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Study excerpts and notes (31)---"Undergraduates and graduate students must know: Paper classification"
Undergraduate and graduate students must know: thesis classification
Table of contents
Undergraduate and graduate students must know: thesis classification
1. Degree Thesis (Dissertation)
2. Standard Research PaperRegular Article,Standard Article
Original text/paper source:
- Title: "What are the types of essays?"
- Source: Baidu Library
Paper classification method
by contribution
Can be divided into original papers and non-original papers.
Original articles need to contain new research results that have not been published by the author. Non-original articles, such as review papers, do not contain the author's new research results.
According to the degree of access restriction
It can be divided into public papers and confidential papers (classified). Public papers are available to all readers. The audience for confidential papers is a designated group.
by publication route
It can be divided into dissertations, journal papers, conference papers, internal reports and electronic preprint papers.
According to the content requirements of the article
It can be divided into dissertations, standard research papers, letters, review papers, etc.
Focus on the four common types of papers, dissertations, standard research papers (journal papers), conference papers, and review papers.
1. Degree Thesis (Dissertation)
Dissertations include Bachelor thesis , Master thesis and PhD dissertation , which are necessary materials for obtaining relevant degrees.
Dissertations are usually required to include detailed background and literature research, research methods, research results and analysis of the results. There are generally differences in the levels and contributions of the three types of dissertations. For example, a doctoral thesis requires important questions and original contributions. All three types of dissertations are required to meet rigorous academic standards and follow strict writing logic.
2. Standard Research PaperRegular Article,Standard Article
This is the most common form of original paper, which is generally published in regular journals ( papers required for graduate graduation need to be published in regular journals) .
Regular journals use peer review to determine whether a paper is worthy of publication. In some large departments, standard research papers are published publicly as internal reports or treated as confidential papers. For example, NACA Reports are internal reports.
Generally, the submitted paper involves original research results that have not been published before, and have not been submitted for publication elsewhere at the same time (but some of the content may appear in the conference proceedings).
This type of paper generally contains hypotheses, background research, methods, and results, as well as an explanation of the findings and a discussion of possible implications. There is often no limit to the length of a standard research paper (although some journals do impose length limits).
3.Conference Papers
Conference papers include invited review papers, original full texts and poster papers.
Most invited review papers review one of the conference's themes. Good conferences usually have several such landmark papers, which are usually very informative. These papers are recommended literature for every beginner in the field.
Original full papers at conferences are often short and often bring new results that have not yet been published. In principle, every conference paper should be able to pass less demanding review, but in practice, the quality of these papers varies widely.
Under normal circumstances, invited review papers and original conference papers will generally appear in conference proceedings, and expanded versions of some papers may be published as album papers in a formal journal.
Although in most cases conference papers are considered inferior to formal journal papers , there are also some subject areas where certain conference papers are considered more important than journal papers.
Many conferences also allow participants to deliver conference posters on-site. The advantage of poster presentations is that participants can view and discuss the material at their own pace in an atmosphere that encourages direct discussion.
Conference paper authors need to attend conferences , that is, in addition to submitting conference papers , they also need to give reports (or conduct poster exchanges) at the conference .
That is to say, many colleges and universities require academic reports to be given at national/international academic conferences. If you want to get the credits for academic reports, you need to publish conference papers. Generally speaking, these credits can also be earned in other ways, such as attending academic lectures. After all, not everyone is a big shot, just a noob like us.
The disadvantage of conference papers is that preparation time is often insufficient. The advantage is that they can communicate face-to-face with peers and exchange the latest results, which accelerates the dissemination of new knowledge.
4. Review paperReview paper
Most journals have a review paper section. The authors of review papers are often invited by editors based on the recommendations of others, and are generally senior scholars in specific fields who write review papers.
There are three main types of review papers: literature reviews, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses.
This type of paper generally introduces the progress of a certain field, provides a critical evaluation and constructive analysis of the scientific branches involved, and points out what issues are worthy of further research.
Such articles generally do not require invited authors to provide their own research results. Generally, review articles are longer, but some journals also publish short reviews.
Reviews are the main articles published by our poor first-year graduate students. Publishing reviews can help us gain an in-depth understanding of the current development status and emerging dilemmas in the field of study. Generally, review articles need to put forward your own opinions and ideas.
However, some tutors do not require the publication of review articles, because review articles are not helpful for graduate thesis requirements, so whether to publish review articles depends on the situation.
5. Other paper categories
快报Letter，Letter to Editor, Fast Track paper，Rapids or Express articles
Many journals have express columns (some journals only publish express reports). Compared with standard papers, this type of manuscript has a shorter review cycle and is published quickly after being accepted. The specific requirements for this type of article depend on the journal, and generally have higher quality requirements.
For example, Letters in Nature are relatively short scientific articles that cover only one specific aspect of a scientific problem.
The English version of the Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics launched the Fast Track column in January 2020, requiring papers to either deal with an important issue, make an important discovery, propose a simulation method that is substantially improved compared to the past, or propose a theoretical or engineering practical Theoretical explanation of value. For detailed introduction, please see Push CJA new column: Fast Track.
Express papers are generally shorter. Most journals will limit the length of your newsletter. However, in addition to high quality requirements, it also needs to be written very clearly. Suppose your manuscript is submitted in the form of an express paper, and the review results indicate that it needs to be expanded to explain some issues clearly, then some journals will require it to be changed to a standard research paper.
Perspective articlePerspective
Typically, a perspective is a short article that provides a unique and new perspective on a common problem.
Generally, for a newly published paper, the magazine invites an authority in the field to write a short article as a perspective, introducing the originality of the paper and how it has changed the understanding of related issues. This type of article is similar to the common concerns described below.
The content of perspective articles can also be academic comments on basic concepts or popular opinions in a certain field. In response to this situation, perspective articles usually present personal opinions and evaluate broad concepts related to a certain field, which can be a review of a single concept or several related concepts.
In some journals, perspective refers to review articles that meet certain requirements. Taking the famous journal Journal of Fluid Mechanics as an example, a perspective article is a critical analysis of the research status of a specific topic written by an invited well-known expert. It is usually about 50-70 pages long and requires a reasonable structure. A reader with no expertise in a particular field can derive and understand key results and current major research questions from such articles.
Focus on (a certain field or direction)
Common concerns are generally comments and discussions written by invited experts on a particularly interesting paper that has just been published in a journal, in order to explain the background, importance and implications of the paper to a wider scientific audience, and to emphasize the importance of the paper. The main findings and breakthroughs, and what impact the research in this paper has on future research.
Technical notesTechnical notes
Technical bullet points are short articles describing new developments or preliminary important results, often appearing in some application-focused journals. For example, the AIAA Journal, an American aerospace magazine, publishes technical points. This type of article in the AIAA Journal does not require an abstract, but does include an introduction and description of the results.
Opinion articlesOpinion articles
Opinion articles are generally short, and the author gives his or her own opinion on the explanation, analysis, or method used in a particular study, commenting on the strengths and weaknesses of a theory or hypothesis, usually based on constructive criticism and the use of evidence to support it.
Articles of this type are generally used to promote discussion of current scientific issues.
Commentaries
These short essays are used to draw attention to or offer critique of previously published articles, books, or reports, explaining why they should be of interest and what they might teach readers.
Case studyCase study
There may be articles like this in the life sciences and humanities.
Taking the life sciences as an example, clinical case studies are used to present details of real patient cases from medical or clinical practice. The cases presented are usually those that make a significant contribution to existing knowledge in the field. Articles typically discuss the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, and treatment of a disease.
In the field of life sciences, another type of similar paper is clinical trial. Clinical trials describe the methods, conduct, and results of controlled studies, usually conducted on large patient groups.
Book ReviewsBook Reviews
Most academic journals have book reviews. A book review is used to provide insights and opinions on a recently published academic book. Book reviews are generally short articles, but there are
also
book reviews that summarize publications on a certain topic.
Erratum or Article Updates
In this type of article, the author corrects, corrects, or adds additional information to his or her published paper. However, not all journals will accept corrections made by authors themselves to errors in the published original text.
If an author discovers that his or her article contains serious errors, the author generally chooses to retract the article rather than make a correction.
If there are major improvements or expansions to the published work, you can consider publishing another paper and point out the shortcomings or errors of the original article in the paper.
Topic selection (topic proposal) report Research proposal
Master's and doctoral students are generally required to submit a topic selection report. Topic selection reports generally include research background, research status and significance, research content goals and ideas, existing research results, research plans and reference lists.
The topic selection report is a prerequisite for further work, so its writing quality requirements are no less than those of the final dissertation. How to write a "Topic Selection Report"
Data paperData paper
Academic journals generally require papers to be concise and rarely accommodate a large amount of data derived from observations, experiments, or calculations.
Under normal circumstances, a small amount of data can be placed in the text of the paper, a slightly larger amount of data can be presented in tabular form, and logical data can be drawn into curves and cloud charts according to professional habits.
However, there are some journals that need to make the data public in data form. At this time, some large journals provide a place for a paper to publish related supplementary materials, which allow the publication of more detailed data (usually in electronic form)
lnstrument and software manuals
It is not difficult to understand what this manual article is. Currently, such papers are rare.
Essays
This form of essay is an interpretive work that typically approaches its subject from the author's personal perspective.
Information articles News
This type of article is a short news article. Often used for news-style reporting on a major research progress.
It should be noted that the differences between some different categories of papers may be very small, and some may only differ in name. Therefore, you need to read the guidelines given by the publishing organization for the specific requirements of each type.
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