Requests learning modules:
1.0 Requests acquaintance
Requests module is a third-party library, we need to install Requests. With pip install, look at pip which version of python.
pip --version
Then use pip install on OK
pip install requests
To start importing Requests module
import requests
Then we try:
import requests results = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com')
Then we look at the source code obtained
results.text '<!DOCTYPE html>\r\n<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=https://ss1.bdstatic.com/5eN1bjq8AAUYm2zgoY3K/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>ç\x99¾åº¦ä¸\x80ä¸\x8bï¼\x8cä½\xa0å°±ç\x9f¥é\x81\x93</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus=autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=ç\x99¾åº¦ä¸\x80ä¸\x8b class="bg s_btn" autofocus></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>æ\x96°é\x97»</a> <a href=https://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>å\x9c°å\x9b¾</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>è§\x86é¢\x91</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>è´´å\x90§</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>ç\x99»å½\x95</a> </noscript> <script>document.write(\'<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=\'+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ \'" name="tj_login" class="lb">ç\x99»å½\x95</a>\');\r\n </script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">æ\x9b´å¤\x9a产å\x93\x81</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>å\x85³äº\x8eç\x99¾åº¦</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>©2017 Baidu <a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>使ç\x94¨ç\x99¾åº¦å\x89\x8då¿\x85读</a> <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>æ\x84\x8fè§\x81å\x8f\x8dé¦\x88</a> 京ICPè¯\x81030173å\x8f· <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>\r\n'
Source there are some distortion, it is because we do not use the decoding method, the solution of the model they think but requests decoding method. Our view
results.encoding
To think was correct code: with utf-8 decoding is OK
1 results.encoding = 'utf-8' 2 results.text 3 4 5 '<!DOCTYPE html>\r\n<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=https://ss1.bdstatic.com/5eN1bjq8AAUYm2zgoY3K/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下，你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus=autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn" autofocus></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新闻</a> <a href=https://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write(\'<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=\'+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ \'" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>\');\r\n </script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com> About Baidu </a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com> About Baidu </a> </ p> <p id = cp> & copy; 2017 & nbsp; Baidu & nbsp; <a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/> before using Baidu </a> & nbsp; <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback> feedback </a> & nbsp; Beijing ICP certificate No. 030173 & nbsp; <img src = // www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </ p> </ div> </ div> </ div> </ body > </ html> \ r \ n</div> </body> </html>\r\n</div> </body> </html>\r\n'
Here we must note:
1.0 results.text this place is a text attribute, attribute not to call (), in most cases if it is a noun, then the term is basically a property, without ()
2.0 reuqests.get () get this place is a way to use the method call (), in most cases if it is a verb, then, that verbs are basically methods to be used for ()
3.0 Our own written procedures must comply with this principle, in this case, to facilitate future maintenance.
results.text can get the source code, results.content also can also get the source code, let's try:
>>> results.content b'<!DOCTYPE html>\r\n<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=https://ss1.bdstatic.com/5eN1bjq8AAUYm2zgoY3K/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe4\xb8\x80\xe4\xb8\x8b\xef\xbc\x8c\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xb0\xb1\xe7\x9f\xa5\xe9\x81\x93</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus=autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe4\xb8\x80\xe4\xb8\x8b class="bg s_btn" autofocus></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>\xe6\x96\xb0\xe9\x97\xbb</a> <a href=https://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>\xe5\x9c\xb0\xe5\x9b\xbe</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>\xe8\xa7\x86\xe9\xa2\x91</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>\xe8\xb4\xb4\xe5\x90\xa7</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>\xe7\x99\xbb\xe5\xbd\x95</a> </noscript> <script>document.write(\'<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=\'+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ \'" name="tj_login" class="lb">\xe7\x99\xbb\xe5\xbd\x95</a>\');\r\n </script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">\xe6\x9b\xb4\xe5\xa4\x9a\xe4\xba\xa7\xe5\x93\x81</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>\xe5\x85\xb3\xe4\xba\x8e\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>©2017 Baidu <a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>\xe4\xbd\xbf\xe7\x94\xa8\xe7\x99\xbe\xe5\xba\xa6\xe5\x89\x8d\xe5\xbf\x85\xe8\xaf\xbb</a> <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>\xe6\x84\x8f\xe8\xa7\x81\xe5\x8f\x8d\xe9\xa6\x88</a> \xe4\xba\xacICP\xe8\xaf\x81030173\xe5\x8f\xb7 <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body> </html>\r\n'
He got a byte data type.
Then decode the transcoding type of data str is obtained: decode is the verb, the method is to (), the default utf-8,
>>> results.content.decode() '<!DOCTYPE html>\r\n<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=https://ss1.bdstatic.com/5eN1bjq8AAUYm2zgoY3K/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>百度一下，你就知道</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus=autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=百度一下 class="bg s_btn" autofocus></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>新闻</a> <a href=https://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>地图</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>视频</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>贴吧</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>登录</a> </noscript> <script>document.write(\'<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u=\'+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ \'" name="tj_login" class="lb">登录</a>\');\r\n </script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">更多产品</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com> About Baidu </a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com> About Baidu </a> </ p> <p id = cp> & copy; 2017 & nbsp; Baidu & nbsp; <a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/> before using Baidu </a> & nbsp; <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback> feedback </a> & nbsp; Beijing ICP certificate No. 030173 & nbsp; <img src = // www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </ p> </ div> </ div> </ div> </ body > </ html> \ r \ n</div> </body> </html>\r\n</div> </body> </html>\r\n'
Here we must note:
requests the encoding and decoding solutions:
1.0 First select - response.content.decode () using the default utf-8,80% utf-8
2.0 If not --response.content.decode ( 'gbk'),
3.0 does not work because --response.text get the encoding method will automatically detect the code, although the success rate is very low, but in the end this is the final blow
4.0 response.text encoding may be modified: response.encoding = 'gbk'
OK, requests except get request and other requests:
HTTP POST, (there is for this cookie and session site)
HTTP PUT，
HTTP DELETE，
HTTP HEAD,
>>> r = requests.post('http://www.baidu.com', data = {'key':'value'}) >>> r = requests.put('http://www.baidu.com/put', data = {'key':'value'}) >>> r = requests.delete('http://www.baidu.com/delete') >>> r = requests.head('http://www.baidu.com/get') >>> r = requests.options('http://www.baidu.com/get')
2.0 Requests URL constructor: