: such as Lisp, Cobol, Algol, Basic, and so on. (The name of the language, the abbreviation of the very technical, and often with uppercase, I use mixed case, so that your eyes will not tired.) The first widely used is Fortran-- That "FORmulaTRANslating system (formula translation system)." Fortran to write assembly language laborious process summarized as short commands. Programmers write a series of commands that is then the source code that runs on a computer called a "compiler" user program to translate these commands into machine language "object code." Like the only people out letters one by one to communicate between successive suddenly learned to pronounce - - like.
This is a leap, a leap that even let Fortran advocates believe that a computer program never achieved so thoroughly beyond. About this invention, they wrote, would "eliminate, in essence, coding and debugging." They boast Fortran is "automatic coding system" because it replaced the binary machine language or slightly obscure the readability of assembly language , instead of the relatively high readability command sequences, such as READ, ASSIGN, GOTO and STOP. Initially, Fortran seems to show - pieces of beauty that let the computer succumb hard struggle of mankind as Fortran inventor John ● Boke Si (John Backus) describe the original coding said, field and machine hand combat "a naught so that humans can in this magical system, in their own language complaints as they wished directly to the machine.
However, the following decades as a program in the field of other inventions - like, the dream did not come true. In the final analysis, Fortran all the originality and function in solving a series of problems at the same time, has brought other problems. In the decade after the advent of the Fortran programming ,, the whole field have become a victim of its success Aureole, experts and even held - once an international secret meeting to discuss how to escape "This software crisis."