social medicine
Chapter 1 Introduction
1. Master the research object and content of social medicine (master)
Research objects: social factors, population health, social health status, social health measures
Content: (1) Research on social health status, mainly population health status) (2) Research on factors of population health, especially social factors
(3) Research social health strategies and measures
2. Familiar with the nature and tasks of social medicine (familiarity)
Nature: Social medicine is a subject that studies the interaction and regularity of social factors between health and disease
Tasks: (1) Advocate a positive view of health, protect and enhance the physical and mental health and social activity ability of the crowd, and improve the quality of life of the crowd
(2) Improve social health conditions and improve the quality of life and health of the population.
(3) Formulate health policies and strategies, guide regional health reform and development, develop community health services and develop primary health care
(4) Carry out preventive and health care work for special populations and special diseases
3 basic theories of social medicine (to master)
(1) Coordination of health undertakings and social development (2) Viewpoints on the dual effects of health and social and economic development
(3) The perspective of biological, psychological and social health (4) The focus of health services is to focus on high-risk perspectives
(5) The view that social factors play a leading role in disease occurrence and prevention (6) The view that health work requires the participation of the whole society
4 The role of the basic theories of social medicine
(1) Standardize the direction of social medicine (2) Know the practice of social medicine (3) Clarify the tasks of social medicine (4) Promote the development of social medicine
Chapter 2 Medical Model
1 Evolution of medical models
(1) Theistic medical model (2) Natural philosophy medical model (3) Mechanistic medical model (4) Biomedical model
2 Defects of the biomedical model
(1) One-sided emphasis on biological factors and the biological environment, ignoring the therapeutic effects of psychological and social factors
(2) Changes in disease manifestations: from single cause and single effect to multiple causes and single effect to multiple causes and multiple effects
3 Factors Affecting the Health of the Population
(1) Environmental factors (2) Lifestyle and behavioral factors (3) Biological genetic factors (4) Medical and health service factors
4 Medical Priority Development Strategy
(1) Prevention of disease and injury, promotion and maintenance of health (2) Relief of pain and suffering caused by disease
(3) Treatment of diseases and care for incurable diseases (4) Avoid premature death and pursue peaceful death
5 Basic connotations of modern medical models (biology, psychology, society)
(1) A person's social attributes determine his living status (2) From disease-centered to patient-centered
(3) The transformation of the medical model requires physicians to pay full attention to patients
6 Concept of medical model
It is a generalization of the essence of medicine obtained by human beings in the practice of fighting against diseases and understanding their own life process.
7 Background of modern medical models
(1) Socialization trend of medical development (2) Changes in the spectrum of diseases and causes of death
(3) General improvement of health needs (4) Advancement of medical science epistemology and synthesis of methodology
Chapter Three Social Factors and Health
1 Definition of social factors (mastery) Refers to various elements of society, including environment, population, and degree of civilization (politics, economy, culture, etc.)
2 Social environment refers to the economic situation based on the development level of productive forces, and the political culture based on production relations.
3 Characteristics of social factors affecting health (mastery)
(1) Pan-influence (2) Constant (3) Cumulative (4) Interaction
4 Social class: mainly refers to the basic levels of different social status and lifestyles caused by differences in wealth, rights and prestige
5 Culture: Spiritual culture, including ideology, religious belief, literature and art, ethics, customs, education, science and technology and knowledge, etc.
6 Negative effects of economic factors on health
(1) Serious environmental pollution and damage (2) Outstanding bad behavior and psychological pressure
(3) Increasing social negative events (4) Increasing social floating population
7 Types of Culture: (1) Intellectual Culture (2) Normative Culture (3) Ideological Culture
8 Characteristics of culture: (1) historical (2) realistic (3) permeable (4) inherited (5) social
9 Culture influences health characteristics (1) intangibility (2) origin (3) soft constraints (4) stability
10 Definition of socialization: refers to the process of transforming a person from a natural person into a social person who can adapt to a certain social environment, participate in a certain social life, and perform certain roles and functions
11 Characteristics and ways of social factors affecting health
Features: (1) bidirectionality (2) universality or stability (3) variability (4) mandatory
Approach: (1) The impact of the distribution system on the health of residents (2) The decisive role of the social system on the health policy
(3) The influence of social system on human behavior
12 The concept of social support: refers to the emotional, material and life help a person obtains from social networks
13 Factors Affecting Social Support: (1) Relationships (2) Social Networks (3) Social Cohesion
14 Population coefficient: (1) Elderly population coefficient = elderly population/total population × 100%
(2) Children and adolescents coefficient = number of children and adolescents/total population × 100%
15 Population gender structure: refers to the percentage of male and female population in the total population
Population sex ratio = male population/female population x 100
The sex ratio is an indicator used to evaluate whether the gender structure of the population is balanced
16 Concept of health care system: refers to the form of burden of health care expenses and the corresponding health service organization, management methods and implementation process
Chapter 5 Research Methods in Social Medicine
1 Relevant research methods in social medicine
(1) Survey research (the most important research method in social medicine)
Main features: the problems and factors to be studied are objective
(2) Experimental research (the main method is field experimental research)
Main features: The researcher can think of setting treatment factors, and the treatment factors that the subjects receive are randomly assigned
(3) Evaluation research
Divided into: health risk factor evaluation, quality of life evaluation, health service evaluation
(4) Literature research
2 Research steps in social medicine
Step 1: Select a topic and state a hypothesis Step 2: Develop a research plan Step 3: Collect data
Step 4: Organize and analyze the data Step 5: Interpret the results
3Three principles for selecting topics: (1) Necessity principle (2) Creativity principle (3) Scientific principle
4 methods of non-probability sampling: convenience sampling, intentional sampling, snowball sampling, quota sampling
The advantages of non-probability sampling: the method is simple and easy, and useful information can be obtained in time, without the complexity of probability sampling
Disadvantages: the population cannot be sampled with a sample, and the size of the sampling error cannot be estimated
5 Characteristics of Qualitative Research
(1) Qualitative research focuses on the process of things, not the results of things
(2) Qualitative research is the study of a small number of special populations, and the results cannot be extrapolated
(3) Qualitative research requires close contact with the research object for a long time
(4) The results of qualitative research are rarely analyzed with probability statistics
6 Methods of qualitative research: (1) Observation method (2) In-depth interview method (3) Focus group discussion
7 Practical Applications of Qualitative Research Methods:
(1) Auxiliary questionnaire design, estimating the non-sampling error of the questionnaire survey (2) Verifying causality and exploring the mechanism of occurrence
(3) Analyze the reasons for the contradictory results of quantitative research (4) Understand the changes of risk factors
(5) As a rapid evaluation technique to provide information for other research
8 Comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the interview method and the petition method
9 The concept of questionnaire design: a measurement tool used to collect data in questionnaire surveys. It is a form composed of a set of questions and corresponding answers, so it is also called a questionnaire (mastery) in China.
10 Main types of questionnaires: self-administered questionnaires, interview questionnaires
11 General structure of the questionnaire: cover letter, instructions, questions and answers, coding
12 Principles of Question Design: (1) Purpose (2) Reversibility (3) Practicality
13 Open-Ended vs. Closed-Ended Questions
14 The concept of validity: refers to the reliability of the obtained results, and judges the reliability of the results through the stability and consistency of the measurement results
Divided into: retest reliability, duplicate reliability, split-half reliability
15 Validity: Refers to the closeness of the measurement results to the goals that are trying to be achieved
Divided into: face validity, content validity, construct validity, criterion validity
Chapter VI Quality of Life Evaluation
1 The concept of quality of life (quality of life QOF) (master)
→Based on social economy, cultural background and value orientation, people's sensory experience of their own physical state, psychological function, social ability and personal comprehensive situation.
→The evaluation of quality of life reflects the gap between personal expectations and actual living conditions. The larger the gap, the worse the quality of life.
2 The concept of health related quality of life (HRQOF) (master)
Refers to the measurement of subjective health status and personal satisfaction associated with personal life events under the influence of disease, accidental injury and medical intervention.
3 Contents of quality of life assessment (mastery)
(1) Physiological state (2) Mental state (3) Social function state (4) Subjective judgment and satisfaction
4 Five commonly used quality of life assessment scales
(1) Good health index (2) Disease impact scale (3) Life function index of cancer patients
(4) Health Survey Scale (5) World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale
Chapter VII Health Risk Factor Appraisal (HRA)
1. Concepts of risk factors and health risk factors (mastery)
1 Risk factors: various inducing factors related to the occurrence, development and prognosis of diseases existing in the internal and external environment of the body
2. Health risk factors: refers to factors that can increase the possibility of disease or death, or factors that can increase the probability of adverse health outcomes, including environmental, biological, social, economic, psychological, and behavioral factors.
3Health risk factor assessment (HRA): A technical method to study the quantitative dependence and regularity of risk factors and chronic disease morbidity and death.
4 Six stages of the natural history of chronic disease:
(1) Non-risk stage (2) Appearance of risk factors (3) Appearance of pathogenic factors
(4) Appearance of symptoms (5) Appearance of signs (6) Loss of labor force
2. Characteristics and classification of risk factors (mastery)
1 Features: (1) Long incubation period (2) Weak specificity (3) Combined effect (4) Extensive presence
2 categories: (1) Environmental risk factors (natural environmental risk factors, social environmental risk factors)
(2) Psychological and behavioral risk factors (3) Biogenetic risk factors (4) Risk factors in medical and health services
3. HAR Calculation Method
1. Information required by HAR Master
(1) Local gender and age-specific disease mortality rate (2) Personal risk health factors (3) Relevant information for calculating risk scores
2. The steps of HAR master
(1) Collect mortality data (2) Collect personal risk factor data (3) Convert risk factors into risk scores (4) Calculate combined risk scores (5) Calculate existing risk of death (6) Calculate evaluation age (7) Calculate growth Age (8) to calculate the degree of risk factor reduction
3. Master the method of calculating the combined risk score
(1) There is only one risk factor related to the cause of death, and the combined risk score = the risk score of the risk factor
(2) There are multiple risk factors related to the cause of death, and the remaining values after subtracting 1.0 from each item with a risk score greater than 1.0 are added as additive items. 1.0 is used as a multiplication item, and the risk score values less than or equal to 1.0 are multiplied as a multiplication item, and the product of the multiplication items and the sum of the addition items are summed = the combined risk score of the disease
4. Calculating the method of existing risk of death
Existence risk of death = disease-specific average death rate * disease risk score
5. The concept and calculation method of evaluating age Master
Concept: According to the functional relationship between age and mortality, the age calculated according to the expected mortality level calculated by the risk factors existing in the individual
Calculation method: sum the existing risk factors of various causes of death to obtain the total risk value of death
6. Calculation method of risk factor reduction degree master
Risk factor reduction degree = (existing risk of death - new risk of death) / total risk of death * 100%
4. Classification of individual groups in the assessment of health risk factors
1. Individual classification: (1) healthy type (2) self-created risk factor type (3) difficult-to-change risk factor type (4) general risk type
2. Classification of groups (1) Risk levels of different groups of people (2) Attributes of risk factors (3) Analysis of the impact of individual risk factors on health
Chapter VIII Health Service Research
1. The concept of health service research (HSR) to master: starting from the health supply side, demand side and third parties and their relationship, to study the rational use of health resources for a certain purpose of the health system, and to provide residents with prevention and health care , medical treatment, rehabilitation will promote the process of health services such as health.
2. Mastering the content of health service research: (1) The impact of social factors on the health system (2) Evaluation of the needs of the population for medical and health services (3) Reasonable allocation and use of health resources, including health manpower, health institutions, equipment and supplies, Mere and Technical (4) Organization and Function of Health System (5) Economic Analysis of Health System (6) Evaluation of Health Service Effect
3. Research methods of health services
(1) Descriptive research (2) Analytical research (3) Experimental research (4) Theoretical research (5) Systematic analysis
(6) Comprehensive evaluation method (7) Input-output analysis method (8) Family health inquiry sampling survey method (classification: one-time cross-sectional survey, repeated cross-sectional survey, continuous cross-sectional survey)
4. Significance of health service research: (1) Ensure the social fairness of health service utilization; (2) Improve the social and economic benefits of health services; (3) Improve the quality of health services, and improve the health level and quality of life of residents.
2. Health services need to be utilized on demand
1. Master the concept of health services want: residents' subjective desire to prevent health care, improve health, get rid of diseases, and reduce disability is not entirely determined by their actual health status.
2. Health services need (health services need) grasp: the objective needs for medical treatment, prevention, health care, rehabilitation and other services based on the gap between people's actual health status and "ideal health status", including personal awareness Need and need as judged by a health care professional are sometimes congruent and sometimes not.
4. Mastery of health services demand: starting from economic values, it refers to the quality of health services that people are willing and able to consume at a certain level within a certain period of time.
5. Mastery of health services use: The quantity of health services actually used by demanders (effective demand) is the result of the mutual restriction between the population's demand for health services and the supply of health resources. (It can directly reflect the quality of health services provided by the population health of the health system)
6. Master the factors affecting the demand and utilization of health services: (1) population size and age and sex composition (2) socioeconomic factors (3) cultural education (4) health service quality and facilities (5) medical care system (6) climate Geographical Conditions (7) Behavioral Psychology (8) Marriage and Family
7. Measurement and analysis of health service needs (mastery)
Disease frequency index: (1) Two-week prevalence rate = number of people who got sick in the previous two weeks/number of people surveyed × 100%
(2) Prevalence rate of chronic diseases = number of chronic diseases in the first half year/number of surveyed persons × 100%
(3) Health as a percentage of the total population
Disease severity index: (1) Two-week bedridden rate = number of people bedridden in the previous two weeks/number of surveyed persons × 100%
(2) Two-week activity restriction rate = number of people with activity restrictions in the previous two weeks/number of people surveyed × 100%
(3) The two-week leave rate = the number of workers who were absent due to illness in the previous two weeks/the number of surveyed persons × 100%
(4) The number of sick days in two weeks = the total number of sick days in the previous two weeks/the number of people surveyed
8 Measurement and Analysis of Health Service Utilization (Master)
→Utilization of health services is divided into: utilization of outpatient services, utilization of inpatient services, utilization of preventive health care services and utilization of rehabilitation services
Outpatient service utilization:
(1) Two-week visit rate = number of visits in the previous two weeks/number of surveys × 100%
(2) Two-week patient visit rate = number of patients in the previous two weeks/total number of patients in two weeks × 100%
(3) The rate of non-visited patients in two weeks = the number of patients not seen in the previous two weeks/total number of patients in two weeks × 100%
Inpatient service utilization:
(1) Hospitalization rate = Number of people hospitalized in the previous year/Number of people surveyed × 100% (2) Average days of hospitalization per capita = Total days of hospitalization/Total number of people hospitalized
(3) Rate of non-hospitalization = number of patients who need to be hospitalized but are not hospitalized/number of patients who need to be hospitalized × 100%
9 Application of Health Service Needs and Utilization Indicators
(1) Calculate the demand and utilization of health services for the target population (2) Provide a basis for the rational allocation of health resources
(3) Calculation of indirect economic losses caused by diseases (generally speaking, short-term health development plans can take relatively more needs into consideration, while long-term livelihood development plans can take more needs into consideration)
3. Health service resources
1 Composition of health resources: health manpower, expenses, facilities, equipment, medicines, information, knowledge and technology
2 The concept of health manpower: refers to those who have received professional training and work in the health system to provide health services, including those who have worked in the health sector and are receiving training.
3 Problems in the health workforce (familiarity):
(1) The total amount is large and the quality is not high (2) The academic leaders are lacking (3) The quality of management personnel is low (4) The majors, education background and structure are not reasonable enough (5) The regional distribution is uneven and the development is not balanced (6) Urban and rural areas The distribution of health manpower needs to be improved
(7) Low work efficiency (8) Brain drain needs to be curbed
4 The concept of health manpower planning: forecasting the future demand, supply and possession of health manpower.
5 The concept of health manpower demand: starting from various factors such as social and economic development, scientific and technological progress, and labor force development, to study the quantity and quality of health manpower required by the health department in the target year.
6 Methods for forecasting health workforce needs:
(1) Health needs method (2) Health needs method (30 service target method) (4) Population ratio method
7 The concept of health expenses (narrow sense): refers to the economic resources directly consumed for providing health services within a certain period of time. (Broad sense): Refers to the direct and indirect consumption of social resources to protect the health of the population within a certain period of time, including the consumption of all human, material and financial resources, measured in currency.
8 Research content of health expenses (familiarity): (1) How much money is needed in the health service process
(2) Composition and characteristics of health expenses (3) Whether the allocation and use of health expenses are fair and reasonable
(4) Whether there is a relative balance between health needs, health resources and health service utilization
9 Sources of health expenses: state, collective, individual. (familiar)
10 Evaluation indicators of health expenditure (familiarity): (1) Percentage of health expenditure in GNP (2) Per capita health expenditure
(3) Investment ratio of various health departments (4) Composition of outpatient and inpatient expenses
(5) Proportion of medical care, health immunization, and maternal and child health expenses
4. Comprehensive evaluation of health services
1 The two outcome indicators, efficiency and effectiveness, are regarded as the core of health service evaluation.
2 Main features of comprehensive evaluation content of health services (mastery)
(1) Suitability (2) Sufficiency (3) Progress (4) Efficiency (5) Effect (6) Impact
3 Screening principles for comprehensive evaluation indicators of health services: (to master)
(1) Importance and utility (2) Effectiveness (3) Specificity (4) Sensitivity
(5) Representativeness (6) Reliability (7) Availability
Chapter IX Social Health Conditions and Health Strategies
1. Evaluation of social health status
1 The concept of social health status: refers to the health of the population and the status of various social factors that affect health. (master)
2 Evaluation procedures of social health status: (familiarity)
(1) Determine the concept of social health status (2) Further concretize the concept of social health status and form several categories
(3) Find appropriate and targeted indicators according to the determined categories (4) According to the selected indicators, formulate a plan for collecting relevant data and carry out data collection work (5) Analyze indicators and summarize the results
3 Evaluation indicators of social health status: (to master)
Single indicators (infant mortality, average life expectancy, maternity): indicators that measure only one aspect of health.
→The indicators commonly used to measure the social health status of a country are infant mortality rate and average life expectancy.
(1) Reasons why infant mortality indicators are important: (1) In most countries, infant mortality is the highest relative to other age-specific mortality rates, and there are great differences between countries and regions. (2) The impact of infant mortality on average life expectancy (3) The denominator of the infant mortality rate is the number of live births in the year, which is not affected by the personality structure and is comparable
(4) Sensitive to changes in socio-economic, environmental and health conditions during infancy
Composite indicators: (1) Person-years lost (PYLL) (2) Disability-adjusted life expectancy (DFLE) (3) Activity life expectancy (ALE) (4) Disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) (5) Disability-adjusted life expectancy ( DALE)
2. Formulation of health policy
1 The concept of policy: (familiar with it) is the political behavior or specific code of conduct adopted by state organs, political parties and other political groups in a specific period of time in order to achieve or serve certain socio-political, economic, and cultural goals. It is a series of strategies , the general term for laws, measures, methods, measures and regulations.
2 The concept of health policy: (mastery) refers to the general term for strategies and strategies, goals and indicators, countermeasures and measures for the development of health services formulated and implemented by policies or authoritative organizations based on social health as the basic interest.
3Characteristics of health policy: (1) interest and value orientation (2) goal orientation (3) legitimacy, authority and compulsion
(4) Functional diversity (5) Process and stages
4 Functions of health policy: (1) guidance function (2) regulation function (3) distribution function
5 Factors that affect the formulation of policy issues: (1) Power of mass media (2) Possibility of problem solving (3) Policy advocates
(4) Natural disaster crisis (5) Political timing (6) Entry of new political actors (7) Social and cultural influence (8) Influence of important figures
6 There are two basic elements in the process of formulating a policy plan: one is the goal, and the other is the plan. Determining the goal is the premise, formulating the plan is the foundation, and selecting the optimal plan is the key. (familiar)
3. Social health status and health strategies
1 The concept of primary health care (PHC): (mastery) is a basic health care that relies on practicable, academically reliable and socially acceptable methods and technologies, and is carried out by individuals and families in the community through active Participation is generally accessible at a cost that a community or country can afford at all stages of development in a spirit of self-reliance and self-determination.
2. Basic principles of PHC: (1) social justice (2) community participation (3) cost-effectiveness and cost-effectiveness (4) intersectoral collaborative action
3. The basic tasks of PHC: (1) promotion of health (2) prevention (3) treatment (4) rehabilitation
4. The characteristics of PHC: (1) Social (2) Mass (3) Difficult (4) Long-term
5 Health work guidelines in the new era (mastery) (1) Focus on rural areas (2) Focus on prevention (3) Emphasize both Chinese and Western medicine
(4) Rely on science and technology and education (5) Mobilize the whole society to participate (6) Serve people's health and socialist modernization
6Three strategic priorities: (1) rural health (2) preventive health care (3) Chinese and Western medicine (mastery)
7 One core: serve the people and serve socialist modernization. (master)
Chapter 10 Community Health Services
1. The concept of community: a large group that is related in life formed by several social groups (families, clans) or social organizations (organs, groups) gathered in a certain area. 2 Five Elements of Community (Mastery)
(1) A certain number of people (2) A certain area (3) Living service facilities
(4) Specific lifestyle and cultural background (5) Certain living system and management organization
3 Concepts of community health services (CHS) (to master)
Community-based, family-based, health-centered, community-based health service needs, comprehensive economical, convenient and accessible basic health services provided by community health service agencies
4 Characteristics of community health services
(1) Primary medical care (2) Personalized care (3) Comprehensive care (4) Continuous services (5) Coordinated services
(6) Accessible services (7) Family-based care units (8) Community-based care (9) Based on modern medical models
(10) Prevention-oriented services (11) Working methods of group cooperation
5 Service objects of community health services (1) healthy people (2) sub-healthy people (3) high-risk groups (4) key protection groups (5) patients
6 Missions of community health services
(1) Improve the health level of the population, prolong life, and improve the quality of life (2) Create a healthy community
(3) Guarantee the implementation of regional health plans, the reform of the medical and health system and the reform of the basic medical insurance system for urban employees
7 Significance of community health service
(1) Conducive to optimizing the allocation of health resources (2) Conducive to the adaptation of health services to social needs
(3) Conducive to adhering to the strategy of "prevention first" (4) Conducive to restraining unreasonable growth of medical expenses
(5) Conducive to the realization of the goal of "everyone enjoys health care" (6) Conducive to strengthening the construction of medical ethics
8 Contents of Community Health Service
(1) Community health education and health promotion (2) Community medical treatment (3) Community prevention (4) Community rehabilitation (5) Community health care
(6) Community family planning services
9 Differences between traditional medical services and community health services
1) Traditional medical services (1) Mainly rely on hospitals (2) High cost (3) Passive services (4) Disease-centered, diagnosis and treatment for patients' diseases (5) Relying on high-tech and focusing on solving specialized problems disease problem
2) Community Health Services (CHS)
(1) Mainly rely on community health institutions (2) Low cost (3) Active service (4) Focus on health and provide medical treatment, prevention, health care, rehabilitation, and health education for all people in the community (5) Rely on appropriate technology to provide Basic health services, focusing on basic medical care for residents
10 Requirements for establishment of community health service institutions (mastery)
1) Basic facilities of the community health service center: the area of business premises shall not be less than 1,000 square meters
2) Basic facilities of community health service stations: the area of the business premises shall not be less than 150 square meters
11 The basic meaning of two-way diagnosis: according to the needs of the patient's condition, the diagnosis process between the general practitioner and the specialist or between the superior hospital, between the superior and the subordinate, and between the general hospital and the specialized hospital. It is divided into vertical referral and horizontal referral. (master)
12 Influencing factors of two-way referral: (to master)
(1) Hospitals hope to retain patients in order to pursue higher economic income (2) The medical security system lacks regulations
(3) Patients are dependent on large hospitals (4) Community health services are not perfect and the level of general practitioners is low
13 The concept of regional health planning: (to master)
1) In a specific area, according to various factors such as economic development, population structure, geographical environment, and the needs of people with different health and disease conditions, the regional health development direction, development model, development goals, rational allocation of health resources, and rational distribution of health care are determined. Health institutions with different levels, different functions, and different models can basically balance the total supply and demand of health care, and form the overall development of regional health care.
2) Regional health planning is a social component of national economic and social development planning in a region, and a comprehensive planning of regional health development and resource allocation.
14 Forms of Health Services Abroad: Mastering
(1) The national operation and management model represented by the United Kingdom (2) The national plan management and private service management model represented by Germany and Japan
(3) The privately-owned business management model represented by the United States
15 Financing models of social health services: master (1) government financing (2) enterprise financing (3) social insurance and private insurance (4) consumer payment (5) community financing
Chapter 11 1 The concept of sociopathy (grasp): a social phenomenon that is mainly caused by social reasons and goes against the direction of social development and progress
2. Characteristics of social diseases (grasp): (1) Social diseases must be public; (2) The root causes of social diseases are very complicated, but mainly lie in
(3) Social diseases are seriously harmful to society (4) The prevention and treatment of social diseases requires the joint efforts of the whole society
3. Unintentional injury prevention intervention theory "Four E interventions" are engineering intervention, economic intervention, enforcement intervention and educational intervention
Chapter 12 Social Medicine Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Diseases 1 Characteristics of Chronic Diseases
(1) The duration of the disease is long-term (2) Dysfunction often remains after the disease (3) The cause of the disease can often cause irreversible pathological changes
(4) Different medical treatments are required due to different conditions (5) Different rehabilitation training is required due to different conditions
2 Community health services for chronic diseases
(1) Support or explanation (2) Caution or suggestion (3) Prescription (4) Referral
(5) Laboratory and medical special equipment inspection (6) Follow-up (7) Prevention