Are summarized in the "Bird Brother Linux private kitchens - based learning articles" , the picture is also from there.
main idea
Directory tree structure (directory tree)
Linux system is based on the directory tree structure, which is its core idea . Directory that folder. Linux system is equivalent to a folder, all Linux systems or data corresponding to a folder, or is a file. For example, you create a new user, in fact, created a new folder. A user corresponds to a folder. Directory tree structure:
Figure above rectangle is a folder , wavy file , the root directory /. This /is very clever, in macOS, suppose you download the file to test.md /Users/username/Desktop/, then the file will be downloaded to your desktop, this front /is the root directory. If you write Users/username/Desktop/, then the file will be downloaded to currentDerectory/Users/username/Desktop/the next.
Linux systems use a directory tree structure, but in fact the data is stored in the disk partition which, then the question arises: tree and disk partition is God-Malaysia relations? This time it involves a concept called "mount (mount)" in the.
The relationship between the tree and the disk partition
Mount fact, establish the relationship between the tree and disk partitions. Contents just a logo, what we can customize a directory corresponding to a disk partition.
We often use U disk, assuming a U disk is a disk partition, we have a hypothesis called partition1 U disk plugged into a Windows computer, the computer may be on more than one disk F, then the directory is F, equivalent to hang Schedule F uploaded to the U disk, you can access F partition1 access the contents. If a hypothesis called partition2 then plug the U disk, the system will be more than one H-disk, which is equivalent to the directory H mounted on the partition2. F under the assumption that there will be a disk to store a lot of video of moive folder, we can directly mount to the movie folder partition2, this movie where the video is saved to partition2 inside, not the disk space F.
In the Linux system is the same reason, such as when to build a Linux environment, you can be / home to mount on a separate disk partition.
- See more Bird Brother Linux installation mode, the selected partitions
Common Commands
| command | meaning | Options | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
--help |
ls --help |
||
| man | manual | man man |
|
| ls | list | -a, --all-h, --human-readable-l, --long listing format |
ls -ah: Displays directory of all folders, including hidden folders ls -l==ll |
| cd | change directory | cdEquivalent cd ~, ~the current user root cd /root cd ..layer of cd ../..two layers of cd ../<directory>a layer inside a directory cd <directory>/<directory>to a directory in a directory in the current directory |
|
| rm | remove | -d, --direcorty-r, --recursive-f, --force |
rm <file>rm -d <directory>rm -rf <directory>rm *.pdf |
| cat | concatenate | cat <file> |
|
| mkdir | make direcotry | mkdir <directory> |
|
| touch | create a file | touch <file> |
|
| mv | move | move oldname namemove <file>/<directory> <directory> |
|
| cp | copy | cp test test.bak |
|
| zip | -r, --recurse |
zip -r test.zip test/ |
|
| unzip | unzip test.zip |
||
| takes | tape or archive | -f, --file=ARCHIVE-c, --create-t, --list-v, --verbose-x, --extract-z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip |
tar -cf archive.tar foo bar: Creates the file foo and bar as archive.tar tar -tvf archive.tar: archive.tar detailed list of all the files tar -xf archive.tarto extract all files from archive.tar in: tar xvzf redis-stable.tar.gz: From the redis-stable.tar.gzdetailed extract all files |
| pwd | print working directory | pwd |
|
| sh | run a script | sh test.sh Equivalent to ./test.sh |
|
| start | start notepad++ <file>start Typora <file> |
||
| we | visual | vi <file> |
|
| vim | we improved | vim <file> |
vi / vim three modes
vi <file>And vim <file>are modified <file>after the command, which is an enhanced version of the former, enter this command, there will be three models modified <file>file.
- General command mode (command mode): You can not see what you type
- Edit mode (insert mode): directly modify the contents of the file
- Command-line command mode (command-line mode): the bottom line,
:or/or?at the beginning of
See the following detailed meanings instruction vim editorWARNING_END
Common commands
General Command mode:
| instruction | meaning |
|---|---|
| i | The current position into insert mode |
| I | The first character |
| a | The next character |
| A | end |
| The | The beginning of the next column |
| THE | On a beginning |
| r | Replace mode, a substituted |
| R | Has been replaced |
| in | Undo |
| Ctrl + r | Cancel the revocation, the equivalent of U? |
| 0 | First row |
| end / $ | End of line |
| G | last row |
| gg | 1 G, the first column |
n<enter> |
N columns moved downward |
| Ctrl + f | fall, to the next page |
| Ctrl + b | before, the previous |
| x | delete |
| X | Previous deleted |
| dd | Delete the current column |
| d$ | Remove columns from the current position to the tail |
| yy | Copy the current column |
- Edit mode:
| instruction | meaning |
|---|---|
| Esc | Exit edit mode, enter the general command mode |
- Command Mode command line:
| instruction | meaning |
|---|---|
| :w | Storage |
| :w! | Forced guarantee |
| :q | drop out |
| :q! | Force Quit |
| :wq | Exit and save the equivalent of ZZ |
| /word | Find keywords |
| : Not set | Show Line Numbers |
| :1,$s/word1/word2/gc | Replace word1 word2 |
/word When lookup, using n jump to the next search result, N jump to previous search results
Script syntax
- Traversal. Example: A print out the script in the current directory path of all folders named
traverse.sh, as follows:
#!/bin/bash
for i in $(ls $(PWD))
do
if [ -d $i ];then
cd $i
pwd
cd ..
fi # if 反向，代表 if 结束
doneExecute the script: sh traverse.sh
- See more learning Shell Scripts
Other commonly used commands
## 用户
passwd <username> # 修改用户的密码
whoami # 查看当前用户名
## 日志
less <file> # 查看最新日志
tail -f <file> # 查看实时日志
grep -5 <key> <file> # 查看日志 <file> 关键字 key 上下五行
grep -5 <key> <file1> <file2> # 输出日志 <file1> 关键字 key 上下五行的内容到 <file2> 中
## 进程
ps -ef|grep WeChat # 查看进程名叫 WeChat 的信息，最开头的数字为 id
kill -9 6002（最开头的数字） # 杀死进程 id 为 6002 的进程
sed -i's/word1/werd2/g' <file> # 替换 <file> 的 word1 为 word2（sed -- stream editor）
xclip -sel c < <file> # 不打开 <file> 的情况下复制其内容
df -h # 查看磁盘分区和目录信息（df -- display free disk space）
echo $PATH# 输出 $PATH 的内容