https://www.cnblogs.com/chaohm/p/5674886.html
1 Overview
SPARC (Scalable Processor ARChitecture, scalable processor architecture) is the architectural standard SUN company in 1985 proposed that from 1980 to 1982, the University of California, Berkeley research findings on the Berkeley RISC-based, by an independent, non-profit organization SPARC Internationa responsible for the SPARC architecture and the development of management standards certification, is one of the popular RISC (Reduced instruction set Computer, reduced instruction set) on the international microprocessor architecture.
Sun UltraSPARC T2 before the acquisition by Oracle open source , any organization or individual can research or develop products based on the SPARC architecture, such as Toshiba, Fujitsu, Aeroflex, ESA (Europen Space Agent ) are all on this architecture developed their own SPARC microprocessor.
2. Features
SPARC microprocessor (based on SPARC microprocessor architecture) notable feature is its scalability , from laptops to supercomputers on the microprocessor may be using the SPARC architecture. 1987 collaboration between SUN and TI developed microprocessor, called "Sparc", is the industry's first appearance there are scalability features of the microprocessor.
"Sparc" for Sun-4 computer, it is the launch of SUN established its leading position in the high-end microprocessor development. For servers, to high performance is known for SUN SPARC server architecture is used; in high-reliability embedded applications, using both SPARC microprocessor control computer DMS-R and space observatories JEM-EUSO on the International Space Station.
SPARC microprocessor includes a reduced instruction set to support 32-bit / 64-bit data precision, stable framework, good scalability, open system standards and so on. In addition, the register window technique is both distinctive feature of SPARC microprocessors, MIPS is also the SPARC microprocessor architecture is different from the one proposed by Stanford University architecture of the main differences. Using this technique can significantly reduce the execution time of procedure calls and returns, and the number of number of instructions executed to access memory, making it easy to direct efficient translation. As shown in, FIG above it working registers several windows, annular structure established by overlap register window technique to speed up the operation program. Each process is assigned a register window (comprising a set of registers), procedure when a call occurs, the processor can be converted to a different use of register windows, need to save and restore operations. Partially overlapping register windows, adjacent to facilitate call transfer parameters. A limited number of register windows for each process, each part of the process of overlapping register windows.
3. Application
SPARC microprocessor was a great space for development in the field of embedded applications, it has been about more than 30,000 cases of successful applications worldwide.
3.1 foreign
More well-known is the International Space Station Control Computer DMS-R and the space is automatically transferred ATV is used in both the SPARC microprocessor ERC32, and in the space observatory on JEM-EUSO using a microprocessor SPARC V8 architecture.
3.2 Domestic
The domestic development of SPARC microprocessors in military electronics field has been applied in civilian areas is in the popularization of the application process.
3.2.1 National Defense
There are two FT-1000 and FT-1500 product for Milky supercomputing computing node as the front end processor.
FT 1500 is upgraded to improve soar 1000, it is a 16-core 40nm chip, frequency is also raised to 1.8G, the maximum power consumption of 65W, double precision floating point 144G.
据统计，天河1号使用了2048片飞腾1000作为计算节点前端处理器，天河2号使用了4096片飞腾1500作为计算节点前端处理器。
3.2.2 航天771
在计算机及其设备领域,771所从系统应用需求出发，采用软硬件综合设计、单片集成设计、小型化、一体化设计技术，进行系统集成研究。开发出涵盖x86、MIPS、SPARC、PowerPC、ARM、Ti、ADI等多种指令集的实时容错体系结构控制与处理的嵌入式计算机产品、地面计算机测发控系统、电子系统计算机测试仿真系统和嵌入式操作系统等系统软件和多种基础应用软件。规划定义并开发了新型星用SPARC体系的处理器、高速1553B总线控制器系列产品以及多通道串行控制器、多总线控制器、SRAM等国产化核心器件。这些产品和技术均处于国内领先水平，很多产品完全可以替代进口，有效降低了对国外元器件的依存度，对打破国外封锁禁运发挥着重要作用。
4. 架构及微处理器发展历史
1987年，SUN发布了业界第一款有可扩展性功能的32位微处理器“Sparc”。因为它采用了SPARC的首款架构SPARC V7，所以获得了更高的流水线硬件执行效率和更为优化的编译器，并缩短了其开发周期，满足了Sun-4 计算机迅速投放市场的要求。
1990年，SPARC International发布了32位SPARC V8架构标准。它在SPARC V7的基础上增加了乘法和除法指令，加速乘除法的处理，使得用户不必使用子程序完成相同操作。
为了在本世纪微处理器发展上仍具有竞争性，SPARC International在1993年发布了64位SPARC V9架构标准。相对于SPARC V8，这一版本的显著变化在于：数据和地址的位宽由32位变到64位，支持超标量微处理器的实现，支持容错及多层嵌套陷阱，具有超快速陷阱处理及上下文切换能力。
1995年以前，基于SPARC V7或V8架构的微处理器种类不多，而且基本上只有SUN一家公司在研制开发。从1995年以后，基于SPARC V9架构的64位SPARC微处理器日渐丰富，其面向高性能计算和服务器的微处理器得到了市场广泛的接受，如SUN的UltraSPARCT1/T2系列及富士通的SPARC64系列等。
架构及微处理器发展历史
随着基于SPARC V8架构的LEON2在2003年的发布，面向高可靠嵌入式领域（如工业控制、军工电子、空间应用等）的SPARC微处理器的研制得到了众多公司的青睐。ESA研制了基于SPARC V7架构的ERC32微处理器，ATMEL制造了SPARC V8架构的AT697微处理器。
5. 发展趋势和展望
经过30多年的发展，SPARC微处理器凭借其持续的创新研发能力，不断取得骄人成绩。在服务器等高端处理器领域，SPARC Enterprise 服务器系列的M8000机型就是一个典型的例子，2007年，它在SAPERP2005、Oracle Database 10g和Solaris10运行环境下，刷新了16 路处理器级别系统中SAP SD 2-tier 标准应用基准测试的世界记录[3]。在空间应用等高可靠嵌入式应用领域，SPARC微处理器也发挥着越来越重要的作用。ESA决定在2013年发射的水星探测任务中采用SPARC微处理器。
SPARC架构标准的开放和最先进的多核心、多线程SPARC微处理器的设计代码开放，促使世界上越来越多的公司、机构和大学加入到SPARC微处理器的研发中。到目前为止，对于开源的SPARC微处理器设计代码，已经有超过10,000个下载。而业界对研究SPARC微处理器的积极响应，必将推动SPARC微处理器持续进步，让它始终具有超强的竞争性。
参考文献
[3]“让开放系统兼备大型机优势”， Computing IT Week，2007（15）
[4] http://www.eepw.com.cn/article/114121.htm