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1. File system commands

ls - list directory contents

ls [选项] [文件或目录]

• Function: Display the file and directory list in the specified directory.
• Common selection：
  • -a: Show all files, including hidden files.
  • -l: Display detailed information in long format.
  • -h: When used with -l, displays the file size in human-readable format (e.g. KB, MB).

Example:

# 列出当前目录所有文件
ls -a

# 显示当前目录详细信息
ls -lh

cp - copy a file or directory

cp [选项] 源文件 目标文件

• Function: Copy files or directories to another location.
• Common selection：
  • -r: Recursively copies a directory and its contents.
  • -i: Prompt before overwriting a file.
  • -v: Display detailed copy information.

Example:

# 将文件复制到另一个目录
cp source.txt /path/to/destination/

# 递归复制整个目录
cp -r source_directory /path/to/destination/

mv - move a file or directory

mv [选项] 源文件 目标文件

• Function: Move files or directories to a new location, or rename files or directories.
• Common selection：
  • -i: Prompt before overwriting a file.
  • -v: Display detailed movement information.

Example:

# 将文件移动到新位置
mv source.txt /path/to/destination/

# 重命名文件
mv oldname.txt newname.txt

rm - delete a file or directory

rm [选项] 文件或目录

• Function: Delete files or directories.
• Common selection：
  • -r: Recursively delete a directory and its contents.
  • -f: Forced deletion, ignoring non-existent files, without prompting.
  • -i: Prompt before deletion.

Example:

# 删除单个文件
rm file.txt

# 递归删除目录
rm -r directory_name

mkdir - create a new directory

mkdir [选项] 目录名

• Function: Create a new empty directory.
• Common selection：
  • -p: When creating a directory, create a parent directory if necessary.
  • -v: Display information when creating a directory.

Example:

# 创建单个目录
mkdir new_directory

# 创建目录及其父目录
mkdir -p path/to/new_directory

rmdir - remove empty directories

rmdir [选项] 目录

• Function: Delete empty directories.
• Common selection：
  • -p: When a subdirectory is deleted, try to delete the parent directory.

Example:

# 删除空目录
rmdir empty_directory

touch - Create or update a file

touch [选项] 文件名

• Function: If the file does not exist, create an empty file; if the file exists, update the access and modification time of the file.

Example:

# 创建一个新文件（存在则更新现有文件的时间）
touch newfile.txt

2. System management commands

top - displays system process information

top [选项]

• Function: Display real-time system processes and resource usage.
• Common selection：
  • -o: Sort by specified column (such as cpu, mem).
  • -u: Only show processes for a specific user.
  • -s: Set refresh interval.

Example:

# 显示所有进程，按 CPU 使用率排序
top -o cpu

# 每 5 秒刷新一次
top -s 5

ps - displays current process status

ps [选项]

• Function: Display process information in the current system.
• Common selection：
  • -e: Show all processes.
  • -f: Show full format.
  • -u 用户名: Display the processes of a specific user.

Example:

# 显示所有进程
ps -e

# 显示特定用户的进程
ps -u username

kill - terminate a process

kill [选项] 进程ID

• Function: Send a signal to a specific process, usually used to terminate the process.
• Common selection：
  • -9: Forcefully terminate the process.
  • -15: Terminate the process gracefully (default).

Example:

# 优雅地终止进程
kill 1234

# 强制终止进程
kill -9 1234

system_profiler - Get system information

system_profiler [选项]

• Function: Display detailed information about the Mac system hardware and software configuration.
• Common selection：
  • -detailLevel [级别]: Set the information detail level (mini, basic, full).

Example:

# 显示所有硬件和软件信息
system_profiler

# 显示基本信息
system_profiler -detailLevel basic

diskutil - Disk management tool

diskutil [命令] [选项]

• Function: Manage disks and storage devices.
• Common command:
  • list: Show all disks.
  • info 磁盘: Get disk information.
  • eraseDisk 格式 名称 磁盘: Format the disk.

Example:

# 显示所有磁盘
diskutil list

# 格式化磁盘
diskutil eraseDisk JHFS+ NewDisk disk2

networksetup - Network configuration tool

networksetup [选项] [参数]

• Function: Configure network settings.
• Common command:
  • -listallnetworkservices: List all network services.
  • -setairportpower 服务 状态: Turn wireless network on or off.

Example:

# 列出所有网络服务
networksetup -listallnetworkservices

# 关闭 Wi-Fi
networksetup -setairportpower Wi-Fi off

sudo - Execute commands with superuser privileges

sudo [命令]

• Function: Execute commands with the permissions of the root user.

Example:

# 以 root 权限运行命令
sudo command_name

3.Network commands

ping - test network connection

ping [选项] 主机名或IP地址

• Function: Send an ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packet to test the network connection with the remote host.
• Common selection：
  • -c 数量: Send a specific number of ping requests.
  • -t 存活时间: Set the lifetime of IP packets.

Example:

# ping一个地址，发送 5 个请求
ping -c 5 www.example.com

# 设置生存时间为 10
ping -t 10 www.example.com

ifconfig - Configure or display network interface parameters

ifconfig [接口]

• Function: Used to configure or display the parameters of the system network interface.
• Common selection：
  • 接口名 up/down: Enable/disable the specified interface.
  • 接口名 inet 地址: Set the IPv4 address of the specified interface.

Example:

# 显示所有接口的信息
ifconfig -a

# 启用一个接口
sudo ifconfig en0 up

netstat - displays network status

netstat [选项]

• Function: Display network interface, routing table, network connection and other information.
• Common selection：
  • -r: Display routing table.
  • -s: Display network statistics.

Example:

# 显示路由表
netstat -r

# 显示所有端口的统计信息
netstat -s

ssh - Securely log in remotely to another computer

ssh [选项] 用户名@远程主机

• Use: Securely log in to another computer remotely over the network.
• Common selection：
  • -p 端口: Specify the port number of the remote host.
  • -i 密钥文件: Specify the private key file used for authentication.

Example:

# 使用特定端口登录
ssh -p 2222 [email protected]

# 使用私钥文件登录
ssh -i /path/to/private_key [email protected]

scp - Securely copy files to a remote host

scp [选项] 本地文件 用户名@远程主机:远程路径

• Function: Securely copy files to a remote host via SSH.
• Common selection：
  • -P 端口: Specify the port number of the remote host.
  • -r: Recursively copy the entire directory.

Example:

# 将本地文件复制到远程服务器
scp /path/to/local/file [email protected]:/path/to/remote/

# 递归复制本地目录
scp -r /path/to/local/dir [email protected]:/path/to/remote/

nslookup - Query DNS information

nslookup [域名]

• Function: Query the DNS information of the domain name.
• Common selection：
  • -type=类型: Specify the DNS record type to be queried, such as A, MX, TXT, etc.

Example:

# 查询域名的默认 DNS 信息
nslookup example.com

# 查询域名的 MX 记录
nslookup -type=MX example.com

4. Text processing commands

cat - Concatenate and display file contents

cat [选项] [文件...]

• Function: Display the content of a file, or connect the contents of multiple files for display.
• Common selection：
  • -n: Display line number.
  • -b: Output line numbers only for non-empty lines.

Example:

# 显示文件内容
cat file.txt

# 显示多个文件内容
cat file1.txt file2.txt

# 显示内容并编号所有行
cat -n file.txt

grep - search for text

grep [选项] 模式 [文件...]

• Function: Search the file for lines matching the specified pattern.
• Common selection：
  • -i: Ignore case.
  • -v: Inverts the match, showing unmatched lines.
  • -r: Search directories recursively.

Example:

# 在文件中搜索词汇
grep 'word' filename

# 递归搜索包含词汇的文件
grep -r 'word' /path/to/dir/

# 显示不包含指定词汇的行
grep -v 'word' filename

sed - stream editor

sed [选项] '命令' [文件...]

• Role: Perform basic text conversion on text streams (files or input).
• Common selection：
  • -e: Allows multiple commands.
  • -i: Edit files directly (non-standard sed usage, use with caution).

Example:

# 替换文本
sed 's/old/new/g' file.txt

# 删除行
sed '3d' file.txt

awk - Pattern scanning and processing language

awk [选项] '程序' [文件...]

• Role: Powerful text processing language, suitable for complex text analysis and reporting.
• Common selection：
  • -F: Specifies the field separator.

Example:

# 打印文件的第一列
awk '{print $1}' file.txt

# 按逗号分隔并打印第二列
awk -F, '{print $2}' file.csv

nano - Command line text editor

nano [文件]

• Function: A simple and easy-to-use text editor.

Example:

# 编辑文件
nano file.txt

vi/vim - Visual text editor

vi [选项] [文件...]

• Function: A powerful text editor that supports multiple editing modes and extensions.

Example:

# 打开或创建文件进行编辑
vi file.txt

sort - Sort lines of text

sort [选项] [文件...]

• Function: Sort the lines of the text file.
• Common selection：
  • -n: Sort by numeric value.
  • -r: Sort in reverse order.

Example:

# 对文件内容排序
sort file.txt

# 数字排序
sort -n file.txt

5. Permissions and user management commands

chmod - change file permissions

chmod [选项] 权限 文件或目录

• Function: Change the access permissions of files or directories.
• Common selection：
  • -R: Recursively change permissions on a directory and its contents.
• Permissions: Permissions can be numbers (like 755) or symbols (like u+r).

Example:

# 给文件设置读写执行权限
chmod 755 file.txt

# 递归地给目录设置权限
chmod -R 755 directory/

chown - change file owner

chown [选项] 用户[:组] 文件或目录

• Function: Change the owner and group of a file or directory.
• Common selection：
  • -R: Recursively change the owner of a directory and its contents.

Example:

# 更改文件的所有者
chown username file.txt

# 递归地更改目录所有者
chown -R username directory/

sudo - execute commands as superuser

sudo [命令]

• Function: Allow ordinary users to execute commands as superuser (administrator).

Example:

# 以超级用户身份运行命令
sudo command_name

su - switch users

su [选项] [用户名]

• Function: Switch the current user identity to another user.

Example:

# 切换到 root 用户
su root

# 切换到特定用户
su username

passwd - change user password

passwd [选项] [用户]

• Function: Change the user's password.

Example:

# 更改当前用户的密码
passwd

# 更改指定用户的密码（需要管理员权限）
sudo passwd username

dscl - Directory Services Command Line Tool

dscl [选项] [命令]

• Role: Used to manage user accounts and groups.
• Common command:
  • . -list /Users: List all users.
  • . -create /Users/用户名: Create a new user.

Example:

# 列出所有用户
dscl . -list /Users

# 创建新用户
sudo dscl . -create /Users/newuser

groups - displays the groups the user belongs to

groups [用户名]

• Function: Display all groups to which the user belongs.

Example:

# 显示当前用户的组
groups

# 显示指定用户的组
groups username

6. Disk management commands

diskutil - Disk management tool

diskutil [命令] [选项]

• Function: Disk Utility command line interface, used to manage disks and storage devices.
• Common command:
  • list: List all disks and partitions.
  • info 磁盘: Displays disk or partition details.
  • eraseDisk 格式 名称 磁盘: Format the entire disk.
  • eraseVolume 格式 名称 分区: Format a specific partition.
  • mountDisk 磁盘: Mount all partitions on the disk.
  • unmountDisk 磁盘: Unmount all partitions on the disk.

Example:

# 列出所有磁盘:
diskutil list

# 格式化磁盘:
diskutil eraseDisk JHFS+ NewDisk disk2

# 卸载磁盘:
diskutil unmountDisk /dev/disk2

df - displays disk space usage

df [选项] [文件...]

• Function: Display the free space and used space of the disk partition.
• Common selection：
  • -h: Display in easy-to-read format (such as GB and MB).
  • -i: Show inode information instead of block usage.

Example:

# 显示所有磁盘使用情况:
df -h

# 显示指定文件所在磁盘的使用情况:
df -h /path/to/file

du - displays directory space usage

du [选项] [文件或目录...]

• Function: Display the disk space occupied by a directory or file.
• Common selection:
  • -h: Display in an easy-to-read format.
  • -s: Show total only.

Example:

# 显示当前目录的磁盘使用情况:
du -h

# 显示指定目录的总磁盘使用量:
du -sh /path/to/directory

mount - Mount a file system

mount [选项] [设备] [目录]

• Function: Mount the file system to the specified mount point.

Example:

# 显示所有挂载的文件系统:
mount

# 挂载一个设备
mount /dev/disk2s1 /mnt/disk2

umount - Unmount a file system

umount [选项] [目录或设备]

• Function: Unmount the file system from its mount point.

Example:

# 卸载一个挂载点
umount /mnt/disk2

fsck - File system consistency check and repair

fsck [选项]

• Function: Check and repair the consistency of the file system.
• Common selection：
  • -y: Automatically fix problems during inspection.
  • -f: Force checking even if the file system appears to be clean.

Example:

# 修复特定的文件系统
fsck /dev/disk2s1

hdiutil - Manipulate disk images

hdiutil [操作] [选项]

• Role: Used to create, check, mount and operate disk image files.
• Common operations:
  • create: Create a new disk image.
  • attach: Mount the disk image.
  • detach: Unmount the disk image.

Example:

# 创建磁盘映像
hdiutil create -size 500m -volname "MyVolume" -fs "HFS+" myimage.dmg

# 挂载磁盘映像
hdiutil attach myimage.dmg

7. Search and find commands

find - Find files and directories

find [路径...] [表达式]

• Function: Search for files and directories in the directory tree, supporting multiple search conditions.
• common expression:
  • -name 模式: Search by file name.
  • -type 类型: Search by type (f stands for ordinary file, d stands for directory).
  • -exec 命令 {} \;: Execute commands on matching files.

Example:

# 在当前目录及子目录中查找所有 .txt 文件
find . -name "*.txt"

# 查找并删除特定文件
find . -name "temp.txt" -exec rm {
    
    } \;

grep - search for text in a file

grep [选项] 模式 [文件...]

• Function: Search the file for lines of text that match the specified pattern.
• Common selection：
  • -i: Ignore case.
  • -r: Search directories recursively.
  • -l: List only filenames containing matching lines.

Example:

# 在文件中搜索特定文本
grep "search term" file.txt

# 递归地在目录中搜索文本
grep -r "search term" /path/to/dir

locate - Find files quickly

locate [选项] 模式

• Function: Use a pre-built database to quickly find the location of files.
• Common selection:
  • -i: Ignore case differences.
  • -n 限制: Limit the number of results displayed.

Example:

# 查找名为 example.txt 的文件
locate example.txt

# 忽略大小写查找文件
locate -i Example.txt

mdfind - Search using Spotlight

mdfind [选项] 查询

• Use: Use Spotlight's index for file search.

Example:

# 搜索与查询匹配的文件
mdfind "search term"

# 查找特定种类的文件（例如 PDF）
mdfind "kMDItemContentType == 'com.adobe.pdf'"

which - locates the executable file

which [程序名]

• Function: Display the full path of the executable file to be executed.

Example:

# 查找特定程序的位置
which python

whereis - Find binaries, source files and man pages

whereis [程序名]

• Function: Quickly locate the location of the program's binary files, source files and man pages.

Example:

# 查找程序的相关文件
whereis python