Files and directories (bottom video data)
cd / home enter '/ home' directory '
cd ... go back one level
cd ... / ... return to the two directories
cd go to home directory
cd ~ user1 go to home directory
cd - returns the directory where the last
pwd show the path of work
ls view files in the directory
ls -F view files in a directory
ls -l show details of files and directories
ls -a show hidden files
ls [0-9] displays the file name and directory names that contain numbers
and tree structure of the file tree display (1) starting from the root directory
lstree and displays the file tree structure (2) starting from the root directory of the directory
mkdir dir1 create a 'dir1' directory called '
mkdir dir1 dir2 create two directories simultaneously
mkdir -p / tmp / dir1 / dir2 create a directory tree
rm -f file1 delete called 'file1' file '
rmdir dir1 delete a 'dir1' directory called '
rm -RF dir1 'dir1' delete directory called and delete its contents
rm -rf dir1 dir2 remove two directories at the same time and their contents
mv dir1 new_dir rename / move a directory
cp file1 file2 copy a file
cp dir / *. Copy all files in a directory under the current working directory
cp -a / tmp / dir1. copy a directory to the current working directory
cp -a dir1 dir2 copy a directory
ln -s file1 lnk1 create a link to the file or directory soft link
ln file1 lnk1 points to create a physical link to file or directory
touch -t 0712250000 file1 modify timestamp of a file or directory - (YYMMDDhhmm)
file file1 outputs the mime type of the file as text
iconv -l lists known encoding
iconv -f fromEncoding -t toEncoding inputFile > outputFile creates a new from the given input file by assuming it is encoded in fromEncoding and converting it to toEncoding.
find . -maxdepth 1 -name *.jpg -print -exec convert “{}” -resize 80x60 “thumbs/{}” ; batch resize files in the current directory and send them to a thumbnails directory (requires convert from Imagemagick)
Mount a file system
mount / dev / hda2 / mnt / hda2 mount a disk called hda2 - determining the directory '/ mnt / hda2' already exists
umount / dev / hda2 disk unload called hda2 - start with the mount point '/ mnt / hda2' exit
fuser -km / mnt / hda2 force umount when the device is busy
umount -n / mnt / hda2 run umount without writing / etc / mtab file - if the file is read-only or very useful when the disk is full
mount / dev / fd0 / mnt / floppy mount a floppy
mount / dev / cdrom / mnt / cdrom mount a cdrom or dvdrom
mount / dev / hdc / mnt / cdrecorder or mount a cdrw dvdrom
mount / dev / hdb / mnt / cdrecorder or mount a cdrw dvdrom
mount -o loop file.iso / mnt / cdrom mount an ISO image file or
mount -t vfat / dev / hda5 / mnt / hda5 mount a Windows FAT32 file system
mount / dev / sda1 / mnt / usbdisk mount a pen-drive or flash usb
mount -t smbfs -o username = user, password = pass // WinClient / share / mnt / share mount a windows network share
system message
arch show architecture of machine (1)
uname -m show architecture of machine (2)
uname -r to display the kernel version being used
dmidecode -q show hardware system components - (SMBIOS / DMI)
hdpARM -i / dev / hda listed architectural features of a disk
hdparm -tT / dev / sda perform a test of a read operation on the disk
cat / proc / cpuinfo CPU info display information to
cat / proc / interrupts show interrupts
cat / proc / meminfo verify memory use
cat / proc / swaps display which is used swap
cat / proc / version show version of the kernel
cat / proc / net / dev show network adapter and statistics
cat / proc / mounts show mounted file system
lspci -tv list PCI devices
lsUSB -tv show USB devices
date Display System Date
cal 2007 show the 2007 calendar
date 041217002007.00 set date and time - month, day, hour in seconds
The time clock -w save changes to BIOS
Shutdown (shutdown of the system, restart and logout)
shutdown -h now shut down the system (1)
init 0 Close system (2)
telinit 0 Close system (3)
shutdown -h hours: minutes & shutdown of the system time
shutdown -c cancel off the system at a predetermined time
shutdown -r now reboot (1)
reboot reboot (2)
logout logout file search
find / -name file1 from '/' began to enter the root file system search for files and directories
find / -user user1 search belongs to the user 'user1' files and directories
find / home / user1 -name * .bin in the directory '/ home / user1' search for files that end with '.bin'
find / usr / bin -type f -atime +100 searched in the past 100 days has not been used to perform file
find / usr / bin -type f -mtime -10 search is created or modified files within 10 days
find / -name * .rpm -exec chmod 755 '{}'; search files ending in '.rpm' and define permissions
find / -xdev -name * .rpm search files ending in '.rpm', ignoring drive, a removable disk device, Czech Republic
locate * .ps find the end with '.ps' document - first run 'updatedb' command
whereis halt show location of a binary file, source or man of
which halt show full path to a binary file or executable file
disk space
df -h Displays a list of partitions are mounted
ls -lSr | more aligned to the size of the files and directories
du -sh dir1 estimate disk space directory 'dir1' already used '
du -sk * | sort -rn capacity to turn the display size based on the size of files and directories
rpm -q -a --qf '% 10 {SIZE} t% {NAME} n' | sort -k1,1n sequentially displayed by size space (fedora, redhat based system) installed rpm packages used
dpkg-query -W -f = 'InstalLED-Size; 10t {InstalLED-Size; 10} tInstalLED-Size; 10t {Package} n' | sort -k1,1n by size displays installed deb packages used space (ubuntu, debian based systems)
Users and Groups
groupadd group_name create a new user group
groupdel group_name delete a user group
groupmod -n new_group_name old_group_name rename a user group
useradd -c "Name Surname" -g admin -d / home / user1 -s / bin / bash user1 create a user belongs "admin" user group
useradd user1 create a new user
userdel -r user1 delete a user ( '-r' eliminates home directory)
usermod -c "User FTP" -g system -d / ftp / user1 -s / bin / nologin user1 Modify User Attributes
passwd change password
passwd user1 change a user password (only perform root)
chage -E 2005-12-31 user1 set deadline invalid user password
pwck Check '/ etc / passwd' correct syntax and file format and presence of the user
grpck Check '/ etc / passwd' correct syntax and format file group and present
newgrp group_name log into a new group to change default group of newly created files
File permissions - using the "+" to set permissions, use the "-" is used to cancel
ls -lh Show Permissions
ls / tmp | pr -T5 -W $ COLUMNS divide terminal into 5 columns display
Permissions chmod ugo + rwx directory1 set the directory owner (u), group (g) and others (o) to read (r), write (w) and execute (x) of
chmod go-rwx directory1 delete a group (g) and others (o) to read and write execute permissions on the directory
chown user1 file1 change owner of a file's properties
chown -R user1 directory1 change all attributes of a directory and simultaneously change the properties of all files in the directory change
Groups chgrp group1 file1 change file
chown user1: group1 file1 change user and group ownership of a file
find / -perm -u + s list of all uses a file system control SUID
chmod u + s / bin / file1 set SUID bit on a binary file - the user running the file and are each assigned to the same owner permissions
chmod us / bin / file1 disable SUID bit on a binary file
chmod g + s / home / public set SGID bit on a directory - similar to SUID, but this is for the directory
chmod gs / home / public disable SGID bit on a directory
chmod o + t / home / public set a STIKY bit files - delete files allow only legitimate owners
chmod ot / home / public disable a catalog of STIKY bit
Special Attributes on files - using the "+" to set permissions, use the "-" is used to cancel
chattr + a file1 append mode allows only read and write files
chattr + c file1 file by the kernel allows this automatic compression / decompression
chattr + d file1 when performing file system backup, dump will ignore the file
chattr + i file1 an immutable file can not be deleted, modified, or renaming Links
chattr + s file1 allows a file to be safely deleted
chattr + S file1 Once the application has been written to this file, the system immediately changes the result to disk
chattr + u file1 If the file is deleted, the system will allow you to recover the contents of a file is deleted
lsattr display special attributes
Archives and compressed files
bunzip2 file1.bz2 decompression called 'file1.bz2' files
bzip2 file1 compression called 'file1' files
gunzip file1.gz decompression called 'file1.gz' files
gzip file1 compression called 'file1' files
gzip -9 file1 maximum degree of compression
rar a file1.rar test_file create called 'file1.rar' package
rar a file1.rar file1 file2 dir1 while compressing 'file1', 'file2', and directory 'dir1'
packet decompression rar rar x file1.rar
packet decompression rar unrar x file1.rar
tar -cvf archive.tar file1 create a uncompressed tarball
tar -cvf archive.tar file1 file2 dir1 create a containing 'file1', 'file2' and 'dir1' archive
tar -tf archive.tar display the contents of a package
tar -xvf archive.tar release a package
tar -xvf archive.tar -C / tmp release the compressed packet to the / tmp directory
tar -cvfj archive.tar.bz2 dir1 create a bzip2 compressed format
tar -xvfj archive.tar.bz2 decompressing a compressed format bzip2
tar -cvfz archive.tar.gz dir1 create a compressed gzip format
tar -xvfz archive.tar.gz decompressing a compressed gzip format
zip file1.zip file1 create a zip archive format
zip -r file1.zip file1 file2 dir1 several files and directories at the same time compressed into a compressed zip format
unzip file1.zip decompressing a compressed zip format
RPM package - (Fedora, Redhat and similar systems)
rpm -ivh rpm package mounting a package.rpm
rpm -ivh --nodeeps package.rpm install a rpm package while ignoring dependencies
rpm -U package.rpm upgrade a rpm package without changing its configuration file
rpm -F package.rpm update a determined rpm package installed
rpm -e package_name.rpm remove a rpm package
rpm -qa show all rpm packages already installed system
rpm -qa | grep httpd show all the names included "httpd" word rpm package
rpm -qi package_name obtain information on a specific package installed
rpm -qg "System Environment / Daemons" show a package assembly rpm
rpm -ql package_name display a list of files installed rpm package provides
rpm -qc package_name show list of configuration files of an already installed rpm package provided
rpm -q package_name --whatrequires rpm package displays a list of dependencies
rpm -q package_name --whatprovides display a volume occupied rpm package
rpm -q package_name --scripts displayed in the script l / deleted during the installation performed
rpm -q package_name --changelog display modification history of a rpm package
rpm -qf /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf to confirm the documents which rpm package consists of
rpm -qp package.rpm -l displays a list of files provided by a rpm package not yet installed
rpm --import / media / cdrom / RPM-GPG-KEY digital certificate of a public key
rpm --checksig package.rpm confirm the integrity of a package rpm
rpm -qa gpg-pubkey confirmed the integrity of all the packages installed rpm
rpm -V package_name check file size, permissions, type, owner, group, MD5 checksum and last modification time
rpm -Va inspection systems all installed rpm package - use caution
rpm -Vp package.rpm a confirmation rpm package has not been installed
rpm2cpio package.rpm | cpio --extract --make-directories bin executable file from a rpm package runs
rpm -ivh /usr/src/redhat/RPMS/arch/package.rpm installed from a rpm source a package built
rpmbuild --rebuild package_name.src.rpm construct a package from a rpm source rpm
YUM packages updater - (Fedora, RedHat and similar systems)
yum install package_name to download and install a package rpm
yum localinstall package_name.rpm will install a rpm package, use your own software repository for you to solve all dependencies
yum update package_name.rpm update all rpm packages installed in the current system
yum update package_name upgrade a rpm package
yum remove package_name remove a rpm package
yum list lists all packages currently installed on the system
yum search package_name search packages in the warehouse rpm
yum clean packages to clean up rpm cache delete the downloaded package
yum clean headers remove all header files
yum clean all remove all cached packages and header files
DEB package (Debian, Ubuntu and similar systems)
dpkg -i package.deb install / upgrade a deb package
dpkg -r package_name remove a deb package from the system
dpkg -l show all deb packages already installed system
dpkg -l | grep httpd show all deb package name contains "httpd" word
dpkg -s package_name obtain information about a particular package is already installed in the system
Dpkg -L package_name display a list of files already installed system provided a deb package
dpkg --contents package.deb display a list of files in a package not yet installed the provided
dpkg -S / bin / ping to confirm which documents provided by the deb package
APT software tool (Debian, Ubuntu and similar systems)
apt-get install package_name install / upgrade a deb package
apt-cdrom install package_name installed from a CD / update a deb package
apt-get update Upgrade Packages list
apt-get upgrade upgrade all installed software
apt-get remove package_name remove a deb package from the system
apt-get check to confirm correct resolution of dependencies
apt-get clean clean up cache from packages downloaded
apt-cache search searched-package to return the package name that contains the search string
View the file contents
cat file1 view the contents of the file forward from the first byte
tac file1 view the contents of a file in reverse, starting from the last row
more file1 view the contents of a long document
less file1 similar to 'more' command, but it allows operation in the file and forward the same reverse operation
The first two lines of a file head -2 file1 view
The last two lines of a file tail -2 file1 view
tail -f / var / log / messages view in real time is added to the contents of a file
CD
cdrecord -v gracetime = 2 dev = / dev / cdrom -eject blank = fast -force empty a rewritable disc content
mkisofs / dev / cdrom> cd.iso create a CD iso image file on disk
mkisofs / dev / cdrom | gzip> cd_iso.gz create a compressed disk in the CD iso image file
mkisofs -J -allow-leading-dots -R -V "Label CD" -iso-level 4 -o ./cd.iso data_cd create a directory iso image file
cdrecord -v dev = / dev / cdrom cd.iso burn an ISO image file
gzip -dc cd_iso.gz | cdrecord dev = / dev / cdrom - burn a compressed ISO image file
mount -o loop cd.iso / mnt / iso mount an ISO image
cd-paranoia -B transcription from a CD-ROM tracks to wav file
cd-paranoia - "-3" transcribed from a CD-ROM tracks to wav file (parameter -3)
cdrecord --scanbus scan bus to identify the channel scsi
dd if = / dev / hdc | md5sum md5sum checking a coding device, for example a CD
Character set and file format conversion
dos2unix filedos.txt fileunix.txt to convert a text file format from MSDOS to UNIX
unix2dos fileunix.txt filedos.txt the format is converted from a text file into a UNIX MSDOS
recode ... HTML <page.txt> page.html convert a text file into html
recode -l | more displays all format conversions allowed
File System Analysis
badblocks -v / dev / hda1 check bad blocks on the magnetic disk hda1
fsck / dev / hda1 repair integrity / check linux filesystem on disk hda1
fsck.ext2 / dev / hda1 repair integrity / check disk hda1 ext2 file system
e2fsck / dev / hda1 repair integrity / check disk hda1 ext2 file system
Integrity e2fsck -j / dev / hda1 repair / check ext3 filesystem on disk hda1
fsck.ext3 / dev / hda1 repair integrity / check ext3 filesystem on disk hda1
Integrity fsck.vfat / dev / hda1 repair / check fat filesystem on disk hda1
fsck.msdos / dev / hda1 repair integrity / examination dos filesystem on disk hda1
Integrity dosfsck / dev / hda1 repair / check dos filesystem on disk hda1
A file system initialization
mkfs / dev / hda1 create a filesystem on hda1 partition
mke2fs / dev / hda1 create a filesystem type linux ext2 on hda1 partition
mke2fs -j / dev / hda1 create a linux ext3 (journaling) file system partition hda1
mkfs -t vfat 32 -F / dev / hda1 create a FAT32 file system
fdformat -n / dev / fd0 a formatted floppy disk
mkswap / dev / hda3 create a swap file system
SWAP file systems
mkswap / dev / hda3 create a swap file system
swapon / dev / hda3 enable a new swap file system
swapon / dev / hda2 / dev / hdb3 enable the two swap partitions
Backup
Full backup dump -0aj -f /tmp/home0.bak / home make a '/ home' directory
Interactive backup dump -1aj -f /tmp/home0.bak / home make a '/ home' directory
restore -IF /tmp/home0.bak restore a backup interactive
rsync -rogpav --delete / home / tmp directory synchronization sides
rsync -rogpav -e ssh --delete / home ip_address: / tmp passage through SSH rsync
rsync -az -e ssh --delete ip_addr: / home / public / home / local ssh by compressing a remote directory and synchronized to a local directory
rsync -az -e ssh --delete / home / local ip_addr: / home / public via ssh and compression to a local directory to a remote directory synchronization
dd bs = 1M if = / dev / hda | gzip | ssh user @ ip_addr 'dd of = hda.gz' ssh by performing backup operations on a remote host a local disk
dd if = / dev / sda of = / tmp / file1 backup disk contents to a file
tar -Puf backup.tar / home / user to perform a backup operation for interactive '/ home / user' directory
(Cd / tmp / local / && tar c.) | Ssh -C user @ ip_addr 'cd / home / share / && tar x -p' copy the contents of a directory on remote directory via ssh
(Tar c / home) | ssh -C user @ ip_addr 'cd / home / backup-home && tar x -p' copy a local directory on remote directory via ssh
tar cf - |. (cd / tmp / backup; tar xf -) local copy a directory to another, preserving permits and links
find / home / user1 -name '.txt' | xargs cp -av --target-directory = / home / backup / --parents to find and copy all '.txt' file that ends from one directory to another directory
find / var / log -name '.log' | tar cv --files-from = - | bzip2> log.tar.bz2 find all '.log' end of the document and make a packet bzip
dd if = / dev / hda of = / dev / fd0 bs = 512 count = 1 to make a copy MBR (Master Boot Record) to floppy of
dd if = / dev / fd0 of = / dev / hda bs = 512 count = 1 resume MBR from backup copy saved to floppy disk in
Text Processing
cat file1 file2 … | command <> file1_in.txt_or_file1_out.txt general syntax for text manipulation using PIPE, STDIN and STDOUT
cat file1 | command (sed, grep, awk, grep, etc ...)> result.txt merge a text file detailed description, and the introduction writes a new file
cat file1 | details text command (sed, grep, awk, grep, etc ...) >> result.txt merge a file and write a brief introduction existing file
grep Aug / var / log / messages in the file '/ var / log / messages' Find keywords "Aug"
grep ^ Aug / var / log / messages in the file '/ var / log / messages' to find "Aug" vocabulary begins
grep [0-9] / var / log / messages select '/ var / log / messages' file numbers of all lines contained
grep Aug -R / var / log / * search string "Aug" in the directory '/ var / log' directory and subsequent
sed 's / stringa1 / stringa2 / g' example.txt in example.txt the "string1" replace "string2"
sed '/ ^ KaTeX parse error: Expected' EOF ', got' # 'at position 49: ... any blank lines sed' / * # / d; / ^ / d 'example.txt delete all files from example.txt comments and blank lines
echo 'esempio' | tr '[: lower:]' '[: upper:]' vertical merged cell contents
sed -e '1d' result.txt excluded from the first line of the file example.txt
sed -n '/ stringa1 / p' view only contains words "string1" row
sed -e 's / $ //' example.txt delete the end of each row of blank characters
sed -e 's / stringa1 // g' example.txt only delete words "string1" from the document and retain all remaining
sed -n '1,5p; 5q' example.txt view the content from the first row of row 5
sed -n '5p; 5q' example.txt View Line 5
sed -e 's / 00/0 / g' replaced by a single multiple zero zero example.txt
Cat -n file1 number of lines marked file
cat example.txt | all even rows awk 'NR% 2 == 1' Delete file example.txt
The first column awk '{print $ 1}' view line | echo abc
echo abc | awk '{print $ 1, $ 3}' view the first and third column line
paste file1 file2 merging contents of two files or two columns
paste -d '+' file1 file2 merging contents of two files or two columns, with the intermediate "+" to distinguish
The contents of two files sort file1 file2 sort of
sort file1 file2 | uniq of two files and set (only one copy of duplicate rows)
sort file1 file2 | uniq -u files by viewing only unique line
sort file1 file2 | uniq -d sort contents of two files (leaving only the files that exist in both files)
SUMMARY compare two comm -1 file1 file2 only delete the contents files 'file1' contained
SUMMARY compare two comm -2 file1 file2 file delete only content 'file2' contained
Content comm -3 file1 file2 compare two files by deleting only partially common to both files
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