"Das Kapital" core idea
Probation "Das Kapital", summed up the sentiment as follows. If fallacy, thanks correction.
Value (value) theory
Value and value
Eggs can be eaten or used to hit people, which is its usefulness. Use of goods, known as its use value (worth).
The quality of an egg (mass) is 55 grams. Eggs are "quality" of the nature of the property. Commodity, the valuable (value) of the property boundary of the human community. Is valuable, probably because no one wanted to work but had to work it.
The size of the egg mass, and may be embodied by how much weight can balance the scales. The size of the commodity value, you can exchange it to a number of other commodities to reflect. The exchange ratio, known as the exchange value.
In the words of probability theory, the price (price) will fluctuate in value, price is a random variable, mathematical expectation value is the price. Since the terms used in the law of probability, then the study value theory (Scope) will be limited to a large number of long-term commodity activities, rather than individual phenomenon of transient wonderful work. Value theory is a mathematical application of probability theory in human society.
What egg mass itself? Eggs should be the material composition can be metered by the quarks. What is the value of goods itself? It should be undifferentiated human labor, it can be metered by the labor time.
Labor time
When the owner of commodities traded in the market, always want to fewer product of their labor in exchange for more of other people's labor. Then only when A and B are equal exchange value of commodities, exchange activities between the two sides can continue to occur voluntarily and expand the scale. Not a voluntary thing, is not the existence or expand the long-term.
Assume, in labor time h (for example, 1 hour, 1 day, 1 week, 1 month, 1 year, etc.), most people produce a product number is n, its value may be credited to h. So, for the lazy or unskilled laborer A, A number of products produced will be less than n. A selling at market, which is less than the average of the harvest, which makes the value A is less than h. Conversely, for more skilled workers master advanced technology or B, will be greater than the number of products B n. B sold at market, which is more than the average level of the harvest, which makes the value of B is more than h. Sum up, working hours shall be based on the average social labor time. Neither subject to a few lazy fool, can not be subject to a small number of very clever people.
A few smart people working in the same time, create more value, you can get more revenue, but if the whole society learned his advanced technology, so, too, he created value will be reduced to the average level of society , and you can not get that excess returns of. But, due to the widespread use of advanced technology community, the total amount of goods n increases, value of a single commodity has decreased. Visible, value property of this society, the nature and worth of property is different. The same labor, its value will change with changes in the size of the labor situation of others; and worth is unchanged, an egg, never can only cook one egg, you can not cook 10.
Therefore, the capitalist pursuit of not "advanced", but "advanced than others." If he could not be more further first, then the others mess, let others more backward, are also possible. Four arson of a country, did just that.
Capital appreciation process
Capital -> (raw materials + Tools + labor) -> Product -> more capital.
For direct consumption (not including the extravagance and waste) thing that is of subsistence.
Materials used in the production of raw materials, tools, energy, land, is the means of production. Or, for something manufacture of subsistence or other means of production, that is production. Production, life information is indirect, it is accumulated.
Production activities to create the materials, including (directly consumed subsistence) and (for production next production activities). The total wealth of mankind more and more, most of the workers but the poor can not, such a society normally do, to perpetuate it? Do not have a savings, but also on the life of American credit card loans, this way of life has to be recommended to the Chinese, is a good thing? Let civilians use a credit card deposit after the rejection, is not that a huge conspiracy it?
Maintain a normal laborer to survive and multiply in living materials (basic necessities of life, marriage and children, support for the elderly, etc.), taking the average level of the majority, is required for regeneration of subsistence workers. (Not to make workers happy life flattered subsistence.) Capitalists to the workers wages, the wages of workers required for regeneration = subsistence value. Workers to the capitalists to create value, minus wages, is profit, profit is called surplus value.
When the possession of a small number of capitalist production is surplus value attributed to the capitalists, this is capitalism. When production is occupied most of the workers, the residual value attributed to most workers, this is socialism. The so-called means of production, in fact, have a stake in the enterprise. So capitalism and socialism, not isolated to a form like the Great Rift Valley. Capitalism, socialism can exist a number of components, such as welfare, trade unions, free bread; socialism, capitalism can exist a number of components, such as large and small private enterprises in our country, as well as the loss of state-owned enterprises. Within a private enterprise, if the employee common shareholders and shareholding ratio reaches a certain number (this number is how much), what count? But also the private sector, but also total, he had said that socialism and capitalism are considered. Can you set a capitalist \ socialism index range [0, 1], used to measure the properties of the whole society? Capitalism index is 1, socialism index of 0, the rapid expansion of the social gap between rich and poor, extremely unfair, bad. Socialist index is 1, the index of 0 capitalism, social production withering power, we are not willing to work, not good. Between efficiency and equity, to take a certain value, it will not be just right? Such appropriate value, even if there is, whether we can implement in the real world is it? Who will implement it? It is not necessarily returned to strong state capitalism or socialism strong it?
Several laws of capitalist production
The total formula of capitalist production
C => c + v + m, where C, c, v, and m is a value.
C => c + v
The initial capital C. Raw materials, equipment, and other plants, for a total of c. Labor v.
Capitalists bought by C c + v.
c + v => c + v + m
The original raw materials, equipment, plant and labor to be consumed, a new product was created out of.
In the c in value, transferred to new products, the number remains unchanged.
Laborer consumes his labor v (physical + mental), namely the transfer of labor to the new product.
The worker creates more value, but also to save the new product.
Purchase of c + v is the original value, m is new, this new m is surplus value, is reflected in corporate reporting, is profit, profit owned by shareholders possession. If a majority stake in possession by a few people, that is capitalism; on the contrary, if the majority of the shares occupied by most people, is socialism.
Before and after the production of the same number c, c is called constant capital; after production, the number of v becomes v + m, v is called variable capital.
Capitalism, "private property is inviolable"; socialism, "public property is inviolable." Property here, concerned that the means of production, rather than the means of subsistence. Subsistence, no matter when and where, should be protected by law.
Capitalism by "private property is inviolable" This one wiped out the difference between subsistence and means of production, by the name of protecting subsistence, the implementation of the essence of the protection of private ownership of the means of production. Given that only capitalists only have production, this provision is merely to protect the capitalists.
Socialism says "public property is inviolable", that is, the protection of public ownership, so that everyone shares the profits. Share the profits, not the average profit-sharing. Even communist society does not require shared equally, but should be shared by the shares, but the distribution of shares is not as extreme capitalism.
Declining profit margins
More productivity, the more a worker can use energy, equipment and so on. That is, c + v => c + v + m, the value of c will increase.
Margin = m / (c + v) it will become increasingly smaller.
Can be used as the amount of money capital, must be growing, those little rich, more and more difficult to maintain a rentier class status. Monopoly is not only the exploitation of ordinary workers, but also destroy the small rich.
How many new jobs will not bring scientific and technological progress, can not solve the employment problem.
Most people spending power is very low, so that the industry can not grow daily necessities, luxury goods, arts and entertainment, and sometimes less than the true pseudo-science and technology and science and technology research, these rich consumer-oriented industry output increased. Despair, hatred, crimes against humanity emotional growth.
Fair or unfair?
Workers get wages through labor, to feed themselves.
Ownership of capital by the capitalists to obtain benefits, to feed themselves.
Both, fair?
If the fair, then the offspring is still capitalists capitalists, never can comfortably live their leisure days. Descendants of laborers still can only work, life and live a rigid life.
From birth, fate was written dead. fair?
Ancient personal attachment is gone, the modern capital dependence appeared.
Human society to escape a hell, into another more fancy hell.