AI (Artificial Intelligence), the English abbreviation for AI, is a computer science, cybernetics, information theory, linguistics, neurophysiology, psychology, mathematics, philosophy and other subjects of mutual penetration and developed a comprehensive new discipline . Since the advent of AI after wave crease, but finally the edge as a new discipline recognized by the world and has attracted much interest and concern. Not only many other disciplines began to introduce or borrow AI technology, AI and expert systems in natural language processing and image recognition has become the three major breakthrough in the emerging knowledge-based industries.
Budding idea of artificial intelligence dating back to the seventeenth century Pascal and Leibniz, who earlier initiation of the idea of intelligent machines. Nineteenth century, the British mathematician Boolean and Germany. Morgan proposed the "law of thought", which can be described as the beginning of artificial intelligence. 1820s, British scientist Babbage designed the first frame "computing", which is considered to be a computer hardware, the hardware is the predecessor of artificial intelligence. The advent of the computer, so that artificial intelligence research truly become possible.
As a discipline, the advent of artificial intelligence in 1956, is a mathematician by the "father of artificial intelligence" McCarthy and batch information, psychologists, neurophysiologists, computer scientists conference held at Dartmouth College, the first time put forward. Research on artificial intelligence, due to the different research angles, forming a different research schools. That is: symbolism school, school of thought connected and behaviorism.
Artificial intelligence is a symbol of traditional doctrine, physical symbol system it proposed to Newell and Simon assumptions. Physical symbol system is a set of symbols entities, which are physical mode, may be present in solid symbol structure have a composition, structure and other symbols may be generated by various operations. Physical symbol system hypothesis that: physical symbol system is necessary and sufficient conditions for intelligent behavior. The main work is "universal problem solver" (General Problem Solver, GPS): By abstract, the reality of a system into a system of signs, symbols based on this system, dynamic search method to solve the problem.
School of thought is connected from the system structure of the human brain, the study of non-procedural, adaptive, nature and style of information processing ability of the brain to study a large number of simple neuronal information processing capabilities of the Group and its dynamic behavior. It is also known as neural computing. Research is focused on the simulation focused on the process of understanding and realization of human feeling in the perception process, thinking in images, distributed memory and self-learning, self-organization process.
Behaviorism is from behavioral psychology, I think smart but manifested in the interaction with the environment.
Artificial intelligence research through the following stages:
The first stage: the 1950s and the rise of artificial intelligence snub
After first proposed the concept of artificial intelligence, have appeared in a number of significant achievements, such as machine theorem proving, checkers program, s universal problem solver, LISP list processing language. However, due to failure of the limited digestion method of reasoning, and machine translation, so that artificial intelligence into the valley. Features of this phase are: a method of problem solving attention, ignore the importance of knowledge.
The second stage: the late 1960s to the 1970s, expert systems appear, the emergence of a new wave of Artificial Intelligence Research
Research and development of expert systems DENDRAL chemical mass spectrometry system, MYCIN disease diagnosis and treatment system, PROSPECTIOR prospecting system, Hearsay-II speech understanding systems, artificial intelligence will lead a practical use. And in 1969 it established the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence that is IJCAI).
The third stage: the 1980s, with the development of fifth generation computers, artificial intelligence has been great development
Japan began in 1982, the "fifth generation computer development program", that "knowledge of information processing computer system KIPS", which aims to make logical reasoning to reach number crunching so fast. Although this plan ultimately failed, but it formed a study conducted artificial intelligence boom.
Fourth stage: the late 1980s, the rapid development of neural networks
In 1987, the United States held its first international conference on neural networks, announced the birth of this new discipline. Since then, the countries to invest in increasing neural network, the neural network has developed rapidly.
Fifth stage: the 1990s, the emergence of new artificial intelligence research climax
As the network technology, especially the development of international Internet technology, artificial intelligence began to shift from a single body of research in artificial intelligence research based on distributed intelligence in the network environment. Distributed problem solving not only study the same goal, and study more intelligent agents multi-objective problem solving, artificial intelligence and more practical oriented. In addition, due to the proposed multi-layer Hopfield neural network model, the research and application of artificial neural networks emerged thriving scene. Artificial intelligence has penetrated into all areas of social life.
IBM's "Deep Blue" computer beat the human world chess champion, the United States formulated a Multi-Agent System for the important content of the information highway plan, based on Agent technology Softbot (software robots) in the field of software and web search engines It has been fully applied, at the same time, the US Sandia laboratory has established the world's largest "virtual reality" laboratory, to be achieved through a more friendly interactive data helmet and data gloves, build better smart user interface. Image processing and image recognition, voice processing and voice recognition achieved good development, IBM introduced the ViaVoice speech recognition software to make the sound as an important input information media. Major international computer companies began to "artificial intelligence" as its contents. It is widely believed, will develop the computer network, intelligence, parallel direction. Information technology twenty-first century will be as intelligent information processing center.
At present artificial intelligence main contents are: distributed artificial intelligence and multi-agent systems, artificial model of thinking, knowledge systems (including expert systems, knowledge systems and intelligent decision-making systems), Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (from a large number of incomplete , fuzzy, noisy data to dig out useful to our knowledge), genetic and evolutionary computation (through simulated biological genetic and evolutionary theory, revealing the intelligent evolution of the law of the people), artificial life (by constructing a simple artificial life system (such as: machine insects) and observe their behavior, to explore the mysteries of the primary intelligence), artificial intelligence applications (such as: fuzzy control, intelligent buildings, intelligent human-machine interface, intelligent robots, etc.) and so on.
Although the application of artificial intelligence research and made a lot of achievements, but from the comprehensive application there is a great distance, there are many issues to be resolved, and require expert multidisciplinary co-operation. Future research in artificial intelligence are: artificial intelligence, machine learning models and theories, imprecise knowledge representation and reasoning, common sense knowledge and reasoning, artificial model of thinking, intelligent human-machine interface, multi-agent systems, knowledge discovery and knowledge acquisition, artificial intelligence application foundation.