Detailed Nginx Configuration Nginx configuration in detail

Nginx configuration in detail

 

Preface

Nginx is lgor Sysoev of Russia visited the second rambler.ru site design and development. From 2004 release date, with the power of open source, and we are approaching maturity and perfection.

Nginx feature-rich, can be used as an HTTP server, but also as a reverse proxy server, mail server. Support FastCGI, SSL, Virtual Host, URL Rewrite, Gzip and other functions. And supports many third-party module expansion.

Nginx stability, feature set, sample configuration files and low system resource consumption to let him catch up with 12.18 percent of the global use rate active site, about 22.2 million sites.

Niubi blown hey, if you are not good enough, you can find such a boast or some books on Baidu Encyclopedia, everywhere.

Nginx common functions

1, Http proxy, reverse proxy: One of the most commonly used as a web server function, especially reverse proxy.

I come here to Figure 2, the forward reaction agent and the agent to be interpreted, the specific details, you can read the following information.

In doing Nginx reverse proxy, provides stable performance, and can provide flexible configuration of forwarding. Nginx can then match depending on the positive, take a different forwarding policies, such as picture files ending walk file server, dynamic page go web server, as long as you are then written no problem, there are corresponding server solutions, you can be arbitrary play. Nginx and returns the results to the error page jumping, abnormal judgment. If the server is distributed abnormal, he can request re-forwarded to another server, then automatically remove abnormal server.

2, load balancing

Nginx provide load balancing strategy there are two kinds: built-in policies and expansion strategies. Built-in policies for the poll, weighted round-robin, Ip hash. Expansion strategy, it is ideas, not only you think he can not do it, you can refer to all the load balancing algorithm to find his 11 to do under implementation.

Figure on three, understand that these three load balancing algorithms

Ip hash algorithm, ip client requests are hash operation, and then will request the same client ip distributed to the same server for processing according to hash result, can not solve the session sharing problem. 

3, web cache

Nginx can do different for different file caching, flexible configuration, and support FastCGI_Cache, mainly used for dynamic program of FastCGI cache. Combined with third-party ngx_cache_purge, for the development of URL cached content additions and deletions can be managed.

4, Nginx relevant address

Source: https: //trac.nginx.org/nginx/browser

Official website: http: //www.nginx.org/

Nginx configuration file structure

Well if you download, install your files, may wish to open the file nginx.conf conf folder basis Nginx server configuration, the default configuration is also stored here.

In nginx.conf comment sign bit #

Nginx configuration files, the students of just getting started, you can look at two.

The default config 

#user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

nginx文件结构

...              #全局块

events {         #events块
   ...
}

http      #http块
{
    ...   #http全局块
    server        #server块
    { 
        ...       #server全局块
        location [PATTERN]   #location块
        {
            ...
        }
        location [PATTERN] 
        {
            ...
        }
    }
    server
    {
      ...
    }
    ...     #http全局块
}

1、全局块：配置影响nginx全局的指令。一般有运行nginx服务器的用户组，nginx进程pid存放路径，日志存放路径，配置文件引入，允许生成worker process数等。

2、events块：配置影响nginx服务器或与用户的网络连接。有每个进程的最大连接数，选取哪种事件驱动模型处理连接请求，是否允许同时接受多个网路连接，开启多个网络连接序列化等。

3、http块：可以嵌套多个server，配置代理，缓存，日志定义等绝大多数功能和第三方模块的配置。如文件引入，mime-type定义，日志自定义，是否使用sendfile传输文件，连接超时时间，单连接请求数等。

4、server块：配置虚拟主机的相关参数，一个http中可以有多个server。

5、location块：配置请求的路由，以及各种页面的处理情况。

下面给大家上一个配置文件，作为理解，同时也配入我搭建的一台测试机中，给大家示例。 

########### 每个指令必须有分号结束。#################
#user administrator administrators;  #配置用户或者组，默认为nobody nobody。
#worker_processes 2;  #允许生成的进程数，默认为1
#pid /nginx/pid/nginx.pid;   #指定nginx进程运行文件存放地址
error_log log/error.log debug;  #制定日志路径，级别。这个设置可以放入全局块，http块，server块，级别以此为：debug|info|notice|warn|error|crit|alert|emerg
events {
    accept_mutex on;   #设置网路连接序列化，防止惊群现象发生，默认为on
    multi_accept on;  #设置一个进程是否同时接受多个网络连接，默认为off
    #use epoll;      #事件驱动模型，select|poll|kqueue|epoll|resig|/dev/poll|eventport
    worker_connections  1024;    #最大连接数，默认为512
}
http {
    include       mime.types;   #文件扩展名与文件类型映射表
    default_type  application/octet-stream; #默认文件类型，默认为text/plain
    #access_log off; #取消服务日志    
    log_format myFormat '$remote_addr–$remote_user [$time_local] $request $status $body_bytes_sent $http_referer $http_user_agent $http_x_forwarded_for'; #自定义格式
    access_log log/access.log myFormat;  #combined为日志格式的默认值
    sendfile on;   #允许sendfile方式传输文件，默认为off，可以在http块，server块，location块。
    sendfile_max_chunk 100k;  #每个进程每次调用传输数量不能大于设定的值，默认为0，即不设上限。
    keepalive_timeout 65;  #连接超时时间，默认为75s，可以在http，server，location块。

    upstream mysvr {   
      server 127.0.0.1:7878;
      server 192.168.10.121:3333 backup;  #热备
    }
    error_page 404 https://www.baidu.com; #错误页
    server {
        keepalive_requests 120; #单连接请求上限次数。
        listen       4545;   #监听端口
        server_name  127.0.0.1;   #监听地址       
        location  ~*^.+$ {       #请求的url过滤，正则匹配，~为区分大小写，~*为不区分大小写。
           #root path;  #根目录
           #index vv.txt;  #设置默认页
           proxy_pass  http://mysvr;  #请求转向mysvr 定义的服务器列表
           deny 127.0.0.1;  #拒绝的ip
           allow 172.18.5.54; #允许的ip           
        } 
    }
} 

上面是nginx的基本配置，需要注意的有以下几点：

1、1.$remote_addr 与$http_x_forwarded_for 用以记录客户端的ip地址； 2.$remote_user ：用来记录客户端用户名称； 3.$time_local ： 用来记录访问时间与时区；4.$request ： 用来记录请求的url与http协议；

  5.$status ： 用来记录请求状态；成功是200， 6.$body_bytes_s ent ：记录发送给客户端文件主体内容大小；7.$http_referer ：用来记录从那个页面链接访问过来的； 8.$http_user_agent ：记录客户端浏览器的相关信息；

2、惊群现象：一个网路连接到来，多个睡眠的进程被同事叫醒，但只有一个进程能获得链接，这样会影响系统性能。

3、每个指令必须有分号结束。

总结

如果你在开发过程中使用啦这些技术，或者你要使用遇到啦什么问题，欢迎加入左上角的群，我们一起讨论学习，本篇未完待续。 

序言

Nginx是lgor Sysoev为俄罗斯访问量第二的rambler.ru站点设计开发的。从2004年发布至今，凭借开源的力量，已经接近成熟与完善。

Nginx功能丰富，可作为HTTP服务器，也可作为反向代理服务器，邮件服务器。支持FastCGI、SSL、Virtual Host、URL Rewrite、Gzip等功能。并且支持很多第三方的模块扩展。

Nginx的稳定性、功能集、示例配置文件和低系统资源的消耗让他后来居上，在全球活跃的网站中有12.18%的使用比率，大约为2220万个网站。

牛逼吹的差不多啦，如果你还不过瘾，你可以百度百科或者一些书上找到这样的夸耀，比比皆是。

Nginx常用功能

1、Http代理，反向代理：作为web服务器最常用的功能之一，尤其是反向代理。

这里我给来2张图，对正向代理与反响代理做个诠释，具体细节，大家可以翻阅下资料。

Nginx在做反向代理时，提供性能稳定，并且能够提供配置灵活的转发功能。Nginx可以根据不同的正则匹配，采取不同的转发策略，比如图片文件结尾的走文件服务器，动态页面走web服务器，只要你正则写的没问题，又有相对应的服务器解决方案，你就可以随心所欲的玩。并且Nginx对返回结果进行错误页跳转，异常判断等。如果被分发的服务器存在异常，他可以将请求重新转发给另外一台服务器，然后自动去除异常服务器。

2、负载均衡

Nginx提供的负载均衡策略有2种：内置策略和扩展策略。内置策略为轮询，加权轮询，Ip hash。扩展策略，就天马行空，只有你想不到的没有他做不到的啦，你可以参照所有的负载均衡算法，给他一一找出来做下实现。

上3个图，理解这三种负载均衡算法的实现

Ip hash算法，对客户端请求的ip进行hash操作，然后根据hash结果将同一个客户端ip的请求分发给同一台服务器进行处理，可以解决session不共享的问题。 

3、web缓存

Nginx可以对不同的文件做不同的缓存处理，配置灵活，并且支持FastCGI_Cache，主要用于对FastCGI的动态程序进行缓存。配合着第三方的ngx_cache_purge，对制定的URL缓存内容可以的进行增删管理。

4、Nginx相关地址

源码：https://trac.nginx.org/nginx/browser

官网：http://www.nginx.org/

Nginx配置文件结构

如果你下载好啦，你的安装文件，不妨打开conf文件夹的nginx.conf文件，Nginx服务器的基础配置，默认的配置也存放在此。

在nginx.conf的注释符号位#

nginx文件的结构，这个对刚入门的同学，可以多看两眼。

默认的config 

#user  nobody;
worker_processes  1;

#error_log  logs/error.log;
#error_log  logs/error.log  notice;
#error_log  logs/error.log  info;

#pid        logs/nginx.pid;


events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}


http {
    include       mime.types;
    default_type  application/octet-stream;

    #log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
    #                  '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
    #                  '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    #access_log  logs/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    #keepalive_timeout  0;
    keepalive_timeout  65;

    #gzip  on;

    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  localhost;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;

        location / {
            root   html;
            index  index.html index.htm;
        }

        #error_page  404              /404.html;

        # redirect server error pages to the static page /50x.html
        #
        error_page   500 502 503 504  /50x.html;
        location = /50x.html {
            root   html;
        }

        # proxy the PHP scripts to Apache listening on 127.0.0.1:80
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    proxy_pass   http://127.0.0.1;
        #}

        # pass the PHP scripts to FastCGI server listening on 127.0.0.1:9000
        #
        #location ~ \.php$ {
        #    root           html;
        #    fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
        #    fastcgi_index  index.php;
        #    fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  /scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
        #    include        fastcgi_params;
        #}

        # deny access to .htaccess files, if Apache's document root
        # concurs with nginx's one
        #
        #location ~ /\.ht {
        #    deny  all;
        #}
    }


    # another virtual host using mix of IP-, name-, and port-based configuration
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       8000;
    #    listen       somename:8080;
    #    server_name  somename  alias  another.alias;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}


    # HTTPS server
    #
    #server {
    #    listen       443 ssl;
    #    server_name  localhost;

    #    ssl_certificate      cert.pem;
    #    ssl_certificate_key  cert.key;

    #    ssl_session_cache    shared:SSL:1m;
    #    ssl_session_timeout  5m;

    #    ssl_ciphers  HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5;
    #    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers  on;

    #    location / {
    #        root   html;
    #        index  index.html index.htm;
    #    }
    #}

}

nginx文件结构

...              #全局块

events {         #events块
   ...
}

http      #http块
{
    ...   #http全局块
    server        #server块
    { 
        ...       #server全局块
        location [PATTERN]   #location块
        {
            ...
        }
        location [PATTERN] 
        {
            ...
        }
    }
    server
    {
      ...
    }
    ...     #http全局块
}

1、全局块：配置影响nginx全局的指令。一般有运行nginx服务器的用户组，nginx进程pid存放路径，日志存放路径，配置文件引入，允许生成worker process数等。

2、events块：配置影响nginx服务器或与用户的网络连接。有每个进程的最大连接数，选取哪种事件驱动模型处理连接请求，是否允许同时接受多个网路连接，开启多个网络连接序列化等。

3、http块：可以嵌套多个server，配置代理，缓存，日志定义等绝大多数功能和第三方模块的配置。如文件引入，mime-type定义，日志自定义，是否使用sendfile传输文件，连接超时时间，单连接请求数等。

4、server块：配置虚拟主机的相关参数，一个http中可以有多个server。

5、location块：配置请求的路由，以及各种页面的处理情况。

下面给大家上一个配置文件，作为理解，同时也配入我搭建的一台测试机中，给大家示例。 

########### 每个指令必须有分号结束。#################
#user administrator administrators;  #配置用户或者组，默认为nobody nobody。
#worker_processes 2;  #允许生成的进程数，默认为1
#pid /nginx/pid/nginx.pid;   #指定nginx进程运行文件存放地址
error_log log/error.log debug;  #制定日志路径，级别。这个设置可以放入全局块，http块，server块，级别以此为：debug|info|notice|warn|error|crit|alert|emerg
events {
    accept_mutex on;   #设置网路连接序列化，防止惊群现象发生，默认为on
    multi_accept on;  #设置一个进程是否同时接受多个网络连接，默认为off
    #use epoll;      #事件驱动模型，select|poll|kqueue|epoll|resig|/dev/poll|eventport
    worker_connections  1024;    #最大连接数，默认为512
}
http {
    include       mime.types;   #文件扩展名与文件类型映射表
    default_type  application/octet-stream; #默认文件类型，默认为text/plain
    #access_log off; #取消服务日志    
    log_format myFormat '$remote_addr–$remote_user [$time_local] $request $status $body_bytes_sent $http_referer $http_user_agent $http_x_forwarded_for'; #自定义格式
    access_log log/access.log myFormat;  #combined为日志格式的默认值
    sendfile on;   #允许sendfile方式传输文件，默认为off，可以在http块，server块，location块。
    sendfile_max_chunk 100k;  #每个进程每次调用传输数量不能大于设定的值，默认为0，即不设上限。
    keepalive_timeout 65;  #连接超时时间，默认为75s，可以在http，server，location块。

    upstream mysvr {   
      server 127.0.0.1:7878;
      server 192.168.10.121:3333 backup;  #热备
    }
    error_page 404 https://www.baidu.com; #错误页
    server {
        keepalive_requests 120; #单连接请求上限次数。
        listen       4545;   #监听端口
        server_name  127.0.0.1;   #监听地址       
        location ~ * ^. + $ { # request url filtering, regular matching, case-sensitive ~, ~ * case-insensitive. 
           #root path; # root directory 
           #index vv.txt; # Set the default page 
           proxy_pass http: // mysvr; # request turned mysvr defined list of servers 
           deny 127.0.0.1; # rejected ip 
           the allow 172.18.5.54; # ip allowed            
        } 
    } 
} 

The above is the basic configuration nginx, you need to pay attention to the following points:

. 1,1 $ remote_addr and $ HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR for recording ip address of the client; 2. $ remote_user: used to record the user name of the client; 3. $ time_local: access time to record the time zone; 4. $ request: for url http protocol and record request;

  5. $ status: used to record the status of the request; is successful 200, 6. $ body_bytes_s ent: recording file body sent to the client content size; 7. $ http_referer: recording for that page is accessed from the link over; $ 8 http_user_agent: record information about the client browser;

2, thundering herd phenomenon: the arrival of a network connection, a plurality of sleep processes by colleagues wake up, but only one process can get a link, it will affect the system performance.

3, each instruction must have a closing semicolon.

to sum up

If you use it during development of these technologies, or if you want to use it encounter any problems, welcome to join the upper left corner of the group, together we discuss learning herein, this to be continued.