IT Knowledge Encyclopedia: IEEE 802.11 - an important milestone in wireless LAN

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Wireless local area network (Wireless Local Area Network, WLAN) has become an indispensable part of modern life, it provides us with a convenient wireless network connection, so that we can easily surf the Internet at home, office, public places and other places. In the development of WLAN technology, the IEEE 802.11 standard has played a key role. It not only promotes the progress of wireless communication, but also brings us faster and more stable network connections.

Since its first release in 1997, the IEEE 802.11 standard has undergone multiple versions of evolution, and each version has introduced new technologies and improvements, continuously improving the transmission rate, network capacity and stability of wireless LANs. This article will discuss the evolution of the IEEE 802.11 standard, introduce the technical features of different versions and their application in different application scenarios. Let us review the history of IEEE 802.11 and explore the development of wireless LAN technology.

1. Background

The history of wireless communication can be traced back to the end of the 19th century, when scientists began to study the propagation and application of electromagnetic waves. Italian physicist Marconi successfully discovered radio waves in 1895, marking the birth of wireless communication technology. Subsequently, radio communication developed rapidly, and the construction and use of radio stations made long-distance information transmission possible.

In the second half of the 20th century, mobile communication technology began to emerge. In the early 1960s, American inventor Martin Cooper completed the world's first experiment with a handheld mobile phone, which opened the prelude to the era of mobile communications. Subsequently, the mobile communication system has been continuously improved and expanded, from the first generation (1G) analog mobile communication to the current fifth generation (5G) digital mobile communication, wireless communication technology has developed rapidly.

The parallel development of mobile communication technology is wireless local area network technology. In the early 1990s, people realized the potential of WLAN, and began to study and promote the formulation of related standards. One of the most important standards is IEEE 802.11, which opened a new era of wireless LAN technology.

IEEE 802.11 is a wireless local area network standard developed by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers), first released in 1997. It covers all aspects of WLAN, including wireless access, data transmission, security, etc. The IEEE 802.11 standard has laid a solid foundation for the development of wireless local area networks.

With the development of wireless communication technology, the IEEE 802.11 standard is also evolving. The original IEEE 802.11 standard used the 2.4GHz frequency band with a lower transmission rate of only 2 Mbps. Subsequently, the IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11b standards respectively introduced the 5GHz frequency band and the transmission rate of 11 Mbps, which brought more possibilities for the application of wireless LAN.

Two, IEEE 802.11a

2.1 Introduction

IEEE 802.11a is a standard in wireless local area network (WLAN) technology, and it is one of the earliest wireless communication standards in the IEEE 802.11 series. The standard was officially released in 1999, and its goal is to provide high-speed and stable connections for wireless data transmission between devices. IEEE 802.11a works in the 5GHz frequency band and provides a higher transmission rate by using non-overlapping channels, which brought a major breakthrough to the wireless communication technology at that time.

2.2 Technical details

2.2.1 Working frequency band

IEEE 802.11a works in the 5GHz frequency band. Compared with the more crowded 2.4GHz frequency band (commonly used in the IEEE 802.11b/g standard), the 5GHz frequency band has more available spectrum, which makes IEEE 802.11a resist interference and provide larger bandwidth has advantages.

2.2.2 Transmission rate

The IEEE 802.11a standard has a maximum transmission rate of 54 Mbps (megabits per second), which is already a considerable improvement compared to the wired LAN speed at that time. The increase in transmission rate is due to its operation in the 5GHz frequency band and more advanced modem technology.

2.2.3 Modulation technology

IEEE 802.11a adopts advanced Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation technique. OFDM is a technology that divides a high-speed data stream into multiple sub-channels and transmits them simultaneously, which can significantly improve the stability and reliability of data transmission.

2.2.4 Channel bandwidth

IEEE 802.11a divides the spectrum into 20 MHz channels that do not overlap with each other. Each channel can accommodate the transmission of different data rates, and users can choose the channel that suits their needs according to their needs.

2.3. Advantages and limitations

2.3.1 Advantages

High transmission rate: Compared with the earlier IEEE 802.11b/g standard, IEEE 802.11a provides a higher transmission rate, suitable for applications requiring high bandwidth, such as video streaming and large file transmission.
Anti-interference ability: Since it works in the 5GHz frequency band, IEEE 802.11a has fewer interference sources than the standard in the 2.4GHz frequency band, and can provide a more stable connection.
Multi-channel support: IEEE 802.11a supports multiple non-overlapping channels, which allows multiple devices to work simultaneously without interfering with each other.

2.3.2 Limitations

Shorter coverage: Due to working in a higher frequency band, IEEE 802.11a signal has poor penetration ability and its coverage is relatively short.
Compatibility issues: IEEE 802.11a is not compatible with earlier IEEE 802.11b/g standards, which means that users must have appropriate IEEE 802.11a-enabled devices to enjoy the high-speed connections it provides.

2.4. Application scenarios

Due to the advantages and limitations of the IEEE 802.11a standard, it is widely used in some specific scenarios.

2.4.1 Enterprise Network

In an enterprise network, high-speed and stable data transmission is crucial to improving work efficiency. IEEE 802.11a can provide a higher transmission rate, suitable for large-scale file sharing, video conferencing and other applications, and provide employees with a better work experience.

2.4.2 Video streaming

For video streaming applications, a stable high-bandwidth connection is a must. The high transmission rate and anti-interference ability of IEEE 802.11a make it an ideal choice for supporting smooth playback of high-definition video.

2.4.3 Academic and research institutions

In academic and scientific research institutions, large-scale data transmission and processing are often required. IEEE 802.11a can meet these needs, supporting students and researchers to transfer experimental data and research results quickly and efficiently.

2.4.4 Hotspot coverage

In public places, such as airports, coffee shops, etc., providing reliable wireless network connections is very important to attract customers and provide a better service experience. IEEE 802.11a can provide high-speed and stable connections, bringing better Internet experience to users in these places.

3. IEEE 802.11b

3.1. Introduction

IEEE 802.11b is a standard in wireless local area network (WLAN) technology and one of the earlier wireless communication standards in the IEEE 802.11 series. The standard was officially released in 1999, and its goal is to provide a reliable connection for wireless data transmission between devices. IEEE 802.11b works in the 2.4GHz frequency band. Compared with the earlier IEEE 802.11a standard, it is easier to popularize and quickly became the mainstream technology in the wireless communication field at that time.

3.2. Technical details

3.2.1 Working frequency band

IEEE 802.11b works in the 2.4GHz frequency band, which is one of the earliest frequency bands used in wireless communication. Although the 2.4GHz frequency band is widely used in wireless devices, there are also interference problems with other wireless devices, such as Bluetooth devices and microwave ovens.

3.2.2 Transfer rate

The IEEE 802.11b standard has a maximum transfer rate of 11 Mbps (megabits per second). Although 11 Mbps is relatively slow in today's wireless communication standards, it was a considerable increase in the speed of wired LANs at the time.

3.2.3 Modulation technology

IEEE 802.11b uses a relatively simple Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) modulation technique. DSSS improves the anti-interference ability and transmission distance by expanding the data signal to a larger bandwidth. Although DSSS is relatively simple compared to the later OFDM technology, it performed well in wireless communication at that time.

3.2.4 Channel bandwidth

IEEE 802.11b divides the 2.4GHz band into three non-overlapping 20 MHz channels. Each channel can accommodate a group of devices for communication, which allows multiple devices to work simultaneously without interfering with each other.

3.3. Advantages and limitations

3.3.1 Advantages

Easy to popularize: Since it works in the 2.4GHz frequency band, the IEEE 802.11b standard can be compatible with most wireless devices at that time, making it easier to popularize and promote.
Lower cost: Compared with the IEEE 802.11a standard at that time, the equipment manufacturing cost of IEEE 802.11b is lower, which further promotes its popularity in the market.

3.3.2 Limitations

Lower transmission rate: Compared with the subsequent IEEE 802.11g and IEEE 802.11n standards, the lower transmission rate of IEEE 802.11b limits its application in high-bandwidth applications.
Interference problem: Since it works in the 2.4GHz frequency band, the IEEE 802.11b standard is susceptible to interference from other wireless devices (such as Bluetooth devices) and electrical equipment such as microwave ovens, which may lead to unstable connections.

3.4. Application scenarios

Due to the strengths and limitations of the IEEE 802.11b standard, it was widely used at the time.

3.4.1 Home network

In a home network, a very high transmission rate is usually not required, and there are fewer types of devices in the home network, so the IEEE 802.11b standard is sufficient to meet the Internet access needs of ordinary families.

3.4.2 Small Office

For small offices, where the number of devices is relatively small and applications that do not require high bandwidth, the IEEE 802.11b standard is a simple, low-cost wireless networking solution.

3.4.3 Tourist Hotspots

In public places such as tourist hotspots and cafes, providing wireless network services can attract more customers. Since these sites typically do not require high-speed transmission and high-bandwidth support, the IEEE 802.11b standard is an affordable and easy-to-deploy option.

4. IEEE 802.11g

4.1. Introduction

IEEE 802.11g is a standard in wireless local area network (WLAN) technology, and it is one of the more important wireless communication standards in the IEEE 802.11 series. The standard was officially released in 2003, and its goal is to provide higher transmission rates and more stable connections for wireless data transmission between devices. IEEE 802.11g works in the 2.4GHz frequency band and is backward compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard, which makes it the mainstream technology in the wireless communication field at that time.

4.2. Technical details

4.2.1 Working frequency band

IEEE 802.11g works in the 2.4GHz frequency band, which is the same as the earlier IEEE 802.11b standard. This makes IEEE 802.11g compatible with most existing wireless devices at that time, providing users with a better wireless network experience.

4.2.2 Transmission rate

The IEEE 802.11g standard has a maximum transmission rate of 54 Mbps (megabits per second), which is comparable to the earlier IEEE 802.11a standard. Compared with the 11 Mbps transmission rate of the IEEE 802.11b standard at that time, the speed increase of IEEE 802.11g is a significant improvement.

4.2.3 Modulation techniques

The IEEE 802.11g standard uses the same Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation technique as IEEE 802.11a. OFDM technology can transmit multiple sub-channels on the frequency spectrum at the same time, thereby improving the transmission rate and anti-interference ability, making IEEE 802.11g more stable and reliable in signal transmission.

4.2.4 Downward Compatibility

The IEEE 802.11g standard is backward compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard, which means that devices supporting IEEE 802.11g can communicate with devices supporting IEEE 802.11b. This backward compatibility allows users to gradually upgrade devices without having to replace everything at once.

4.3. Advantages and limitations

4.3.1 Advantages

High transmission rate: Compared with the earlier IEEE 802.11b standard, IEEE 802.11g provides a higher transmission rate and is suitable for applications requiring high bandwidth, such as video streaming and large file transmission.
Downward Compatibility: The IEEE 802.11g standard is backward compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard, which allows users to gradually upgrade equipment without having to replace all equipment immediately, reducing upgrade costs.

4.3.2 Limitations

Working in the 2.4GHz frequency band: Since it works in the 2.4GHz frequency band, the IEEE 802.11g standard is susceptible to interference from other wireless devices (such as Bluetooth devices) and electrical equipment such as microwave ovens, which may lead to unstable connections.
Network congestion: Since the 2.4GHz frequency band is a public frequency band, when a large number of wireless devices work simultaneously in a densely-dense area, it may cause network congestion and signal interference.

4.4. Application scenarios

Due to the strengths and limitations of the IEEE 802.11g standard, it was widely used at the time.

4.4.1 Home network

In a home network, users often need to share an Internet connection among multiple devices. IEEE 802.11g offers high transfer rates and backward compatibility, making it ideal for home networking needs.

4.4.2 Small Office

For small offices, where the number of devices is relatively small and applications that do not require high bandwidth, the IEEE 802.11g standard is an affordable and easy-to-deploy wireless networking solution.

4.4.3 Hot spots in public places

In public places, such as airports, cafes, etc., providing wireless network services can attract more customers. IEEE 802.11g can meet the Internet access needs of users in most public places, and is compatible with old IEEE 802.11b devices, providing users with a better network experience.

5. IEEE 802.11n

5.1. Introduction

IEEE 802.11n is a standard in wireless local area network (WLAN) technology, and it is one of the most important and widely used wireless communication standards in the IEEE 802.11 series. The standard was officially released in 2009, and its goal is to provide higher transmission rates, greater coverage and more stable connections for wireless data transmission between devices. IEEE 802.11n works in the 2.4GHz and 5GHz frequency bands, and can support multiple transmission rates at the same time, providing users with a better wireless network experience.

5.2. Technical Details

5.2.1 Multiple Input Multiple Output Technology (MIMO)

The IEEE 802.11n standard uses multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology, which is one of its most important innovations. MIMO technology uses multiple antennas for data transmission and reception, and simultaneously transmits signals between multiple antennas, thereby achieving higher transmission rates and more stable connections. Through MIMO technology, IEEE 802.11n can transmit multiple data streams at the same time, thus providing greater bandwidth and higher transmission rate.

5.2.2 Channel Bonding Technology

The IEEE 802.11n standard introduces channel bonding technology, allowing devices to simultaneously use multiple channels for data transmission. In this way, IEEE 802.11n can combine the bandwidth of multiple channels together to provide larger transmission bandwidth and higher transmission rate. Channel bonding technology enables IEEE 802.11n to transmit data at a higher rate while providing better network performance.

5.2.3 Improved Modulation Techniques

The IEEE 802.11n standard adopts more advanced modulation techniques, such as 16-QAM and 64-QAM. Compared with the early IEEE 802.11a/b/g standards, these modulation techniques can transmit more data under the same spectral bandwidth , thereby increasing the transmission rate.

5.2.4 Frame aggregation technology

The IEEE 802.11n standard introduces frame aggregation technology, which can combine multiple data frames into a larger frame for transmission. In this way, the overhead of channel access can be reduced, and the utilization rate of the channel can be improved, thereby further improving the transmission rate and network performance.

5.3. Advantages and limitations

5.3.1 Advantages

Higher transmission rate: The IEEE 802.11n standard provides a higher transmission rate by introducing MIMO technology, channel bonding technology and improved modulation technology, up to 300 Mbps or more, meeting the growing demand for wireless data transmission.
Larger coverage: Due to the application of MIMO technology, IEEE 802.11n can provide a wider coverage, so that users can obtain stable network connections within a longer distance.
Downward compatibility: The IEEE 802.11n standard is backward compatible with the IEEE 802.11a/b/g standard, which means that devices supporting IEEE 802.11n can communicate with old devices, and users can gradually upgrade devices without having to replace all devices immediately.

5.3.2 Limitations

High equipment cost: Since IEEE 802.11n introduces complex MIMO technology and other improved technologies, the high cost of equipment supporting the IEEE 802.11n standard may limit its popularity in some markets.
2.4GHz frequency band interference: Although IEEE 802.11n can work in the 5GHz frequency band, it is still susceptible to interference from other wireless devices and electrical equipment when working in the 2.4GHz frequency band, which may lead to unstable network connections.

5.4. Application scenarios

Due to the strengths and limitations of the IEEE 802.11n standard, it was widely used at the time.

5.4.1 Home network

In a home network, users usually have multiple devices that need to be connected to the wireless network at the same time, and require a higher transmission rate to support high-definition video streaming and large file transfers. IEEE 802.11n provides higher transmission rates and greater coverage, making it an ideal choice for home networking needs.

5.4.2 Small business network

For small businesses, it is necessary to provide a stable network connection in the office and support simultaneous access by multiple users. The IEEE 802.11n standard can provide larger transmission bandwidth and higher transmission rate to meet the network requirements of small businesses.

5.4.3 Hot spots in public places

In public places, such as airports, cafes, etc., providing high-quality wireless network services can attract more customers. IEEE 802.11n can provide a higher transmission rate and a larger coverage area, bringing better Internet experience to users in these places.

6. IEEE 802.11ac

6.1. Introduction

IEEE 802.11ac is a standard in wireless local area network (WLAN) technology, and it is one of the latest wireless communication standards in the IEEE 802.11 series. The standard was officially released in 2013, and its goal is to provide higher transmission rates, greater coverage and more stable connections for wireless data transmission between devices. IEEE 802.11ac works in the 5GHz frequency band and is a further improvement of the IEEE 802.11n standard, providing users with more powerful wireless network performance.

6.2. Technical details

6.2.1 Multi-user MIMO technology (MU-MIMO)

The IEEE 802.11ac standard employs Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), one of its most important innovations. MU-MIMO technology allows the wireless access point to communicate with multiple devices at the same time, instead of only one device like traditional MIMO technology. Through MU-MIMO technology, the wireless access point can provide high-speed data transmission for multiple devices in the same time period, thereby improving the throughput and efficiency of the network.

6.2.2 Higher transfer rate

The IEEE 802.11ac standard adopts a more advanced modulation technology, such as 256-QAM. Compared with the early IEEE 802.11a/n standard, more data can be transmitted in the same spectral bandwidth, thereby increasing the transmission rate. The highest supported transmission rate can reach 1.3 Gbps (gigabits per second), which is several times higher than the IEEE 802.11n standard.

6.2.3 Greater spectral bandwidth

The IEEE 802.11ac standard supports a larger spectrum bandwidth, up to 160 MHz. Larger spectrum bandwidth enables more data to be transmitted simultaneously, further improving the transmission rate and performance of the network.

6.2.4 Beamforming Technology

The IEEE 802.11ac standard introduces beamforming technology, which can enhance the strength and stability of the signal through directional transmission and reception of the signal, thereby improving the coverage and anti-interference ability of the network. Beamforming technology enables wireless networks to better adapt to complex wireless channel environments, providing more stable connections and better user experience.

6.3. Advantages and limitations

6.3.1 Advantages

Higher transmission rate: The IEEE 802.11ac standard supports a higher transmission rate, up to 1.3 Gbps, which meets the growing demand for wireless data transmission.
Multi-user MIMO technology: MU-MIMO technology enables wireless access points to provide high-speed data transmission for multiple devices at the same time, improving network throughput and efficiency.
Larger spectral bandwidth: Supporting larger spectral bandwidth enables more data to be transmitted at the same time, further improving the transmission rate and performance of the network.
Beamforming technology: Beamforming technology enhances the strength and stability of the signal, and improves the coverage and anti-interference ability of the network.

6.3.2 Limitations

High equipment cost: Due to the complex technology employed by IEEE 802.11ac, the high cost of equipment supporting the standard may limit its adoption in some markets.
The coverage of the 5GHz frequency band is small: Since it works in the 5GHz frequency band, the coverage of IEEE 802.11ac is relatively small, requiring more wireless access points to achieve full coverage.

6.4. Application scenarios

Due to the advantages and limitations of the IEEE 802.11ac standard, it has been widely used in today's wireless communication field.

6.4.1 Enterprise Network

In an enterprise network, it is necessary to provide high-speed and stable wireless network connections for a large number of users. The IEEE 802.11ac standard's high transmission rate, multi-user MIMO technology, and beamforming technology make it an ideal choice for enterprise network needs.

6.4.2 High Density Places

In high-density places, such as airports, convention centers, and stadiums, a large number of users need to connect to the wireless network at the same time. IEEE 802.11ac's MU-MIMO technology and larger spectrum bandwidth can provide better network performance and meet the network requirements of high-density places.

6.4.3 Multimedia streaming

For multimedia streaming applications that require high bandwidth, such as high-definition video playback and real-time games, the IEEE 802.11ac standard can provide higher transmission rates and more stable connections to ensure the smooth operation of streaming applications.

7. IEEE 802.11ax

7.1. Introduction

IEEE 802.11ax is a standard in wireless local area network (WLAN) technology, and it is one of the latest wireless communication standards in the IEEE 802.11 series. The standard was officially released in 2019, and its goal is to provide higher transmission rates, greater coverage, higher network capacity, and more stable connections for wireless data transmission between devices. IEEE 802.11ax operates in the 2.4GHz and 5GHz frequency bands and is a further improvement of the IEEE 802.11ac standard, bringing users more powerful wireless network performance.

7.2. Technical details

7.2.1 Multi-user MIMO technology (MU-MIMO)

The IEEE 802.11ax standard continues to incorporate Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), one of its most important innovations. MU-MIMO technology allows a wireless access point to communicate with multiple devices simultaneously and provide each device with a customized data stream, increasing the throughput and efficiency of the network. Compared with the IEEE 802.11ac standard, IEEE 802.11ax supports more MU-MIMO users, further improving the capacity of the network.

7.2.2 OFDMA technology

The IEEE 802.11ax standard introduces Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) technology, which is another important innovation. OFDMA technology divides the spectrum bandwidth into multiple small sub-carriers, and each sub-carrier can transmit different data streams, thus supporting simultaneous transmission of multiple data streams. In this way, IEEE 802.11ax can simultaneously provide data transmission for multiple devices in the same frequency band, greatly improving the capacity and efficiency of the network.

7.2.3 BSS color technology

The IEEE 802.11ax standard introduces Basic Service Set (BSS) color technology, which allows multiple overlapping BSS networks within the same frequency band. In this way, different BSS networks can share the same spectrum resource and perform data transmission at the same time, which reduces the waste of spectrum resources and improves network utilization.

7.2.4 TWT technology

The IEEE 802.11ax standard introduces Target Wake Time (TWT) technology, another of its innovations. TWT technology allows the device to negotiate a wake-up time with the wireless access point, and the device can go to sleep for a predetermined period of time, thereby saving energy and extending the battery life of the device.

7.3. Advantages and limitations

7.3.1 Advantages

Higher transmission rate: The IEEE 802.11ax standard supports a higher transmission rate, up to 9.6 Gbps, which is several times that of the IEEE 802.11ac standard, meeting the growing demand for wireless data transmission.
Larger network capacity: Adopting OFDMA technology and more MU-MIMO users, IEEE 802.11ax can support more devices to connect and transmit data at the same time, improving the capacity and efficiency of the network.
More stable connection: Through BSS color technology and TWT technology, IEEE 802.11ax can reduce channel competition and delay, provide more stable connection and better user experience.

7.3.2 Limitations

Device compatibility: Since IEEE 802.11ax is the latest wireless communication standard, there are relatively few devices supporting this standard, and compatibility with existing IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac devices requires special consideration.
The coverage of the 5GHz frequency band is small: Since it works in the 5GHz frequency band, the coverage of IEEE 802.11ax is relatively small, requiring more wireless access points to achieve full coverage.

7.4. Application scenarios

Due to the advantages and limitations of the IEEE 802.11ax standard, it has been widely used in today's wireless communication field.

7.4.1 High Density Sites

In high-density places, such as airports, convention centers, and stadiums, a large number of users need to connect to the wireless network at the same time. The OFDMA technology of IEEE 802.11ax and larger network capacity can provide better network performance and meet the network requirements of high-density places.

7.4.2 Enterprise Network

In an enterprise network, it is necessary to provide high-speed and stable wireless network connections for a large number of users. The high transfer rate and more stable connection of the IEEE 802.11ax standard make it an ideal choice for enterprise network needs.

7.4.3 Multimedia application

For multimedia applications that require high bandwidth, such as high-definition video playback, virtual reality and online games, the IEEE 802.11ax standard can provide higher transmission rates and more stable connections to ensure smooth operation of multimedia applications.

8. Comparison of IEEE 802.11 Standards

standard	Release year	frequency band	Maximum transfer rate	MIMO technology	Spectrum bandwidth	main innovation
IEEE 802.11a	Year 1999	5GHz	54 Mbps	not support	20 MHz	OFDM modulation technology
IEEE 802.11b	Year 1999	2.4GHz	11 Mbps	not support	20 MHz	DSSS Modulation Technology
IEEE 802.11g	Year 2003	2.4GHz	54 Mbps	not support	20 MHz	Backward compatible with IEEE 802.11b standard, using OFDM modulation technology
IEEE 802.11n	Year 2009	2.4GHz and 5GHz	600 Mbps	Support MU-MIMO	20/40 MHz	Support MIMO technology, channel bonding technology, modulation technology improvement
IEEE 802.11ac	year 2013	5GHz	6.9 Gbps	Support MU-MIMO	20/40/80/160 MHz	Beamforming technology, more advanced modulation technology
IEEE 802.11ax	2019	2.4GHz and 5GHz	9.6 Gbps	Support MU-MIMO	20/40/80/160 MHz	OFDMA technology, BSS color technology, TWT technology

Nine. Summary

The evolution of the IEEE 802.11 standard is part of the development of wireless LAN technology, which has achieved great success in the past few decades. From the earliest version of IEEE 802.11 to today's IEEE 802.11ax standard, we have witnessed rapid progress in the field of wireless communication. Each new version brings higher transmission rate, larger network capacity and more stable connection to WLAN, providing users with a better network experience.

However, the development of wireless LAN technology does not stop there. With the continuous development of emerging technologies such as 5G technology, the Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence, wireless communications are facing new challenges and opportunities. The future IEEE 802.11 standard will continue to explore new technologies, expand broader application scenarios, and bring more convenience and possibilities to our lives.

In this rapidly changing digital age, we look forward to the continuous evolution of the IEEE 802.11 standard and a more exciting future for wireless LAN technology. Let us look forward to witnessing the future development of the wireless communication field together!