Thinking ringing
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Tree of Life: Neurobiology, Neurotheology & Hasidic Biotheology
Reference https://aeon.co/essays/our-inner-narrator-gives-us-continuity-and-a-sense-of-self
The difference between interior monologue (Inner Speech) and thinking sounds (Audible Thought) are: interior monologue, on the subjective feeling from their own, are subject to their own control, thinking ringing in the subjective feeling from the outside world, It is not under conscious control. Controllable not called thinking ringing.
The difference is mainly due to factors that lead to neurodegenerative connection between the frontal and temporal lobes are damaged.
What is the mechanism of thinking is ringing?
Thinking ringing (Audible Thought) is a symptom of schizophrenia. To answer its mechanism, we first need to look at a universal phenomenon: interior monologue (Inner Speech) .
Sometimes we up in the morning, say to yourself, a few positive words, then figured it planned in my mind one day. These are the inner monologue.
This is certainly not the symptoms of mental disorder, but a normal phenomenon. This "magical" phenomenon can be explained neuroscience.
We can recall childhood teacher let us recite the text, sometimes we find our throats are moving, but not enough to make a sound, and when our throats did not move, in both cases we hear silent reading the text "voice."
This makes us think that perhaps this is the voice from our movement.
When neuroscience confirms this, our premotor cortex (Premotor cortex) does have activity, but the movement did not issue a signal to the muscles, because the time really talking with different motor cortex (Motor cortex) activities in silent reading was before suppressed the motor cortex [1] [2] [3] [4].
Here we must mention another phenomenon: the perception copy (Efference Copy) .
For example, we scratch their own itch when it does not feel itchy. This phenomenon brings benefits in evolution, an animal can ignore their own information from, so focus on the external environment.
It has been found, a secondary motor cortex (Secondary motor cortex) in the disposable portion of the auditory cortex neurons (Auditory cortex) and causes auditory cortex kinetic motion related change [5]. That is, the inner monologue in fact, may be considered to be a copy of perception when we speak. When our motor cortex is inhibited premotor cortex, this would have to offset their voices sound, but will emerge.
So why would a normal inner monologue become schizophrenic thinking of ringing it?
Prefrontal cortex (Prefrontal lobes) are key structural adjustment attention. The study found thinking sounds and even other types of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia, are connected with the reduction frontotemporal function is relevant [6] [7].
Reduction of frontotemporal connected so that the patient can not function autonomously adjust the monologue of attention from the heart, so that patients feel the sound from the outside rather than their own, and not through their own control the size of these sounds.
Imaging studies also found that schizophrenia is a brain degenerative changes in the network level, where the damage is most severe temporal lobe (Temporal lobe) close to the area of the frontal lobe [8]. This can also be corroboration previous conclusions, and explain why the main symptoms of auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia.
Above, I outlined the mechanism of thinking ringing. Future research on these mechanisms will also help us develop new therapies to treat schizophrenia and implanted electrodes.
This article first appeared: the What IS of Audible at The mechanism by Thought?
Day语版: What are the thoughts of the voice of the mechanism?
Related articles: mania is also a crazy, schizophrenia and neurodegenerative diseases
Come sealed surface图片own: "Yes chan" / "Liang" [pixiv]
references
[1] Solodkin A, Hlustik P, Chen E E, et al. Fine modulation in network activation during motor execution and motor imagery[J]. Cerebral cortex, 2004, 14(11): 1246-1255.
[2] Kasess C H, Windischberger C, Cunnington R, et al. The suppressive influence of SMA on M1 in motor imagery revealed by fMRI and dynamic causal modeling[J].Neuroimage, 2008, 40(2): 828-837.
[3] Watanabe T, Hanajima R, Shirota Y, et al. Effects of rTMS of pre-supplementary motor area on fronto basal ganglia network activity during stop-signal task[J].Journal of Neuroscience, 2015, 35(12): 4813-4823.
[4] McGuire P K, Silbersweig D A, Murray R M, et al. Functional anatomy of inner speech and auditory verbal imagery[J]. Psychological medicine, 1996, 26(1): 29-38.
[5] Schneider D M, Nelson A, Mooney R. A synaptic and circuit basis for corollary discharge in the auditory cortex[J]. Nature, 2014, 513(7517): 189.
[6] Ford J M, Mathalon D H, Whitfield S, et al. Reduced communication between frontal and temporal lobes during talking in schizophrenia[J]. Biological psychiatry, 2002, 51(6): 485-492.
[7] Vercammen A, Knegtering H, den Boer J A, et al. Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia are associated with reduced functional connectivity of the temporo-parietal area[J]. Biological psychiatry, 2010, 67(10): 912-918.
[8] Zhang F, Qiu L, Yuan L, et al. Evidence for progressive brain abnormalities in early schizophrenia: A cross-sectional structural and functional connectivity study[J]. Schizophrenia research, 2014, 159(1): 31-35.
When our dialogue in the heart or heart rhythm music memories in our brain what happened?
(This article translation of self-answer on Quora)
Many studies have shown that verbal memory and musical memory exercises can improve each other's working memory, so here I'll put them in the discussion [1] together.
Working memory generally includes three parts: a central execution system (Central executive), called a speech circuit (Phonological loop) verbal memory system, called Visuospatial (Visuospatial sketchpad) Visual storage system [2].
The working mechanism thereof are similar, motion systems, vision systems or auditory system continuously cyclically repeating the same information, until a new incoming message from the sensory cortex and replace the previous information out.
Mechanisms in case of reproducing the contents of the memory are similar, various sensory information from the outside activates the prefrontal cortex, prefrontal responsible for activated partial activation of the hippocampus, and selectively further filtered according to those outside the ventral pathway memory filter information. [3]
In the article: " When" there is something catches your eye, "which parts of the brain responsible for this work ," I explained the situation of the visual system, the auditory system and the situation is similar.
But there is a problem here, only a small working memory capacity, and can only be maintained for a short period of time [2].
Thus, when the memories, not the whole sentence or the whole music is integrally recall, but beginning from a segment, by movement of the corresponding memory cortical tissue, and a step of reproducing fragments of different pieces and working memory.
This involves a concept developed in recent years, Cognition: Cognitive think that is dependent on the activation of cortical area corresponding to a particular body part.
Here also mention another concept: sensing copy (Copy Efference) , when the motion signal is generated in association region or the motion region premotor area, and a copy sent to perceive sensory cortex [4]. This phenomenon in evolution has also brought benefits, animals can filter out information from its own internal to focus on the external environment information.
Sometimes premotor (PMA) to generate a signal while suppressing the motion of the motor cortex, in this case may be generated replica perceived. Therefore, we can say silently or quietly singing without sound [4].
The whole process looks more like this:
The prefrontal cortex is activated by a feeling of sensory information from the outside world, and then we began to mobilize the prefrontal hippocampal formation in the ventral stream of information, and these memories are reproducible information is further used as a template for further screening information from the outside world.
Such information can be maintained very little, only for a very short time. But it does not matter, with this information, the premotor cortex is activated and generates a copy of perception, then the information produced inside the brain just like information from the outside world as the front sensory system to activate the frontal cortex.
In this manner, the information loop formed in the brain. Continue to activate the hippocampus and extract relevant information. A segment from the start, gradually build the entire image, or music statement. This system not only complete the work memories, and even create new content.
In this process, visual memory, auditory memory, motor memory and even can affect each other.
However, this system also has a drawback, because the entire image or statement or music is gradually being rebuilt, so if in the process we do not recall them recorded in a short time we are likely to forget it again.
English version:
What happens in our brain when we have mental conversations or when we can replay music mentally?
Japanese version:
references
[1] Fedorenko E, Patel A, Casasanto D, et al. Structural integration in language and music: evidence for a shared system[J]. Memory & cognition, 2009, 37(1): 1-9.
[2] Baddeley A. Working memory: looking back and looking forward[J]. Nature reviews neuroscience, 2003, 4(10): 829.
[3] Barry D N, Barnes G R, Clark I A, et al. The neural dynamics of novel scene imagery[J]. Journal of Neuroscience, 2019: 2497-18.
[4] What is the mechanism of audible thought? by Yaakov Mikhael Liu on Etz haChaim
Edited on 2019-08-02
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