1. Flowchart of the entire identification:
2. Segmentation flowchart in license plate location:
3. Flow chart of character segmentation in license plate recognition:
1. Prepare the dataset
Download license plate-related character samples for training and testing. This article uses 14 Chinese character samples and 34 numbers and letter samples. The number of samples for each character is 40, and the sample size is 28*28.
Dataset download address
https://download.csdn.net/download/hai411741962/88248392
Can't download, leave a message in the comment area
2. Coding training code
import cv2
import numpy as np
from numpy.linalg import norm
import sys
import os
import json
SZ = 20 #训练图片长宽
MAX_WIDTH = 1000 #原始图片最大宽度
Min_Area = 2000 #车牌区域允许最大面积
PROVINCE_START = 1000
#不能保证包括所有省份
provinces = [
"zh_cuan", "川",
"zh_e", "鄂",
"zh_gan", "赣",
"zh_gan1", "甘",
"zh_gui", "贵",
"zh_gui1", "桂",
"zh_hei", "黑",
"zh_hu", "沪",
"zh_ji", "冀",
"zh_jin", "津",
"zh_jing", "京",
"zh_jl", "吉",
"zh_liao", "辽",
"zh_lu", "鲁",
"zh_meng", "蒙",
"zh_min", "闽",
"zh_ning", "宁",
"zh_qing", "靑",
"zh_qiong", "琼",
"zh_shan", "陕",
"zh_su", "苏",
"zh_sx", "晋",
"zh_wan", "皖",
"zh_xiang", "湘",
"zh_xin", "新",
"zh_yu", "豫",
"zh_yu1", "渝",
"zh_yue", "粤",
"zh_yun", "云",
"zh_zang", "藏",
"zh_zhe", "浙"
]
class StatModel(object):
def load(self, fn):
self.model = self.model.load(fn)#从文件载入训练好的模型
def save(self, fn):
self.model.save(fn)#保存训练好的模型到文件中
class SVM(StatModel):
def __init__(self, C = 1, gamma = 0.5):
self.model = cv2.ml.SVM_create()#生成一个SVM模型
self.model.setGamma(gamma) #设置Gamma参数，demo中是0.5
self.model.setC(C)# 设置惩罚项， 为：1
self.model.setKernel(cv2.ml.SVM_RBF)#设置核函数
self.model.setType(cv2.ml.SVM_C_SVC)#设置SVM的模型类型：SVC是分类模型，SVR是回归模型
#训练svm
def train(self, samples, responses):
self.model.train(samples, cv2.ml.ROW_SAMPLE, responses)#训练
#字符识别
def predict(self, samples):
r = self.model.predict(samples)#预测
return r[1].ravel()
#来自opencv的sample，用于svm训练
def deskew(img):
m = cv2.moments(img)
if abs(m['mu02']) < 1e-2:
return img.copy()
skew = m['mu11']/m['mu02']
M = np.float32([[1, skew, -0.5*SZ*skew], [0, 1, 0]])
img = cv2.warpAffine(img, M, (SZ, SZ), flags=cv2.WARP_INVERSE_MAP | cv2.INTER_LINEAR)
return img
#来自opencv的sample，用于svm训练
def preprocess_hog(digits):
samples = []
for img in digits:
gx = cv2.Sobel(img, cv2.CV_32F, 1, 0)
gy = cv2.Sobel(img, cv2.CV_32F, 0, 1)
mag, ang = cv2.cartToPolar(gx, gy)
bin_n = 16
bin = np.int32(bin_n*ang/(2*np.pi))
bin_cells = bin[:10,:10], bin[10:,:10], bin[:10,10:], bin[10:,10:]
mag_cells = mag[:10,:10], mag[10:,:10], mag[:10,10:], mag[10:,10:]
hists = [np.bincount(b.ravel(), m.ravel(), bin_n) for b, m in zip(bin_cells, mag_cells)]
hist = np.hstack(hists)
# transform to Hellinger kernel
eps = 1e-7
hist /= hist.sum() + eps
hist = np.sqrt(hist)
hist /= norm(hist) + eps
samples.append(hist)
return np.float32(samples)
def save_traindata(model,modelchinese):
if not os.path.exists("module\\svm.dat"):
model.save("module\\svm.dat")
if not os.path.exists("module\\svmchinese.dat"):
modelchinese.save("module\\svmchinese.dat")
def train_svm():
#识别英文字母和数字
model = SVM(C=1, gamma=0.5)
#识别中文
modelchinese = SVM(C=1, gamma=0.5)
if os.path.exists("svm.dat"):
model.load("svm.dat")
else:
chars_train = []
chars_label = []
for root, dirs, files in os.walk("train\\chars2"):
if len(os.path.basename(root)) > 1:
continue
root_int = ord(os.path.basename(root))
for filename in files:
filepath = os.path.join(root,filename)
digit_img = cv2.imread(filepath)
digit_img = cv2.cvtColor(digit_img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
chars_train.append(digit_img)
#chars_label.append(1)
chars_label.append(root_int)
chars_train = list(map(deskew, chars_train))
#print(chars_train)
chars_train = preprocess_hog(chars_train)
#print(chars_train)
#chars_train = chars_train.reshape(-1, 20, 20).astype(np.float32)
chars_label = np.array(chars_label)
model.train(chars_train, chars_label)
if os.path.exists("svmchinese.dat"):
modelchinese.load("svmchinese.dat")
else:
chars_train = []
chars_label = []
for root, dirs, files in os.walk("train\\charsChinese"):
if not os.path.basename(root).startswith("zh_"):
continue
pinyin = os.path.basename(root)
index = provinces.index(pinyin) + PROVINCE_START + 1 #1是拼音对应的汉字
for filename in files:
filepath = os.path.join(root,filename)
digit_img = cv2.imread(filepath)
digit_img = cv2.cvtColor(digit_img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
chars_train.append(digit_img)
#chars_label.append(1)
chars_label.append(index)
chars_train = list(map(deskew, chars_train))
chars_train = preprocess_hog(chars_train)
#chars_train = chars_train.reshape(-1, 20, 20).astype(np.float32)
chars_label = np.array(chars_label)
print(chars_train.shape)
modelchinese.train(chars_train, chars_label)
save_traindata(model,modelchinese)
train_svm()
After running the code, two model files will be generated, and the two model files are verified below.
import cv2
import numpy as np
import json
import train
SZ = 20 #训练图片长宽
MAX_WIDTH = 1000 #原始图片最大宽度
Min_Area = 2000 #车牌区域允许最大面积
PROVINCE_START = 1000
#读取图片文件
def imreadex(filename):
return cv2.imdecode(np.fromfile(filename, dtype=np.uint8), cv2.IMREAD_COLOR)
def point_limit(point):
if point[0] < 0:
point[0] = 0
if point[1] < 0:
point[1] = 0
#根据设定的阈值和图片直方图，找出波峰，用于分隔字符
def find_waves(threshold, histogram):
up_point = -1#上升点
is_peak = False
if histogram[0] > threshold:
up_point = 0
is_peak = True
wave_peaks = []
for i,x in enumerate(histogram):
if is_peak and x < threshold:
if i - up_point > 2:
is_peak = False
wave_peaks.append((up_point, i))
elif not is_peak and x >= threshold:
is_peak = True
up_point = i
if is_peak and up_point != -1 and i - up_point > 4:
wave_peaks.append((up_point, i))
return wave_peaks
#根据找出的波峰，分隔图片，从而得到逐个字符图片
def seperate_card(img, waves):
part_cards = []
for wave in waves:
part_cards.append(img[:, wave[0]:wave[1]])
return part_cards
class CardPredictor:
def __init__(self):
#车牌识别的部分参数保存在json中，便于根据图片分辨率做调整
f = open('config.json')
j = json.load(f)
for c in j["config"]:
if c["open"]:
self.cfg = c.copy()
break
else:
raise RuntimeError('没有设置有效配置参数')
def load_svm(self):
#识别英文字母和数字
self.model = train.SVM(C=1, gamma=0.5)#SVM(C=1, gamma=0.5)
#识别中文
self.modelchinese = train.SVM(C=1, gamma=0.5)#SVM(C=1, gamma=0.5)
self.model.load("module\\svm.dat")
self.modelchinese.load("module\\svmchinese.dat")
def accurate_place(self, card_img_hsv, limit1, limit2, color):
row_num, col_num = card_img_hsv.shape[:2]
xl = col_num
xr = 0
yh = 0
yl = row_num
#col_num_limit = self.cfg["col_num_limit"]
row_num_limit = self.cfg["row_num_limit"]
col_num_limit = col_num * 0.8 if color != "green" else col_num * 0.5#绿色有渐变
for i in range(row_num):
count = 0
for j in range(col_num):
H = card_img_hsv.item(i, j, 0)
S = card_img_hsv.item(i, j, 1)
V = card_img_hsv.item(i, j, 2)
if limit1 < H <= limit2 and 34 < S and 46 < V:
count += 1
if count > col_num_limit:
if yl > i:
yl = i
if yh < i:
yh = i
for j in range(col_num):
count = 0
for i in range(row_num):
H = card_img_hsv.item(i, j, 0)
S = card_img_hsv.item(i, j, 1)
V = card_img_hsv.item(i, j, 2)
if limit1 < H <= limit2 and 34 < S and 46 < V:
count += 1
if count > row_num - row_num_limit:
if xl > j:
xl = j
if xr < j:
xr = j
return xl, xr, yh, yl
def predict(self, car_pic, resize_rate=1):
if type(car_pic) == type(""):
img = imreadex(car_pic)
else:
img = car_pic
pic_hight, pic_width = img.shape[:2]
if resize_rate != 1:
img = cv2.resize(img, (int(pic_width*resize_rate), int(pic_hight*resize_rate)), interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)
pic_hight, pic_width = img.shape[:2]
#cv2.imshow('img',img)
#cv2.waitKey(0)
print("h,w:", pic_hight, pic_width)
blur = self.cfg["blur"]
#高斯去噪
if blur > 0:
img = cv2.GaussianBlur(img, (blur, blur), 0)#图片分辨率调整
oldimg = img
img = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
#去掉图像中不会是车牌的区域
kernel = np.ones((20, 20), np.uint8)
img_opening = cv2.morphologyEx(img, cv2.MORPH_OPEN, kernel)
img_opening = cv2.addWeighted(img, 1, img_opening, -1, 0);
#找到图像边缘
ret, img_thresh = cv2.threshold(img_opening, 0, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY + cv2.THRESH_OTSU)
img_edge = cv2.Canny(img_thresh, 100, 200)#边缘检测
#使用开运算和闭运算让图像边缘成为一个整体
kernel = np.ones((self.cfg["morphologyr"], self.cfg["morphologyc"]), np.uint8)
img_edge1 = cv2.morphologyEx(img_edge, cv2.MORPH_CLOSE, kernel)
img_edge2 = cv2.morphologyEx(img_edge1, cv2.MORPH_OPEN, kernel)
#查找图像边缘整体形成的矩形区域，可能有很多，车牌就在其中一个矩形区域中
contours, hierarchy = cv2.findContours(img_edge2, cv2.RETR_TREE, cv2.CHAIN_APPROX_SIMPLE)
print('len(contours)', len(contours))#找出区域
contours = [cnt for cnt in contours if cv2.contourArea(cnt) > Min_Area]
print('len(contours)', len(contours))#cv2.contourArea计算面积
#一一排除不是车牌的矩形区域
car_contours = []
for cnt in contours:
rect = cv2.minAreaRect(cnt)#minAreaRect
area_width, area_height = rect[1]
if area_width < area_height:
area_width, area_height = area_height, area_width
wh_ratio = area_width / area_height#长宽比
#print(wh_ratio)
#要求矩形区域长宽比在2到5.5之间，2到5.5是车牌的长宽比，其余的矩形排除
if wh_ratio > 2 and wh_ratio < 5.5:
car_contours.append(rect)
box = cv2.boxPoints(rect)#cv2.boxPoints()可获取该矩形的四个顶点坐标。
print(box)
box = np.int0(box) #转成整数
print(box)
oldimg = cv2.drawContours(oldimg, [box], 0, (0, 0, 255), 2)
print(len(car_contours))
print("精确定位")
card_imgs = []
#矩形区域可能是倾斜的矩形，需要矫正，以便使用颜色定位
for rect in car_contours:
if rect[2] > -1 and rect[2] < 1:#创造角度，使得左、高、右、低拿到正确的值
angle = 1
else:
angle = rect[2]
rect = (rect[0], (rect[1][0]+5, rect[1][1]+5), angle)#扩大范围，避免车牌边缘被排除
box = cv2.boxPoints(rect)
heigth_point = right_point = [0, 0]
left_point = low_point = [pic_width, pic_hight]
for point in box:
if left_point[0] > point[0]:
left_point = point
if low_point[1] > point[1]:
low_point = point
if heigth_point[1] < point[1]:
heigth_point = point
if right_point[0] < point[0]:
right_point = point
if left_point[1] <= right_point[1]:#正角度
new_right_point = [right_point[0], heigth_point[1]]
pts2 = np.float32([left_point, heigth_point, new_right_point])#字符只是高度需要改变
pts1 = np.float32([left_point, heigth_point, right_point])
M = cv2.getAffineTransform(pts1, pts2)
dst = cv2.warpAffine(oldimg, M, (pic_width, pic_hight))
point_limit(new_right_point)
point_limit(heigth_point)
point_limit(left_point)
card_img = dst[int(left_point[1]):int(heigth_point[1]), int(left_point[0]):int(new_right_point[0])]
if(len(card_img)>0):
card_imgs.append(card_img)
elif left_point[1] > right_point[1]:#负角度
new_left_point = [left_point[0], heigth_point[1]]
pts2 = np.float32([new_left_point, heigth_point, right_point])#字符只是高度需要改变
pts1 = np.float32([left_point, heigth_point, right_point])
M = cv2.getAffineTransform(pts1, pts2)
dst = cv2.warpAffine(oldimg, M, (pic_width, pic_hight))
point_limit(right_point)
point_limit(heigth_point)
point_limit(new_left_point)
card_img = dst[int(right_point[1]):int(heigth_point[1]), int(new_left_point[0]):int(right_point[0])]
card_imgs.append(card_img)
#cv2.imshow("card", card_img)
#cv2.waitKey(0)
#开始使用颜色定位，排除不是车牌的矩形，目前只识别蓝、绿、黄车牌
colors = []
for card_index,card_img in enumerate(card_imgs):
print(len(card_imgs))
green = yello = blue = black = white = 0
card_img_hsv = cv2.cvtColor(card_img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2HSV)
print("card_img_hsv.shape")
print(card_img_hsv.shape)
#有转换失败的可能，原因来自于上面矫正矩形出错
if card_img_hsv is None:
continue
row_num, col_num= card_img_hsv.shape[:2]
card_img_count = row_num * col_num
for i in range(row_num):
for j in range(col_num):
H = card_img_hsv.item(i, j, 0)
S = card_img_hsv.item(i, j, 1)
V = card_img_hsv.item(i, j, 2)
if 11 < H <= 34 and S > 34:#图片分辨率调整
yello += 1
elif 35 < H <= 99 and S > 34:#图片分辨率调整
green += 1
elif 99 < H <= 124 and S > 34:#图片分辨率调整
blue += 1
if 0 < H <180 and 0 < S < 255 and 0 < V < 46:
black += 1
elif 0 < H <180 and 0 < S < 43 and 221 < V < 225:
white += 1
color = "no"
#根据HSV判断车牌颜色
limit1 = limit2 = 0
if yello*2 >= card_img_count:
color = "yello"
limit1 = 11
limit2 = 34#有的图片有色偏偏绿
elif green*2 >= card_img_count:
color = "green"
limit1 = 35
limit2 = 99
elif blue*2 >= card_img_count:
color = "blue"
limit1 = 100
limit2 = 124#有的图片有色偏偏紫
elif black + white >= card_img_count*0.7:#TODO
color = "bw"
colors.append(color)
print("blue, green, yello, black, white, card_img_count:")
print(blue," " ,green," ", yello," ", black," ", white," ", card_img_count)
print("车牌颜色：",color)
# cv2.imshow("color", card_img)
# cv2.waitKey(0)
if limit1 == 0:
continue
#以上为确定车牌颜色
#以下为根据车牌颜色再定位，缩小边缘非车牌边界
xl, xr, yh, yl = self.accurate_place(card_img_hsv, limit1, limit2, color)
if yl == yh and xl == xr:
continue
need_accurate = False
if yl >= yh:
yl = 0
yh = row_num
need_accurate = True
if xl >= xr:
xl = 0
xr = col_num
need_accurate = True
card_imgs[card_index] = card_img[yl:yh, xl:xr] if color != "green" or yl < (yh-yl)//4 else card_img[yl-(yh-yl)//4:yh, xl:xr]
if need_accurate:#可能x或y方向未缩小，需要再试一次
card_img = card_imgs[card_index]
card_img_hsv = cv2.cvtColor(card_img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2HSV)
xl, xr, yh, yl = self.accurate_place(card_img_hsv, limit1, limit2, color)
if yl == yh and xl == xr:
continue
if yl >= yh:
yl = 0
yh = row_num
if xl >= xr:
xl = 0
xr = col_num
card_imgs[card_index] = card_img[yl:yh, xl:xr] if color != "green" or yl < (yh-yl)//4 else card_img[yl-(yh-yl)//4:yh, xl:xr]
#以上为车牌定位
#以下为识别车牌中的字符
predict_result = []
roi = None
card_color = None
for i, color in enumerate(colors):
if color in ("blue", "yello", "green"):
card_img = card_imgs[i]
gray_img = cv2.cvtColor(card_img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
#黄、绿车牌字符比背景暗、与蓝车牌刚好相反，所以黄、绿车牌需要反向
if color == "green" or color == "yello":
gray_img = cv2.bitwise_not(gray_img)
ret, gray_img = cv2.threshold(gray_img, 0, 255, cv2.THRESH_BINARY + cv2.THRESH_OTSU)
#查找水平直方图波峰
x_histogram = np.sum(gray_img, axis=1)
x_min = np.min(x_histogram)
x_average = np.sum(x_histogram)/x_histogram.shape[0]
x_threshold = (x_min + x_average)/2
wave_peaks = find_waves(x_threshold, x_histogram)
if len(wave_peaks) == 0:
print("peak less 0:")
continue
#认为水平方向，最大的波峰为车牌区域
wave = max(wave_peaks, key=lambda x:x[1]-x[0])
gray_img = gray_img[wave[0]:wave[1]]
#查找垂直直方图波峰
row_num, col_num= gray_img.shape[:2]
#去掉车牌上下边缘1个像素，避免白边影响阈值判断
gray_img = gray_img[1:row_num-1]
# cv2.imshow("gray_img", gray_img)#二值化
# cv2.waitKey(0)
y_histogram = np.sum(gray_img, axis=0)
y_min = np.min(y_histogram)
y_average = np.sum(y_histogram)/y_histogram.shape[0]
y_threshold = (y_min + y_average)/5#U和0要求阈值偏小，否则U和0会被分成两半
wave_peaks = find_waves(y_threshold, y_histogram)
#车牌字符数应大于6
if len(wave_peaks) <= 6:
print("peak less 1:", len(wave_peaks))
continue
wave = max(wave_peaks, key=lambda x:x[1]-x[0])
max_wave_dis = wave[1] - wave[0]
#判断是否是左侧车牌边缘
if wave_peaks[0][1] - wave_peaks[0][0] < max_wave_dis/3 and wave_peaks[0][0] == 0:
wave_peaks.pop(0)
#组合分离汉字
cur_dis = 0
for i,wave in enumerate(wave_peaks):
if wave[1] - wave[0] + cur_dis > max_wave_dis * 0.6:
break
else:
cur_dis += wave[1] - wave[0]
if i > 0:
wave = (wave_peaks[0][0], wave_peaks[i][1])
wave_peaks = wave_peaks[i+1:]
wave_peaks.insert(0, wave)
#去除车牌上的分隔点
point = wave_peaks[2]
if point[1] - point[0] < max_wave_dis/3:
point_img = gray_img[:,point[0]:point[1]]
if np.mean(point_img) < 255/5:
wave_peaks.pop(2)
if len(wave_peaks) <= 6:
print("peak less 2:", len(wave_peaks))
continue
part_cards = seperate_card(gray_img, wave_peaks)
for i, part_card in enumerate(part_cards):
#可能是固定车牌的铆钉
if np.mean(part_card) < 255/5:
print("a point")
continue
part_card_old = part_card
w = part_card.shape[1] // 3
part_card = cv2.copyMakeBorder(part_card, 0, 0, w, w, cv2.BORDER_CONSTANT, value = [0,0,0])
part_card = cv2.resize(part_card, (SZ, SZ), interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)
cv2.destroyAllWindows()
part_card = train.preprocess_hog([part_card])#preprocess_hog([part_card])
if i == 0:
resp = self.modelchinese.predict(part_card)#第一个字符调用中文svm模型
charactor = train.provinces[int(resp[0]) - PROVINCE_START]
else:
resp = self.model.predict(part_card)#其他字符调用字母数字svm模型
charactor = chr(resp[0])
#判断最后一个数是否是车牌边缘，假设车牌边缘被认为是1
if charactor == "1" and i == len(part_cards)-1:
if part_card_old.shape[0]/part_card_old.shape[1] >= 8:#1太细，认为是边缘
print(part_card_old.shape)
continue
predict_result.append(charactor)
roi = card_img
card_color = color
break
return predict_result, roi, card_color#识别到的字符、定位的车牌图像、车牌颜色
if __name__ == '__main__':
c = CardPredictor()
c.load_svm()#加载训练好的模型
img = cv2.imread("test\\car20.jpg")
img = cv2.resize(img, (1000, 1000), interpolation=cv2.INTER_AREA)
r, roi, color = c.predict(img)
print(r)
operation result:
车牌颜色： blue
['津', 'N', 'A', 'V', '8', '8', '8']
From the results, it is much more accurate than the previous section.