CoreMark is a synthetic benchmark used to measure the performance of central processing units (CPUs) used in embedded systems. It was developed in 2009 by Shay Gal-on of EEMBC in an attempt to evolve it into an industry standard , replacing the outdated Dehrystone benchmark. The code is written in C and contains the following algorithms: list processing (add, delete, modify, search and sort), matrix operations (common matrix operations), state machine (determine whether the input stream contains valid digits) and CRC, all in a real embedded application It is a very common operation, which is why CoreMark is more practical than other testing standards . Users can freely download Coremark and transplant it to their own platform to run it, and then they can see the scores.
CoreMark source code download address: https://github.com/eembc/coremark
├── barebones --directories that need to be modified when transplanted to a bare metal environment
│ ├── core_portme.c --Transplanted target platform configuration information
│ ├── core_portme.h --Timing and board-level initialization implementation
│ ├── core_portme.mak --makefile of this subdirectory
│ ├── cvt.c
│ └── ee_printf.c --Print function serial port sending implementation
├── core_list_join.c --list operation program
├── core_main.c --main program
├── coremark.h --Project configuration and data structure definition header file
├── coremark.md5
├── core_matrix.c --matrix operation program
├── core_state.c --state machine control program
├── core_util.c --CRC calculation program
├── cygwin --test code for x86 cygwin and gcc 3.4 (quad-core, dual-core and single-core systems)
│ ├── core_portme.c
│ ├── core_portme.h
│ └── core_portme.mak
├── freebsd --The following is the same as the test code under different operating systems.
│ ├── ...
├── LICENSE.md
├── linux
│ ├── ...
├── linux64
│ ├── ...
├── macos
│ ├── ...
├── Makefile
├── README.md --Readme file, a basic introduction to the CoreMark project
├── rtems
│ ├── ...
└── simple
├── ...
└──
Coremark's code is mainly divided into two parts. One part is the main body of the program that cannot be modified, that is, the .c file in the project root directory. The other part is the code transplanted for different platforms, such as the .c and .h files in the ./barebones directory. .
In order to be compatible with multiple platforms, the coremark project engineering organization is relatively complex. In order to simplify and comply with CModel compilation requirements, the project directory is reorganized as follows:
├── core_list_join.c --list operation program ├── core_main.c --main program ├── coremark.h --Project configuration and data structure definition header file ├── core_matrix.c --matrix operation program ├── core_state.c --state machine control program ├── core_util.c --CRC calculation program ├── Makefile --Makefile written based on CModel features ├── core_portme.c --copied from the ./posix directory and modified accordingly ├── core_portme.h --copied from the ./posix directory and modified accordingly ├── core_portme_posix_overrides.h --copied from the ./posix directory without changes ├── cmodel.lds --link script written for CModel ├── start.s --program loading code written for CModle
The core_portme.h file is modified as follows:
/*
Copyright 2018 Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium (EEMBC)
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
Original Author: Shay Gal-on
*/
/* Topic: Description
This file contains configuration constants required to execute on
different platforms
*/
#ifndef CORE_PORTME_H
#define CORE_PORTME_H
#include "core_portme_posix_overrides.h"
#ifndef NULL
#define NULL 0
#endif
/************************/
/* Data types and settings */
/************************/
/* Configuration: HAS_FLOAT
Define to 1 if the platform supports floating point.
*/
#ifndef HAS_FLOAT
#define HAS_FLOAT 0 // 关闭float测试
#endif
/* Configuration : HAS_TIME_H
Define to 1 if platform has the time.h header file,
and implementation of functions thereof.
*/
#ifndef HAS_TIME_H
#define HAS_TIME_H 0 // 关闭time
#endif
/* Configuration : USE_CLOCK
Define to 1 if platform has the time.h header file,
and implementation of functions thereof.
*/
#ifndef USE_CLOCK
#define USE_CLOCK 0 // 关闭clock
#endif
/* Configuration : HAS_STDIO
Define to 1 if the platform has stdio.h.
*/
#ifndef HAS_STDIO
#define HAS_STDIO 0 // 没有输入输出
#endif
/* Configuration: HAS_PRINTF
Define to 1 if the platform has stdio.h and implements the printf
function.
*/
#ifndef HAS_PRINTF
#define HAS_PRINTF 0 // 没有printf
#endif
/* Configuration: CORE_TICKS
Define type of return from the timing functions.
*/
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#include <windows.h>
typedef size_t CORE_TICKS;
#elif HAS_TIME_H
#include <time.h>
typedef clock_t CORE_TICKS;
#else
typedef signed int CORE_TICKS;
#endif
/* Definitions: COMPILER_VERSION, COMPILER_FLAGS, MEM_LOCATION
Initialize these strings per platform
*/
#ifndef COMPILER_VERSION
#if defined(__clang__)
#define COMPILER_VERSION __VERSION__
#elif defined(__GNUC__)
#define COMPILER_VERSION "GCC"__VERSION__
#else
#define COMPILER_VERSION "Please put compiler version here (e.g. gcc 4.1)"
#endif
#endif
#ifndef COMPILER_FLAGS
#define COMPILER_FLAGS \
FLAGS_STR /* "Please put compiler flags here (e.g. -o3)" */
#endif
#ifndef MEM_LOCATION
#define MEM_LOCATION \
"Please put data memory location here\n\t\t\t(e.g. code in flash, data " \
"on heap etc)"
#define MEM_LOCATION_UNSPEC 1
#endif
#include <stdint.h>
/* Data Types:
To avoid compiler issues, define the data types that need ot be used for
8b, 16b and 32b in <core_portme.h>.
*Imprtant*:
ee_ptr_int needs to be the data type used to hold pointers, otherwise
coremark may fail!!!
*/
typedef signed short ee_s16;
typedef unsigned short ee_u16;
typedef signed int ee_s32;
typedef double ee_f32;
typedef unsigned char ee_u8;
typedef unsigned int ee_u32;
typedef uintptr_t ee_ptr_int;
typedef unsigned int ee_size_t;
/* align an offset to point to a 32b value */
#define align_mem(x) (void *)(4 + (((ee_ptr_int)(x)-1) & ~3))
/* Configuration: SEED_METHOD
Defines method to get seed values that cannot be computed at compile
time.
Valid values:
SEED_ARG - from command line.
SEED_FUNC - from a system function.
SEED_VOLATILE - from volatile variables.
*/
#ifndef SEED_METHOD
#define SEED_METHOD SEED_VOLATILE
#endif
/* Configuration: MEM_METHOD
Defines method to get a block of memry.
Valid values:
MEM_MALLOC - for platforms that implement malloc and have malloc.h.
MEM_STATIC - to use a static memory array.
MEM_STACK - to allocate the data block on the stack (NYI).
*/
#ifndef MEM_METHOD
#define MEM_METHOD MEM_STACK // 没有malloc，从stack分配内存
#endif
/* Configuration: MULTITHREAD
Define for parallel execution
Valid values:
1 - only one context (default).
N>1 - will execute N copies in parallel.
Note:
If this flag is defined to more then 1, an implementation for launching
parallel contexts must be defined.
Two sample implementations are provided. Use <USE_PTHREAD> or <USE_FORK>
to enable them.
It is valid to have a different implementation of <core_start_parallel>
and <core_end_parallel> in <core_portme.c>, to fit a particular architecture.
*/
#ifndef MULTITHREAD
#define MULTITHREAD 1 // 没有多线程，只开一个线程
#endif
/* Configuration: USE_PTHREAD
Sample implementation for launching parallel contexts
This implementation uses pthread_thread_create and pthread_join.
Valid values:
0 - Do not use pthreads API.
1 - Use pthreads API
Note:
This flag only matters if MULTITHREAD has been defined to a value
greater then 1.
*/
#ifndef USE_PTHREAD
#define USE_PTHREAD 0 // 不使用pthread多线程组件
#endif
/* Configuration: USE_FORK
Sample implementation for launching parallel contexts
This implementation uses fork, waitpid, shmget,shmat and shmdt.
Valid values:
0 - Do not use fork API.
1 - Use fork API
Note:
This flag only matters if MULTITHREAD has been defined to a value
greater then 1.
*/
#ifndef USE_FORK
#define USE_FORK 0
#endif
/* Configuration: USE_SOCKET
Sample implementation for launching parallel contexts
This implementation uses fork, socket, sendto and recvfrom
Valid values:
0 - Do not use fork and sockets API.
1 - Use fork and sockets API
Note:
This flag only matters if MULTITHREAD has been defined to a value
greater then 1.
*/
#ifndef USE_SOCKET
#define USE_SOCKET 0
#endif
/* Configuration: MAIN_HAS_NOARGC
Needed if platform does not support getting arguments to main.
Valid values:
0 - argc/argv to main is supported
1 - argc/argv to main is not supported
*/
#ifndef MAIN_HAS_NOARGC
#define MAIN_HAS_NOARGC 1 // main函数不支持参数输入
#endif
/* Configuration: MAIN_HAS_NORETURN
Needed if platform does not support returning a value from main.
Valid values:
0 - main returns an int, and return value will be 0.
1 - platform does not support returning a value from main
*/
#ifndef MAIN_HAS_NORETURN
#define MAIN_HAS_NORETURN 1 // main函数没有返回值
#endif
/* Variable: default_num_contexts
Number of contexts to spawn in multicore context.
Override this global value to change number of contexts used.
Note:
This value may not be set higher then the <MULTITHREAD> define.
To experiment, you can set the <MULTITHREAD> define to the highest value
expected, and use argc/argv in the <portable_init> to set this value from the
command line.
*/
extern ee_u32 default_num_contexts;
#if (MULTITHREAD > 1)
#if USE_PTHREAD
#include <pthread.h>
#define PARALLEL_METHOD "PThreads"
#elif USE_FORK
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/shm.h>
#include <string.h> /* for memcpy */
#define PARALLEL_METHOD "Fork"
#elif USE_SOCKET
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#define PARALLEL_METHOD "Sockets"
#else
#define PARALLEL_METHOD "Proprietary"
#error \
"Please implement multicore functionality in core_portme.c to use multiple contexts."
#endif /* Method for multithreading */
#endif /* MULTITHREAD > 1 */
typedef struct CORE_PORTABLE_S
{
#if (MULTITHREAD > 1)
#if USE_PTHREAD
pthread_t thread;
#elif USE_FORK
pid_t pid;
int shmid;
void *shm;
#elif USE_SOCKET
pid_t pid;
int sock;
struct sockaddr_in sa;
#endif /* Method for multithreading */
#endif /* MULTITHREAD>1 */
ee_u8 portable_id;
} core_portable;
/* target specific init/fini */
void portable_init(core_portable *p, int *argc, char *argv[]);
void portable_fini(core_portable *p);
#if (SEED_METHOD == SEED_VOLATILE)
#if (VALIDATION_RUN || PERFORMANCE_RUN || PROFILE_RUN)
#define RUN_TYPE_FLAG 1
#else
#if (TOTAL_DATA_SIZE == 1200)
#define PROFILE_RUN 1
#else
#define PERFORMANCE_RUN 1
#endif
#endif
#endif /* SEED_METHOD==SEED_VOLATILE */
#endif /* CORE_PORTME_H */The core_portme.c file is modified as follows:
/*
Copyright 2018 Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium (EEMBC)
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
Original Author: Shay Gal-on
*/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include "coremark.h"
#if CALLGRIND_RUN
#include <valgrind/callgrind.h>
#endif
#if (MEM_METHOD == MEM_MALLOC)
/* Function: portable_malloc
Provide malloc() functionality in a platform specific way.
*/
void *
portable_malloc(size_t size)
{
return malloc(size);
}
/* Function: portable_free
Provide free() functionality in a platform specific way.
*/
void
portable_free(void *p)
{
free(p);
}
#else
void *
portable_malloc(ee_size_t size)
{
return NULL;
}
void
portable_free(void *p)
{
p = NULL;
}
#endif
#if (SEED_METHOD == SEED_VOLATILE)
#if VALIDATION_RUN
volatile ee_s32 seed1_volatile = 0x3415;
volatile ee_s32 seed2_volatile = 0x3415;
volatile ee_s32 seed3_volatile = 0x66;
#endif
#if PERFORMANCE_RUN
volatile ee_s32 seed1_volatile = 0x0;
volatile ee_s32 seed2_volatile = 0x0;
volatile ee_s32 seed3_volatile = 0x66;
#endif
#if PROFILE_RUN
volatile ee_s32 seed1_volatile = 0x8;
volatile ee_s32 seed2_volatile = 0x8;
volatile ee_s32 seed3_volatile = 0x8;
#endif
volatile ee_s32 seed4_volatile = ITERATIONS;
volatile ee_s32 seed5_volatile = 0;
#endif
/* Porting: Timing functions
How to capture time and convert to seconds must be ported to whatever is
supported by the platform. e.g. Read value from on board RTC, read value from
cpu clock cycles performance counter etc. Sample implementation for standard
time.h and windows.h definitions included.
*/
/* Define: TIMER_RES_DIVIDER
Divider to trade off timer resolution and total time that can be
measured.
Use lower values to increase resolution, but make sure that overflow
does not occur. If there are issues with the return value overflowing,
increase this value.
*/
#if USE_CLOCK
#define NSECS_PER_SEC CLOCKS_PER_SEC
#define EE_TIMER_TICKER_RATE 1000
#define CORETIMETYPE clock_t
#define GETMYTIME(_t) (*_t = clock())
#define MYTIMEDIFF(fin, ini) ((fin) - (ini))
#define TIMER_RES_DIVIDER 1
#define SAMPLE_TIME_IMPLEMENTATION 1
#elif defined(_MSC_VER)
#define NSECS_PER_SEC 10000000
#define EE_TIMER_TICKER_RATE 1000
#define CORETIMETYPE FILETIME
#define GETMYTIME(_t) GetSystemTimeAsFileTime(_t)
#define MYTIMEDIFF(fin, ini) \
(((*(__int64 *)&fin) - (*(__int64 *)&ini)) / (double)TIMER_RES_DIVIDER)
/* setting to millisces resolution by default with MSDEV */
#ifndef TIMER_RES_DIVIDER
#define TIMER_RES_DIVIDER 1000
#endif
#define SAMPLE_TIME_IMPLEMENTATION 1
#elif HAS_TIME_H
#define NSECS_PER_SEC 1000000000
#define EE_TIMER_TICKER_RATE 1000
#define CORETIMETYPE struct timespec
#define GETMYTIME(_t) clock_gettime(CLOCK_REALTIME, _t)
#define MYTIMEDIFF(fin, ini) \
((fin.tv_sec - ini.tv_sec) * (NSECS_PER_SEC / (double)TIMER_RES_DIVIDER) \
+ (fin.tv_nsec - ini.tv_nsec) / (double)TIMER_RES_DIVIDER)
/* setting to 1/1000 of a second resolution by default with linux */
#ifndef TIMER_RES_DIVIDER
#define TIMER_RES_DIVIDER 1000000
#endif
#define SAMPLE_TIME_IMPLEMENTATION 1
#else
#define SAMPLE_TIME_IMPLEMENTATION 0
#endif
#define EE_TICKS_PER_SEC (NSECS_PER_SEC / (double)TIMER_RES_DIVIDER)
#if SAMPLE_TIME_IMPLEMENTATION
/** Define Host specific (POSIX), or target specific global time variables. */
static CORETIMETYPE start_time_val, stop_time_val;
/* Function: start_time
This function will be called right before starting the timed portion of
the benchmark.
Implementation may be capturing a system timer (as implemented in the
example code) or zeroing some system parameters - e.g. setting the cpu clocks
cycles to 0.
*/
void
start_time(void)
{
GETMYTIME(&start_time_val);
#if CALLGRIND_RUN
CALLGRIND_START_INSTRUMENTATION
#endif
#if MICA
asm volatile("int3"); /*1 */
#endif
}
/* Function: stop_time
This function will be called right after ending the timed portion of the
benchmark.
Implementation may be capturing a system timer (as implemented in the
example code) or other system parameters - e.g. reading the current value of
cpu cycles counter.
*/
void
stop_time(void)
{
#if CALLGRIND_RUN
CALLGRIND_STOP_INSTRUMENTATION
#endif
#if MICA
asm volatile("int3"); /*1 */
#endif
GETMYTIME(&stop_time_val);
}
/* Function: get_time
Return an abstract "ticks" number that signifies time on the system.
Actual value returned may be cpu cycles, milliseconds or any other
value, as long as it can be converted to seconds by <time_in_secs>. This
methodology is taken to accommodate any hardware or simulated platform. The
sample implementation returns millisecs by default, and the resolution is
controlled by <TIMER_RES_DIVIDER>
*/
CORE_TICKS
get_time(void)
{
CORE_TICKS elapsed
= (CORE_TICKS)(MYTIMEDIFF(stop_time_val, start_time_val));
return elapsed;
}
/* Function: time_in_secs
Convert the value returned by get_time to seconds.
The <secs_ret> type is used to accommodate systems with no support for
floating point. Default implementation implemented by the EE_TICKS_PER_SEC
macro above.
*/
secs_ret
time_in_secs(CORE_TICKS ticks)
{
secs_ret retval = (((float))ticks) / ((float))EE_TICKS_PER_SEC;
return retval;
}
#else
void
start_time(void)
{
}
/* Function: stop_time
This function will be called right after ending the timed portion of the
benchmark.
Implementation may be capturing a system timer (as implemented in the
example code) or other system parameters - e.g. reading the current value of
cpu cycles counter.
*/
void
stop_time(void)
{
}
/* Function: get_time
Return an abstract "ticks" number that signifies time on the system.
Actual value returned may be cpu cycles, milliseconds or any other
value, as long as it can be converted to seconds by <time_in_secs>. This
methodology is taken to accommodate any hardware or simulated platform. The
sample implementation returns millisecs by default, and the resolution is
controlled by <TIMER_RES_DIVIDER>
*/
CORE_TICKS
get_time(void)
{
return 0;
}
/* Function: time_in_secs
Convert the value returned by get_time to seconds.
The <secs_ret> type is used to accommodate systems with no support for
floating point. Default implementation implemented by the EE_TICKS_PER_SEC
macro above.
*/
secs_ret
time_in_secs(CORE_TICKS ticks)
{
return 0;
}
#endif /* SAMPLE_TIME_IMPLEMENTATION */
ee_u32 default_num_contexts = MULTITHREAD;
/* Function: portable_init
Target specific initialization code
Test for some common mistakes.
*/
void
portable_init(core_portable *p, int *argc, char *argv[])
{
#if PRINT_ARGS
int i;
for (i = 0; i < *argc; i++)
{
ee_printf("Arg[%d]=%s\n", i, argv[i]);
}
#endif
(void)argc; // prevent unused warning
(void)argv; // prevent unused warning
if (sizeof(ee_ptr_int) != sizeof(ee_u8 *))
{
ee_printf(
"ERROR! Please define ee_ptr_int to a type that holds a "
"pointer!\n");
}
if (sizeof(ee_u32) != 4)
{
ee_printf("ERROR! Please define ee_u32 to a 32b unsigned type!\n");
}
#if (MAIN_HAS_NOARGC && (SEED_METHOD == SEED_ARG))
ee_printf(
"ERROR! Main has no argc, but SEED_METHOD defined to SEED_ARG!\n");
#endif
#if (MULTITHREAD > 1) && (SEED_METHOD == SEED_ARG)
int nargs = *argc, i;
if ((nargs > 1) && (*argv[1] == 'M'))
{
default_num_contexts = parseval(argv[1] + 1);
if (default_num_contexts > MULTITHREAD)
default_num_contexts = MULTITHREAD;
/* Shift args since first arg is directed to the portable part and not
* to coremark main */
--nargs;
for (i = 1; i < nargs; i++)
argv[i] = argv[i + 1];
*argc = nargs;
}
#endif /* sample of potential platform specific init via command line, reset \
the number of contexts being used if first argument is M<n>*/
p->portable_id = 1;
}
/* Function: portable_fini
Target specific final code
*/
void
portable_fini(core_portable *p)
{
p->portable_id = 0;
}
#if (MULTITHREAD > 1)
/* Function: core_start_parallel
Start benchmarking in a parallel context.
Three implementations are provided, one using pthreads, one using fork
and shared mem, and one using fork and sockets. Other implementations using
MCAPI or other standards can easily be devised.
*/
/* Function: core_stop_parallel
Stop a parallel context execution of coremark, and gather the results.
Three implementations are provided, one using pthreads, one using fork
and shared mem, and one using fork and sockets. Other implementations using
MCAPI or other standards can easily be devised.
*/
#if USE_PTHREAD
ee_u8
core_start_parallel(core_results *res)
{
return (ee_u8)pthread_create(
&(res->port.thread), NULL, iterate, (void *)res);
}
ee_u8
core_stop_parallel(core_results *res)
{
void *retval;
return (ee_u8)pthread_join(res->port.thread, &retval);
}
#elif USE_FORK
static int key_id = 0;
ee_u8
core_start_parallel(core_results *res)
{
key_t key = 4321 + key_id;
key_id++;
res->port.pid = fork();
res->port.shmid = shmget(key, 8, IPC_CREAT | 0666);
if (res->port.shmid < 0)
{
ee_printf("ERROR in shmget!\n");
}
if (res->port.pid == 0)
{
iterate(res);
res->port.shm = shmat(res->port.shmid, NULL, 0);
/* copy the validation values to the shared memory area and quit*/
if (res->port.shm == (char *)-1)
{
ee_printf("ERROR in child shmat!\n");
}
else
{
memcpy(res->port.shm, &(res->crc), 8);
shmdt(res->port.shm);
}
exit(0);
}
return 1;
}
ee_u8
core_stop_parallel(core_results *res)
{
int status;
pid_t wpid = waitpid(res->port.pid, &status, WUNTRACED);
if (wpid != res->port.pid)
{
ee_printf("ERROR waiting for child.\n");
if (errno == ECHILD)
ee_printf("errno=No such child %d\n", res->port.pid);
if (errno == EINTR)
ee_printf("errno=Interrupted\n");
return 0;
}
/* after process is done, get the values from the shared memory area */
res->port.shm = shmat(res->port.shmid, NULL, 0);
if (res->port.shm == (char *)-1)
{
ee_printf("ERROR in parent shmat!\n");
return 0;
}
memcpy(&(res->crc), res->port.shm, 8);
shmdt(res->port.shm);
return 1;
}
#elif USE_SOCKET
static int key_id = 0;
ee_u8
core_start_parallel(core_results *res)
{
int bound, buffer_length = 8;
res->port.sa.sin_family = AF_INET;
res->port.sa.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(0x7F000001);
res->port.sa.sin_port = htons(7654 + key_id);
key_id++;
res->port.pid = fork();
if (res->port.pid == 0)
{ /* benchmark child */
iterate(res);
res->port.sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
if (-1 == res->port.sock) /* if socket failed to initialize, exit */
{
ee_printf("Error Creating Socket");
}
else
{
int bytes_sent = sendto(res->port.sock,
&(res->crc),
buffer_length,
0,
(struct sockaddr *)&(res->port.sa),
sizeof(struct sockaddr_in));
if (bytes_sent < 0)
ee_printf("Error sending packet: %s\n", strerror(errno));
close(res->port.sock); /* close the socket */
}
exit(0);
}
/* parent process, open the socket */
res->port.sock = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_DGRAM, IPPROTO_UDP);
bound = bind(res->port.sock,
(struct sockaddr *)&(res->port.sa),
sizeof(struct sockaddr));
if (bound < 0)
ee_printf("bind(): %s\n", strerror(errno));
return 1;
}
ee_u8
core_stop_parallel(core_results *res)
{
int status;
int fromlen = sizeof(struct sockaddr);
int recsize = recvfrom(res->port.sock,
&(res->crc),
8,
0,
(struct sockaddr *)&(res->port.sa),
&fromlen);
if (recsize < 0)
{
ee_printf("Error in receive: %s\n", strerror(errno));
return 0;
}
pid_t wpid = waitpid(res->port.pid, &status, WUNTRACED);
if (wpid != res->port.pid)
{
ee_printf("ERROR waiting for child.\n");
if (errno == ECHILD)
ee_printf("errno=No such child %d\n", res->port.pid);
if (errno == EINTR)
ee_printf("errno=Interrupted\n");
return 0;
}
return 1;
}
#else /* no standard multicore implementation */
#error \
"Please implement multicore functionality in core_portme.c to use multiple contexts."
#endif /* multithread implementations */
#endif
There are a few things to note. The CModel instruction set I am currently using does not support integer division, so I did a double-precision floating point conversion where integer division was involved. The corresponding ./core_list_join.c file has also been modified.
The ./core_main.c file is modified as follows:
/*
Copyright 2018 Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium (EEMBC)
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
Original Author: Shay Gal-on
*/
/* File: core_main.c
This file contains the framework to acquire a block of memory, seed
initial parameters, tun t he benchmark and report the results.
*/
#include "coremark.h"
/* Function: iterate
Run the benchmark for a specified number of iterations.
Operation:
For each type of benchmarked algorithm:
a - Initialize the data block for the algorithm.
b - Execute the algorithm N times.
Returns:
NULL.
*/
static ee_u16 list_known_crc[] = { (ee_u16)0xd4b0,
(ee_u16)0x3340,
(ee_u16)0x6a79,
(ee_u16)0xe714,
(ee_u16)0xe3c1 };
static ee_u16 matrix_known_crc[] = { (ee_u16)0xbe52,
(ee_u16)0x1199,
(ee_u16)0x5608,
(ee_u16)0x1fd7,
(ee_u16)0x0747 };
static ee_u16 state_known_crc[] = { (ee_u16)0x5e47,
(ee_u16)0x39bf,
(ee_u16)0xe5a4,
(ee_u16)0x8e3a,
(ee_u16)0x8d84 };
void *
iterate(void *pres)
{
ee_u32 i;
ee_u16 crc;
core_results *res = (core_results *)pres;
ee_u32 iterations = res->iterations;
res->crc = 0;
res->crclist = 0;
res->crcmatrix = 0;
res->crcstate = 0;
for (i = 0; i < iterations; i++)
{
crc = core_bench_list(res, 1);
res->crc = crcu16(crc, res->crc);
crc = core_bench_list(res, -1);
res->crc = crcu16(crc, res->crc);
if (i == 0)
res->crclist = res->crc;
}
return NULL;
}
#if (SEED_METHOD == SEED_ARG)
ee_s32 get_seed_args(int i, int argc, char *argv[]);
#define get_seed(x) (ee_s16) get_seed_args(x, argc, argv)
#define get_seed_32(x) get_seed_args(x, argc, argv)
#else /* via function or volatile */
ee_s32 get_seed_32(int i);
#define get_seed(x) (ee_s16) get_seed_32(x)
#endif
#if (MEM_METHOD == MEM_STATIC)
ee_u8 static_memblk[TOTAL_DATA_SIZE];
#endif
char *mem_name[3] = { "Static", "Heap", "Stack" };
/* Function: main
Main entry routine for the benchmark.
This function is responsible for the following steps:
1 - Initialize input seeds from a source that cannot be determined at
compile time. 2 - Initialize memory block for use. 3 - Run and time the
benchmark. 4 - Report results, testing the validity of the output if the
seeds are known.
Arguments:
1 - first seed : Any value
2 - second seed : Must be identical to first for iterations to be
identical 3 - third seed : Any value, should be at least an order of
magnitude less then the input size, but bigger then 32. 4 - Iterations :
Special, if set to 0, iterations will be automatically determined such that
the benchmark will run between 10 to 100 secs
*/
#if MAIN_HAS_NOARGC
MAIN_RETURN_TYPE
main(void)
{
int argc = 0;
char *argv[1];
#else
MAIN_RETURN_TYPE
main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
#endif
ee_u16 i, j = 0, num_algorithms = 0;
ee_s16 known_id = -1, total_errors = 0;
ee_u16 seedcrc = 0;
CORE_TICKS total_time;
core_results results[MULTITHREAD];
#if (MEM_METHOD == MEM_STACK)
ee_u8 stack_memblock[TOTAL_DATA_SIZE * MULTITHREAD];
#endif
/* first call any initializations needed */
portable_init(&(results[0].port), &argc, argv);
/* First some checks to make sure benchmark will run ok */
if (sizeof(struct list_head_s) > 128)
{
ee_printf("list_head structure too big for comparable data!\n");
return MAIN_RETURN_VAL;
}
results[0].seed1 = get_seed(1);
results[0].seed2 = get_seed(2);
results[0].seed3 = get_seed(3);
results[0].iterations = get_seed_32(4);
#if CORE_DEBUG
results[0].iterations = 1;
#endif
results[0].execs = get_seed_32(5);
if (results[0].execs == 0)
{ /* if not supplied, execute all algorithms */
results[0].execs = ALL_ALGORITHMS_MASK;
}
/* put in some default values based on one seed only for easy testing */
if ((results[0].seed1 == 0) && (results[0].seed2 == 0)
&& (results[0].seed3 == 0))
{ /* performance run */
results[0].seed1 = 0;
results[0].seed2 = 0;
results[0].seed3 = 0x66;
}
if ((results[0].seed1 == 1) && (results[0].seed2 == 0)
&& (results[0].seed3 == 0))
{ /* validation run */
results[0].seed1 = 0x3415;
results[0].seed2 = 0x3415;
results[0].seed3 = 0x66;
}
#if (MEM_METHOD == MEM_STATIC)
results[0].memblock[0] = (void *)static_memblk;
results[0].size = TOTAL_DATA_SIZE;
results[0].err = 0;
#if (MULTITHREAD > 1)
#error "Cannot use a static data area with multiple contexts!"
#endif
#elif (MEM_METHOD == MEM_MALLOC)
for (i = 0; i < MULTITHREAD; i++)
{
ee_s32 malloc_override = get_seed(7);
if (malloc_override != 0)
results[i].size = malloc_override;
else
results[i].size = TOTAL_DATA_SIZE;
results[i].memblock[0] = portable_malloc(results[i].size);
results[i].seed1 = results[0].seed1;
results[i].seed2 = results[0].seed2;
results[i].seed3 = results[0].seed3;
results[i].err = 0;
results[i].execs = results[0].execs;
}
#elif (MEM_METHOD == MEM_STACK)
for (i = 0; i < MULTITHREAD; i++)
{
results[i].memblock[0] = stack_memblock + i * TOTAL_DATA_SIZE;
results[i].size = TOTAL_DATA_SIZE;
results[i].seed1 = results[0].seed1;
results[i].seed2 = results[0].seed2;
results[i].seed3 = results[0].seed3;
results[i].err = 0;
results[i].execs = results[0].execs;
}
#else
#error "Please define a way to initialize a memory block."
#endif
/* Data init */
/* Find out how space much we have based on number of algorithms */
for (i = 0; i < NUM_ALGORITHMS; i++)
{
if ((1 << (ee_u32)i) & results[0].execs)
num_algorithms++;
}
for (i = 0; i < MULTITHREAD; i++)
results[i].size = (double)results[i].size / (double)num_algorithms;
/* Assign pointers */
for (i = 0; i < NUM_ALGORITHMS; i++)
{
ee_u32 ctx;
if ((1 << (ee_u32)i) & results[0].execs)
{
for (ctx = 0; ctx < MULTITHREAD; ctx++)
results[ctx].memblock[i + 1]
= (char *)(results[ctx].memblock[0]) + results[0].size * j;
j++;
}
}
/* call inits */
for (i = 0; i < MULTITHREAD; i++)
{
if (results[i].execs & ID_LIST)
{
results[i].list = core_list_init(
results[0].size, results[i].memblock[1], results[i].seed1);
}
if (results[i].execs & ID_MATRIX)
{
core_init_matrix(results[0].size,
results[i].memblock[2],
(ee_s32)results[i].seed1
| (((ee_s32)results[i].seed2) << 16),
&(results[i].mat));
}
if (results[i].execs & ID_STATE)
{
core_init_state(
results[0].size, results[i].seed1, results[i].memblock[3]);
}
}
/* automatically determine number of iterations if not set */
if (results[0].iterations == 0)
{
secs_ret secs_passed = 0;
ee_u32 divisor;
results[0].iterations = 1;
while (secs_passed < (secs_ret)1)
{
results[0].iterations *= 10;
start_time();
iterate(&results[0]);
stop_time();
secs_passed = time_in_secs(get_time());
}
/* now we know it executes for at least 1 sec, set actual run time at
* about 10 secs */
divisor = (ee_u32)secs_passed;
if (divisor == 0) /* some machines cast float to int as 0 since this
conversion is not defined by ANSI, but we know at
least one second passed */
divisor = 1;
results[0].iterations *= 1.0 + 10.0 / (double)divisor;
}
/* perform actual benchmark */
start_time();
#if (MULTITHREAD > 1)
if (default_num_contexts > MULTITHREAD)
{
default_num_contexts = MULTITHREAD;
}
for (i = 0; i < default_num_contexts; i++)
{
results[i].iterations = results[0].iterations;
results[i].execs = results[0].execs;
core_start_parallel(&results[i]);
}
for (i = 0; i < default_num_contexts; i++)
{
core_stop_parallel(&results[i]);
}
#else
iterate(&results[0]);
#endif
stop_time();
total_time = get_time();
/* get a function of the input to report */
seedcrc = crc16(results[0].seed1, seedcrc);
seedcrc = crc16(results[0].seed2, seedcrc);
seedcrc = crc16(results[0].seed3, seedcrc);
seedcrc = crc16(results[0].size, seedcrc);
switch (seedcrc)
{ /* test known output for common seeds */
case 0x8a02: /* seed1=0, seed2=0, seed3=0x66, size 2000 per algorithm */
known_id = 0;
ee_printf("6k performance run parameters for coremark.\n");
break;
case 0x7b05: /* seed1=0x3415, seed2=0x3415, seed3=0x66, size 2000 per
algorithm */
known_id = 1;
ee_printf("6k validation run parameters for coremark.\n");
break;
case 0x4eaf: /* seed1=0x8, seed2=0x8, seed3=0x8, size 400 per algorithm
*/
known_id = 2;
ee_printf("Profile generation run parameters for coremark.\n");
break;
case 0xe9f5: /* seed1=0, seed2=0, seed3=0x66, size 666 per algorithm */
known_id = 3;
ee_printf("2K performance run parameters for coremark.\n");
break;
case 0x18f2: /* seed1=0x3415, seed2=0x3415, seed3=0x66, size 666 per
algorithm */
known_id = 4;
ee_printf("2K validation run parameters for coremark.\n");
break;
default:
total_errors = -1;
break;
}
if (known_id >= 0)
{
for (i = 0; i < default_num_contexts; i++)
{
results[i].err = 0;
if ((results[i].execs & ID_LIST)
&& (results[i].crclist != list_known_crc[known_id]))
{
ee_printf("[%u]ERROR! list crc 0x%04x - should be 0x%04x\n",
i,
results[i].crclist,
list_known_crc[known_id]);
results[i].err++;
}
if ((results[i].execs & ID_MATRIX)
&& (results[i].crcmatrix != matrix_known_crc[known_id]))
{
ee_printf("[%u]ERROR! matrix crc 0x%04x - should be 0x%04x\n",
i,
results[i].crcmatrix,
matrix_known_crc[known_id]);
results[i].err++;
}
if ((results[i].execs & ID_STATE)
&& (results[i].crcstate != state_known_crc[known_id]))
{
ee_printf("[%u]ERROR! state crc 0x%04x - should be 0x%04x\n",
i,
results[i].crcstate,
state_known_crc[known_id]);
results[i].err++;
}
total_errors += results[i].err;
}
}
total_errors += check_data_types();
/* and report results */
ee_printf("CoreMark Size : %lu\n", (long unsigned)results[0].size);
ee_printf("Total ticks : %lu\n", (long unsigned)total_time);
#if HAS_FLOAT
ee_printf("Total time (secs): %f\n", time_in_secs(total_time));
if (time_in_secs(total_time) > 0)
ee_printf("Iterations/Sec : %f\n",
default_num_contexts * results[0].iterations
/ (double)time_in_secs(total_time));
#else
ee_printf("Total time (secs): %d\n", time_in_secs(total_time));
if (time_in_secs(total_time) > 0)
ee_printf("Iterations/Sec : %d\n",
default_num_contexts * results[0].iterations
/ (double)time_in_secs(total_time));
#endif
if (time_in_secs(total_time) < 10)
{
ee_printf(
"ERROR! Must execute for at least 10 secs for a valid result!\n");
total_errors++;
}
ee_printf("Iterations : %lu\n",
(long unsigned)default_num_contexts * results[0].iterations);
ee_printf("Compiler version : %s\n", COMPILER_VERSION);
ee_printf("Compiler flags : %s\n", COMPILER_FLAGS);
#if (MULTITHREAD > 1)
ee_printf("Parallel %s : %d\n", PARALLEL_METHOD, default_num_contexts);
#endif
ee_printf("Memory location : %s\n", MEM_LOCATION);
/* output for verification */
ee_printf("seedcrc : 0x%04x\n", seedcrc);
if (results[0].execs & ID_LIST)
for (i = 0; i < default_num_contexts; i++)
ee_printf("[%d]crclist : 0x%04x\n", i, results[i].crclist);
if (results[0].execs & ID_MATRIX)
for (i = 0; i < default_num_contexts; i++)
ee_printf("[%d]crcmatrix : 0x%04x\n", i, results[i].crcmatrix);
if (results[0].execs & ID_STATE)
for (i = 0; i < default_num_contexts; i++)
ee_printf("[%d]crcstate : 0x%04x\n", i, results[i].crcstate);
for (i = 0; i < default_num_contexts; i++)
ee_printf("[%d]crcfinal : 0x%04x\n", i, results[i].crc);
if (total_errors == 0)
{
ee_printf(
"Correct operation validated. See README.md for run and reporting "
"rules.\n");
#if HAS_FLOAT
if (known_id == 3)
{
ee_printf("CoreMark 1.0 : %f / %s %s",
default_num_contexts * results[0].iterations
/ (double)time_in_secs(total_time),
COMPILER_VERSION,
COMPILER_FLAGS);
#if defined(MEM_LOCATION) && !defined(MEM_LOCATION_UNSPEC)
ee_printf(" / %s", MEM_LOCATION);
#else
ee_printf(" / %s", mem_name[MEM_METHOD]);
#endif
#if (MULTITHREAD > 1)
ee_printf(" / %d:%s", default_num_contexts, PARALLEL_METHOD);
#endif
ee_printf("\n");
}
#endif
}
if (total_errors > 0)
ee_printf("Errors detected\n");
if (total_errors < 0)
ee_printf(
"Cannot validate operation for these seed values, please compare "
"with results on a known platform.\n");
#if (MEM_METHOD == MEM_MALLOC)
for (i = 0; i < MULTITHREAD; i++)
portable_free(results[i].memblock[0]);
#endif
/* And last call any target specific code for finalizing */
portable_fini(&(results[0].port));
return MAIN_RETURN_VAL;
}
void ee_printf(char *p, ...)
{
}The ee_printf() function definition is added at the end of the core_main.c file, and the ee_printf() function declaration is added to the coremark.h file, as follows:
/*
Copyright 2018 Embedded Microprocessor Benchmark Consortium (EEMBC)
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
Original Author: Shay Gal-on
*/
/* Topic: Description
This file contains declarations of the various benchmark functions.
*/
/* Configuration: TOTAL_DATA_SIZE
Define total size for data algorithms will operate on
*/
#ifndef TOTAL_DATA_SIZE
#define TOTAL_DATA_SIZE 2 * 1000
#endif
#define SEED_ARG 0
#define SEED_FUNC 1
#define SEED_VOLATILE 2
#define MEM_STATIC 0
#define MEM_MALLOC 1
#define MEM_STACK 2
#include "core_portme.h"
#if HAS_STDIO
#include <stdio.h>
#endif
#if HAS_PRINTF
#define ee_printf printf
#else
void ee_printf(char *p, ...);
#endif
/* Actual benchmark execution in iterate */
void *iterate(void *pres);
/* Typedef: secs_ret
For machines that have floating point support, get number of seconds as
a double. Otherwise an unsigned int.
*/
#if HAS_FLOAT
typedef double secs_ret;
#else
typedef ee_u32 secs_ret;
#endif
#if MAIN_HAS_NORETURN
#define MAIN_RETURN_VAL
#define MAIN_RETURN_TYPE void
#else
#define MAIN_RETURN_VAL 0
#define MAIN_RETURN_TYPE int
#endif
void start_time(void);
void stop_time(void);
CORE_TICKS get_time(void);
secs_ret time_in_secs(CORE_TICKS ticks);
/* Misc useful functions */
ee_u16 crcu8(ee_u8 data, ee_u16 crc);
ee_u16 crc16(ee_s16 newval, ee_u16 crc);
ee_u16 crcu16(ee_u16 newval, ee_u16 crc);
ee_u16 crcu32(ee_u32 newval, ee_u16 crc);
ee_u8 check_data_types(void);
void * portable_malloc(ee_size_t size);
void portable_free(void *p);
ee_s32 parseval(char *valstring);
/* Algorithm IDS */
#define ID_LIST (1 << 0)
#define ID_MATRIX (1 << 1)
#define ID_STATE (1 << 2)
#define ALL_ALGORITHMS_MASK (ID_LIST | ID_MATRIX | ID_STATE)
#define NUM_ALGORITHMS 3
/* list data structures */
typedef struct list_data_s
{
ee_s16 data16;
ee_s16 idx;
} list_data;
typedef struct list_head_s
{
struct list_head_s *next;
struct list_data_s *info;
} list_head;
/*matrix benchmark related stuff */
#define MATDAT_INT 1
#if MATDAT_INT
typedef ee_s16 MATDAT;
typedef ee_s32 MATRES;
#else
typedef ee_f16 MATDAT;
typedef ee_f32 MATRES;
#endif
typedef struct MAT_PARAMS_S
{
int N;
MATDAT *A;
MATDAT *B;
MATRES *C;
} mat_params;
/* state machine related stuff */
/* List of all the possible states for the FSM */
typedef enum CORE_STATE
{
CORE_START = 0,
CORE_INVALID,
CORE_S1,
CORE_S2,
CORE_INT,
CORE_FLOAT,
CORE_EXPONENT,
CORE_SCIENTIFIC,
NUM_CORE_STATES
} core_state_e;
/* Helper structure to hold results */
typedef struct RESULTS_S
{
/* inputs */
ee_s16 seed1; /* Initializing seed */
ee_s16 seed2; /* Initializing seed */
ee_s16 seed3; /* Initializing seed */
void * memblock[4]; /* Pointer to safe memory location */
ee_u32 size; /* Size of the data */
ee_u32 iterations; /* Number of iterations to execute */
ee_u32 execs; /* Bitmask of operations to execute */
struct list_head_s *list;
mat_params mat;
/* outputs */
ee_u16 crc;
ee_u16 crclist;
ee_u16 crcmatrix;
ee_u16 crcstate;
ee_s16 err;
/* ultithread specific */
core_portable port;
} core_results;
/* Multicore execution handling */
#if (MULTITHREAD > 1)
ee_u8 core_start_parallel(core_results *res);
ee_u8 core_stop_parallel(core_results *res);
#endif
/* list benchmark functions */
list_head *core_list_init(ee_u32 blksize, list_head *memblock, ee_s16 seed);
ee_u16 core_bench_list(core_results *res, ee_s16 finder_idx);
/* state benchmark functions */
void core_init_state(ee_u32 size, ee_s16 seed, ee_u8 *p);
ee_u16 core_bench_state(ee_u32 blksize,
ee_u8 *memblock,
ee_s16 seed1,
ee_s16 seed2,
ee_s16 step,
ee_u16 crc);
/* matrix benchmark functions */
ee_u32 core_init_matrix(ee_u32 blksize,
void * memblk,
ee_s32 seed,
mat_params *p);
ee_u16 core_bench_matrix(mat_params *p, ee_s16 seed, ee_u16 crc);
In order to use the alpha compilation tool chain to compile bare metal programs, you need to write a link script to avoid the C standard library link process. The link script is as follows:
ENTRY(_start) /*定义程序入口*/
SECTIONS /*定义程序各个段*/
{
PROVIDE(__START_ADDR = 0x0); /*定义程序起始内存地址*/
PROVIDE(__MAX_SIZE = 1024M); /*整个程序的内存空间限定在1G以内*/
PROVIDE(__HEAP_SIZE = 500M); /*堆内存空间大小*/
PROVIDE(__STACK_SIZE = 100M); /*栈内存空间大小*/
. = __START_ADDR; /*设置一个偏移地址，以便达到设置代码段开始地址的目的*/
.text : /*代码段设定,即配置众多object文件中哪些段内容要合并到目标程序的代码段*/
{
*(start2.o) /*指定 start.o 中的函数在最首部*/
*(.text)
}
.data : ALIGN(8) /*数据段定义,设置了地址8字节对齐*/
{
*(.data)
}
.bss (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(8) /*未初始化数据段定义*/
{
*(.bss)
}
.heap (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(16) /*堆内存空间定义,16字节对齐*/
{
. += __HEAP_SIZE;
}
.stack (NOLOAD) : ALIGN(16) /*栈内存空间定义,16字节对齐*/
{
. += __STACK_SIZE;
. = ALIGN(16);
}
/*检查程序内存使用是否超限*/
ASSERT(. < __START_ADDR + __MAX_SIZE, "Failed, out of memory!")
}
In the connection script, set the program intersection memory address to position 0 to facilitate debugging on CModel.
You also need to write program loading and initialization assembly code as follows:
.set noreorder
.set volatile
.arch sw6b
.text
.globl _start
.align 4
_start:
br $27,$LNEXT # $27 <- absolute address of $LNEXT
$LNEXT:
ldih $29,0($27) !gpdisp!1
ldi $29,0($29) !gpdisp!1 # $29 <- gp
ldl $27,main($29) !literal # $27 <- &main
call $26,($27)
ldi $r16,0($r0) # $16 <- (exit code)
ldi $r0,405($r31) # $0 <- 405(exit func)
sys_call 0x83
$LDEAD:
br $LDEAD
The gp register value is initialized. This is very important. It is the addressing base address register for subsequent function calls and global variable calls.
Finally write the Makefile as follows:
CC := @gcc
AS := @as
LD := @ld
RM := @rm
ODP := @objdump
OCP := @objcopy -O binary
ECHO := @echo
O := -O0
G := -g
TG := coremark
sources := $(wildcard *.c)
objects := $(patsubst %.c, %.o, $(sources))
FLAGS_STR = "$(O)"
ifndef ITERATIONS
ITERATIONS=100
endif
CFLAGS += -DITERATIONS=$(ITERATIONS)
.PHONY : all
all : start.o $(objects)
$(LD) start.o $(objects) -T cmodel.lds -o $(TG)
$(ODP) -S $(TG) > $(TG).s
$(OCP) $(TG) $(TG).bin
$(ECHO) "Build success!"
start.o: start.s
$(AS) -c $< -o $@
%.o : %.c
$(CC) $(G) $(O) -c $(CFLAGS) $< -o $@ -DFLAGS_STR=\"$(FLAGS_STR)\"
.PHONY : clean
clean :
$(RM) $(wildcard *.o) $(wildcard *.bin) $(TG) $(TG).sw
$(ECHO) "Clean success!"
.PHONY : test
test :
./$(TG).swAfter the coremark program is compiled, we also use the objcopy tool to copy the binary content of the coremark program that needs to be loaded into the memory to the coremark.bin file so that it can be loaded into the CModel program.