Python summary, 200+ Python standard library introduction (super complete)

About the Python standard library

As we all know, Python is a language that relies on powerful component libraries to complete corresponding functions. In order to realize various functions conveniently, senior experts have created a variety of tool libraries that are publicly available to the public, and more and more libraries have been used by the public. It has become the standard library of Python due to its wide use and powerful functions.

Today, the Python standard library is very large and provides a wide range of components, as will be shown later in this article. This library contains several built-in modules (written in C) that Python programmers must rely on to implement system-level functions such as file I/O, as well as a large number of modules written in Python that provide solutions to many problems in daily programming. Standard solution. Some of these modules are specifically designed to encourage and enhance the portability of Python programs by abstracting platform-specific functionality into platform-neutral APIs.

Windows version of Python installers usually include the entire standard library and often many additional components. For Unix-like operating systems, Python is usually divided into a series of packages, so you may need to use the package management tools provided by the operating system to obtain some or all optional components.

In addition to this standard library, there are thousands and growing additional components (from individual programs, modules, and software packages to complete application development frameworks) that can be searched and downloaded on the Internet.

directory listing

This article will list the standard libraries under each category in the following order:

text
binary data
type of data
math
functional programming
Files and directories
Endurance
compression
file formatting
encryption
operating system tools
concurrent
interprocess communication
internet
HTML to XML
Internet protocols and support
multimedia
globalization
programming framework
Tk graphical user interface
development tools
debug
Runtime
interpreter
Import module
Python language
other
Windows related
Unix related

text

string: Common string operations

re: regular expression operation

difflib: Difference calculation tool

textwrap: text filling

unicodedata: Unicode character database

stringprep: Internet string preparation tool

readline: GNU line-by-line reading interface

rlcompleter: GNU line-by-line reading implementation function

binary data

struct: parses bytes into packed binary data

codecs: Registry and base class codecs

type of data

datetime: Date and time based tools

calendar: universal month function

collections: container data type

collections.abc: container virtual base class

heapq: heap queue algorithm

bisect: Array bisection algorithm

array: efficient numeric array

weakref: weak reference

types: Dynamic creation and naming of built-in types

copy: shallow copy and deep copy

pprint: formatted output

reprlib: implementation of alternate repr()

math

numbers: virtual base class for numerical values

math: mathematical function

cmath: mathematical function for complex numbers

decimal: fixed-point and floating-point calculations

fractions: rational numbers

random: generate pseudo-random numbers

functional programming

itertools: Generate iterators for efficient loops

functools: higher-order functions and operations on callable objects

operator: standard operation for functions

Files and directories

os.path: Universal pathname control

fileinput: iterate over lines from multiple input streams

stat: Interpret the results of stat()

filecmp: comparison function between files and directories

tempfile: generate temporary files and directories

glob: extension to Unix-style pathname format

fnmatch: Comparison of Unix-style pathname formats

linecache: random storage of lines of text

shutil: advanced file operations

macpath: MacOS 9 path control function

Endurance

pickle: Python object serialization

copyreg: The registration machine’s support function for pickle

shelve: Python object persistence

marshal: Internal Python object serialization

dbm: Unix "database" interface

sqlite3: API 2.0 for SQLite databases

compression

zlib: gzip-compatible compression

gzip: support for gzip files

bz2: support for bzip2 compression

lzma: Compression using the LZMA algorithm

zipfile: Manipulate ZIP archives

tarfile: read and write tar archive files

file formatting

csv: read and write CSV files

configparser: configuration file parser

netrc: netrc file processor

xdrlib: XDR data encoding and decoding

plistlib: Generate and parse Mac OS X .plist files

encryption

hashlib: secure hashing and message digests

hmac: key hashing for message authentication

operating system tools

os: multifaceted operating system interface

io: stream core tools

time: Query and conversion of time

argparser: Parser for command line options, arguments, and subcommands

optparser: command line option parser

getopt: C-style command line option parser

logging: Python logging tool

logging.config: log configuration

logging.handlers: log processor

getpass: simple password entry

curses: terminal processing of character display

curses.textpad: text input field for curses program

curses.ascii: ASCII character set tool

curses.panel: Control stack extension for curses

platform: access the underlying platform authentication data

errno: standard error notation

ctypes: Python external function library

concurrent

threading: thread-based parallelism

multiprocessing: process-based parallelism

concurrent: concurrent package

concurrent.futures: Start parallel tasks

subprocess: subprocess management

sched: event scheduling

queue: synchronization queue

select: wait for I/O to complete

dummy_threading: replacement for the threading module (when _thread is not available)

_thread: The underlying thread API (threading is based on it)

_dummy_thread: replacement for the _thread module (when _thread is not available)

interprocess communication

socket: underlying network interface

ssl: TLS/SSL shim for socket object

asyncore: asynchronous socket processor

asynchat: Asynchronous socket command/response handler

signal: asynchronous transaction signal processor

mmap: memory mapped file support

internet

mail: Mail and MIME processing package

json: JSON encoding and decoding

mailcap: mailcap file processing

mailbox: control mailboxes in multiple formats

mimetypes: file name and MIME type mapping

base64：RFC

3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 encoding

binhex: binhex4 file encoding and decoding

binascii: conversion between binary code and ASCII code

quopri：MIME

Quoted - encoding and decoding of printable data

uu: Encoding and decoding of uuencode files

HTML to XML

html: HTML support

html.parser: Simple HTML and XHTML parser

html.entities: Definition of HTML general entities

xml: XML processing module

xml.etree.ElementTree: Tree XML element API

xml.dom：XML DOM API

xml.dom.minidom: XML DOM minimum spanning tree

xml.dom.pulldom: support for building partial DOM trees

xml.sax: SAX2 parsing support

xml.sax.handler: SAX processor base class

xml.sax.saxutils: SAX tools

xml.sax.xmlreader: SAX parser interface

xml.parsers.expat: Use Expat to quickly parse XML

Internet protocols and support

webbrowser: Simple web browser controller

cgi: CGI support

cgitb: CGI script backtrace manager

wsgiref: WSGI tool and reference implementation

urllib: URL processing module

urllib.request: Extension library that opens URL connections

urllib.response: response class of urllib module

urllib.parse: Parse URLs into components

urllib.error: exception class raised by urllib.request

urllib.robotparser: parser for robots.txt

http: HTTP module

http.client: HTTP protocol client

ftplib: FTP protocol client

poplib: POP protocol client

imaplib: IMAP4 protocol client

nntplib: NNTP protocol client

smtplib: SMTP protocol client

smtpd: SMTP server

telnetlib: Telnet client

uuid: UUID object of RFC4122

socketserver: network server framework

http.server: HTTP server

http.cookies: HTTPCookie state manager

http.cookiejar: Cookie handling for HTTP clients

xmlrpc: XML - RPC server and client module

xmlrpc.client: XML - RPC client access

xmlrpc.server: XML - RPC server basics

ipaddress: IPv4/IPv6 control library

multimedia

audioop: Process raw audio data

aifc: read and write AIFF and AIFC files

sunau: read and write Sun AU files

wave: read and write WAV files

chunk: Read large IFF files

colorsys: Conversion between color systems

imghdr: Specify image type

sndhdr: Specify the sound file type

ossaudiodev: access OSS-compatible audio devices

globalization

gettext: multi-language internationalization service

locale: internationalization service

programming framework

turtle: Turtle graphics library

cmd: line-based command interpreter support

shlex: simple dictionary analysis

Tk graphical user interface

tkinter: Tcl/Tk interface

tkinter.ttk: Tk theme control

tkinter.tix: Tk extended control

tkinter.scrolledtext: scroll text control

development tools

pydoc: documentation generator and online help system

doctest: Interactive Python examples

unittest: unit testing framework

unittest.mock: Mock object library

test: Python regression testing package

test.support: Python testing tool suite

venv: virtual environment setup

debug

bdb: debugging framework

faulthandler: Python reverse tracing library

pdb: Python debugger

timeit: Measurement of execution time of small pieces of code

trace: Python execution status tracking

Runtime

sys: system-related parameters and functions

sysconfig: access Python configuration information

builtins: built-in objects

main: top-level script environment

warnings: warning control

contextlib: context tool with state

abc: virtual base class

atexit: export processor

traceback: print or read a reverse trace of the stack

future: future state definition

gc: garbage collection interface

inspect: inspect living objects

site: Address-related configuration hook (hook)

fpectl: floating point number exception control

distutils: Generate and install Python modules

interpreter

code: base class interpreter

codeop: compile Python code

Import module

imp: access the internals of the import module

zipimport: Import modules from ZIP archives

pkgutil: package extension tool

modulefinder: Find modules through scripts

runpy: locate and execute Python modules

importlib: an implementation of import

Python language

parser: access the Python parse tree

ast: abstract syntax tree

symtable: access the compiler symbol table

symbol: constant in Python parse tree

token: constant in Python parse tree

keyword: Python keyword test

tokenize: Python source file word segmentation

tabnany: Fuzzy indentation detection

pyclbr: Python class browsing support

py_compile: Compile Python source files

compileall: compile Python library by byte

dis: disassembler for Python bytecode

pickletools: serialization development tools

other

formatter: general formatted output

Windows related

msilib: Read and write Windows Installer files

msvcrt: Useful program for MS VC++ Runtime

winreg: Windows registry access

winsound: Windows sound playback interface

Unix related

posix: the most commonly used POSIX calls

pwd: password database

spwd: shadow password database

grp: group database

crypt: Unix password verification

termios: POSIX-style tty control

tty: terminal control function

pty: pseudo terminal tool

fcntl: system calls fcntl() and ioctl()

pipes: shell pipe interface

resource: resource available information

nis: Sun's NIS interface

syslog: Unix log service