From HTML, CSS, JS to frameworks and performance optimization, a comprehensive front-end development guide
Foreword:
Front-end development has become one of the most popular professions in the current Internet industry, and it is also a very complex job. HTMLIn order to build efficient, easy-to-maintain, and easy-to-expand front-end applications, front- CSSend developers must master basic JavaScripttechnologies such as 前端框架, .性能优化安全防护
This article will introduce you to front-end development technologies from HTML, CSS, JS to frameworks and performance optimization . I hope it can provide a useful reference for beginners and front-end developers who are learning further.
1. HTML
HTMLIt is the basis of front-end development. It is used to build the structure and contentWeb of the page and provides the basic semantic structure . Below we'll cover some HTML best practices.
1. Semantic tags
Using semantic tags can improve the readability and maintainability of the page and make the structure of the page clearer.
2. Labels are nested correctly
Ensuring that tags are nested correctly can increase the readability of the page, while also complying with HTML standards and helping to reduce errors.
3. Reduce the number of tags
Reducing the number of tags can improve the loading speed of the page, and can also increase the readability of the code, making the page easier to modify and maintain.
2. CSS
CSSUsed for page styling, it can make the page more visually appealing and also increase interactivity. Here are some CSS best practices.
1. Define global variables and colors
Defining global variables can reduce code duplication, improve the maintainability of the code, and increase the readability of the style sheet.
2. Naming convention for selectors
Naming conventions can make selectors more readable and easier to understand, resulting in more maintainable code. We can use BEMcommon naming conventions such as naming conventions.
3. Use a preprocessor
Using preprocessors (such as Sass, Less) can effectively reduce the amount of code, improve the maintainability of style sheets, and avoid code redundancy problems as much as possible.
3. JavaScript
JavaScriptIt is the most important part of front-end development, which realizes the dynamic effect and interactivity of the page. Here are some JavaScript best practices.
1. Modular design
Modular design can make the code more readable and maintainable, and we can use ES6the modular mechanism to build the project structure.
2. Avoid using global variables
Global variables will reduce code readability and stability. We can use 闭包, IIFEand other methods to reduce the scope of variables.
3. Adopt object-oriented design patterns
Object-oriented design patterns can improve the maintainability and scalability of code. Common design patterns include MVC, MVVMetc.
4. Framework
框架It is a widely used tool in front-end development. They provide more convenient, efficient, and powerful tools and services to implement reliable applications.
1. Choose the best framework
When choosing a framework, you need to consider the needs of the project and the technology stack to choose the framework that best suits you.
Common front-end frameworks include Angular, , React, Vueetc. These frameworks have their own characteristics and advantages and need to be compared and evaluated when using them.
2. Use appropriate framework patterns
Common framework patterns include MVC, MVVM, , Fluxetc. Each pattern has its applicable scenarios and corresponding implementation methods. You need to choose the best framework pattern according to the project requirements.
3. Use common plugins and libraries
Common plug-ins and libraries can help improve development efficiency and code maintainability. Common plug-ins and libraries include jQuery, Lodashetc.
5. Performance optimization
性能优化It is a very important task that can effectively improve the performance and user experience of the application. Here are some best practices for performance optimization. For details, you can refer to my other article: [Front-end Performance Optimization] Front-end optimization unlocks skills to help improve page performance and user interaction experience .
1. Reduce HTTP requests
Fewer HTTP requests usually result in faster page loading speeds, CSSand JavaScriptfiles can be merged to reduce the number of requests as much as possible.
2. Image optimization
Optimizing images can speed up the loading speed of your website and improve the user experience. Common image optimization methods include 缩放, 压缩, 延迟加载etc.
3. CSS and JavaScript optimization
Optimizing CSS and JavaScript can effectively reduce loading time and bandwidth usage. It is recommended to use 压缩, 缩短文件, 去除注释and other methods to optimize files.
4. Browser cache
Browser cache can effectively reduce network transmission volume and improve application loading speed. Cache-controlYou can control the cache expiration time and content using methods such as .
6. Safety
Web applications 安全性are very important. Attackers usually use vulnerabilities to attack websites and users. Here are some common security practices. If you want to learn more about them, you can go to my other blog: [Advanced front-end] Front-end security : From entry to practice .
1. Input validity verification
Input validity verification can effectively prevent input errors and attacks, including input tags 有效性验证, 脚本注入etc.
2. Cross-site scripting attack protection
Cross-site scripting attack ( XSS) is a common attack method. Attackers can obtain user information or control user operations by injecting scripts. Common defense methods include 对输入内容进行转义和编码, 使用 Content Security Policy（CSP）etc.
3. Cross-site request forgery attack protection
Cross-site request forgery (Cross-site request forgery CSRF) attacks allow attackers to impersonate users and initiate unauthorized requests. Common defense methods include 为每个请求生成单独的 CSRF Token, 验证来源网站etc.
4. Comprehensive protection against XSS and CSRF
XSSand CSRFare two different types of attacks, but often appear together . In order to prevent these attacks in more detail, we can adopt comprehensive strategies , such as using HTTPS 协议, 使用 HTTP-only 的 cookieetc. to protect the security of applications.
Summarize
Front-end development is a complex field that requires mastering multiple technologies such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, as well as understanding common frameworks and performance optimization skills. At the same time, it is also necessary to pay attention to safety issues and provide effective safety protection measures.
This article introduces the best practices of front-end development from many aspects, hoping to provide some reference for readers who are learning and engaged in front-end development. In specific practice, it is necessary to make corresponding adjustments and customizations based on project requirements and technology stacks, so that more efficient, easy-to-maintain, reliable and secure applications can be built.