Git Detailed Explanation and Command Encyclopedia

Git is an open source distributed version control system that can efficiently handle version management for small to very large projects. Git was originally created by Linus Torvalds and officially released in 2005. The main advantages of Git include easy to learn, fast speed, small footprint, flexible branch management, simple merge conflict resolution, etc. This tutorial will explain in detail the basic concepts, commands and usage methods of Git, as well as the best practices of version branch management.

1. The basic concept of Git

1. Repository: A Git repository is a Git-managed code repository that can contain one or more projects. Each warehouse has a unique name and address, which can be used to distinguish different warehouses.
2. Commit: A Git commit is the act of packaging code changes into logical units. Each commit generates a unique commit number and adds it to the repository.
3. Branch: A Git branch is a copy of the code base that can be modified and merged independently. Branches can be used to create new features, fix bugs, or make experimental changes.
4. Merge (Merge): Git merge is the operation of merging the changes of two or more branches into one branch. Merge can be used to merge feature branches into master, or merge master into other branches.
5. Conflict: Git conflict is a situation that occurs when merging branches, indicating that two branches have modified the same code file, and the modified content is different. Conflicts need to be resolved manually before the merge can continue.
6. Undo: Git undo is the operation of canceling the code changes that have been submitted. Undo can be used to correct errors in a commit or to restore a previous state of the code.

2. Installation and use of Git

1. Install Git: Git runs on a variety of operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux. You can download the Git installation package suitable for your operating system from the official Git website ( https://git-scm.com/downloads ), and then follow the installation wizard to install it.
2. Configure Git: After installing Git, you need to configure some basic parameters of Git. These parameters include username, email, editor, etc. You can configure Git parameters by creating a .gitconfigfile called , located in your user directory.
3. Initialize a Git repository: After installing and configuring Git, you need to initialize a Git repository. You can use git initthe command to create a new Git repository. This command will create a hidden directory named git in the current directory .gitto store Git metadata.
4. Adding code to the Git repository: You can use git addcommands to add code to the staging area of ​​the Git repository. Then, use git committhe command to submit the code in the temporary storage area to the Git repository.
5. Push the code to the remote warehouse: After you submit the code, you can use git pushthe command to push the code to the remote warehouse. This will update the code from the local Git repository to the remote repository.

3. Git version branch management

1. Create a branch: You can use git branchthe command to create a new branch. For example, you can create a feature/xxxbranch named , which stores a new feature.
2. Switch Branch: You can use git checkoutthe command to switch to a specified branch. For example, you can use git checkout feature/xxxthe command to switch to feature/xxxa branch named .
3. Merge branch: When you finish the development of a new function, you can use git mergethe command to merge the branch of this function into the main branch (Master). For example, you can use git merge feature/xxxthe command to feature/xxxmerge a branch named into the master branch.
4. Delete branch: When you no longer need a branch, you can use git branchthe command to delete the branch. For example, you can use git branch -d feature/xxxthe command to delete feature/xxxa branch named .

4. Git Command Encyclopedia

1. Common commands

1. Initialize Repository:

git init  

This command is used to create a new Git repository. After executing this command, the system will generate a .gitdirectory, which contains the metadata and version library of the warehouse.
2. Add files to the temporary storage area (Add File to Index):

git add <file>  

This command is used to add the specified file to the temporary storage area. The staging area is an intermediate state in a Git repository that stores code changes that are about to be committed.
3. Commit changes to the staging area (Commit Changes to Index):

git commit -m "commit message"  

This command is used to submit the code changes in the staging area to the repository. -mThe parameter specifies the submission information, which is used to describe the content of this submission.
4. Create a new branch (Create New Branch):

git branch <branch-name>  

This command is used to create a new branch. <branch-name>The parameter specifies the name of the new branch.
5. Switch to the specified branch (Checkout Specific Branch):

git checkout <branch-name>  

This command is used to switch the current branch to the specified branch. <branch-name>The parameter specifies the branch name to switch to.
6. Merge Specific Branch (Merge Specific Branch):

git merge <branch-name>  

This command is used to merge the specified branch into the current branch. <branch-name>The parameter specifies the branch name to merge.
7. Resolve Conflicts:

git resolve <conflict-file>  

This command is used to resolve conflicts. <conflict-file>The parameter specifies the filename where the conflict occurred. Once the conflicts are resolved, git merge --continuethe merge operation can be continued using the command.
8. Undo Commit:

git reset --no-hard <commit-id>  

This command is used to undo the code changes of the specified commit. <commit-id>The parameter specifies the commit number to undo. Using this command will keep the submitted submission information, but the code status will be restored to the status before submission.
9. Delete Branch (Delete Branch):

git branch -d <branch-name>  

This command is used to delete the specified branch. <branch-name>The parameter specifies the branch name to delete.
10. View the warehouse status (View Repository Status):

git status  

This command is used to view the current status of the warehouse, including files in the temporary storage area, unmerged branches, commit history, and other information.
11. View the historical version of the specified file (View History of Specific File):

git log -- <file>  

This command is used to view the historical version of the specified file. <file>The parameter specifies the filename of the historical version to view.
12. View Branch History:

git log --oneline --graph --decorate --all <branch-name>  

This command is used to view the history of the specified branch. <branch-name>The parameter specifies the branch name to look at. This command displays the branch's merge history, commit information, and the parent commit number for each commit.

2. Command Encyclopedia

1. Create a new Git repository:git init
2. Configure Git parameters:git config
3. Initialize the Git repository:git init
4. Add the code to the Git repository:git add
5. Submit the code to the Git repository:git commit
6. Push the code to the remote warehouse:git push
7. Create a new branch:git branch
8. Switch to the specified branch:git checkout
9. Merge the specified branch:git merge
10. Delete the specified branch:git branch -d
11. View the status of the Git repository:git status
12. View the historical version of the specified file:git log -- <file>
13. Undo the last commit:git reset --hard HEAD~1
14. Display version information for a Git repository:git version
15. Display information about the current branch:git branch
16. Display information about remote warehouses:git remote
17. Display the merge base for the specified branch:git merge-base
18. Show the ancestors of the specified branch:git ancestry
19. Switch to the previous branch:git checkout --switch-to
20. Switch to the next branch:git checkout --next-branch
21. Show unmerged commits for the current branch:git log --oneline
22. Show merge commits for the current branch:git log --graph
23. Show code diffs for the current branch:git diff
24. Display the differences between the current branch and the remote repository:git fetch
25. Merge local branch with remote branch:git pull
26. Push the local branch to the remote repository:git push
27. Create a new tab:git tag
28. To delete a tag:git tag -d
29. View label information:git tag -l
30. Check the syntax of the code:git lint
31. Compile the code:git compile
32. Submit the compiled code:git commit
33. Deployment code:git deploy
34. View the deployment log:git log --deploy
35. Create a new wiki page:git wiki
36. Check out the wiki page:git wiki -l
37. To edit a wiki page:git wiki edit <page>
38. Save the wiki page:git wiki save <page>
39. To delete a wiki page:git wiki delete <page>
40. View license information for a Git repository:git license
41. Modify the license information of the Git repository:git license update
42. Check the integrity of the Git repository:git verify
43. Fix errors in the Git repository:git repair
44. Optimize the performance of Git repositories:git gc
45. View the garbage collection status of a Git repository:git prune
46. Clean up the garbage in the Git repository:git clean
47. View the network status of the Git repository:git network
48. Configure the Git proxy:git proxy
49. View the user information of the Git repository:git user
50. Modify the user information of the Git warehouse: git user update
    the above are some common commands and functions of Git. Through learning and practice, you can gradually master the use of Git and enjoy the convenience and benefits brought by Git.

Five, the best practice of version branch management

1. Master Branch: The master branch is the main branch of the code base, usually named masteror main. This branch should maintain a stable code state and contain only tested and verified code changes.
2. Development Branch (Development Branch): The development branch is the branch where developers modify and test the code. This branch should be updated frequently so that developers can share code and collaborate.
3. Feature Branch: A feature branch is a branch used to develop new features or fix bugs. This branch should be forked from master and merged back into master when done.
4. Hotfix Branch: A hotfix branch is a branch used to urgently fix a released version. This branch should be forked from the master branch and merged back into the master and develop branches after fixing issues.
5. Release Branch: A release branch is a branch used to prepare a new version for release. This branch should be forked from master and merged back into master and develop after a release.
6. Branch naming convention: Branch naming should follow a clear naming convention so that others can easily understand the purpose and content of the branch. Usually, the branch name should contain information such as feature name, version number, etc.
7. Branch merge strategy: When merging branches, a correct merge strategy should be adopted to ensure the stability and maintainability of the code base. Typically, consolidation strategies include the following:

• Merging feature branches: After a feature branch is complete, it should be merged back into the master and development branches. When merging, you should use git mergethe command and resolve possible conflicts.
• Merge the fix branch: After the fix branch is done, it should be merged back into the master and develop branches. When merging, you should use git mergethe command and resolve possible conflicts.
• Merge release branch: After the release branch is done, it should be merged back into master and development branches. When merging, you should use git mergethe command and resolve possible conflicts.

8. Branch management tools: Using branch management tools can help development teams better manage branches. For example, using Git hosting services such as GitLab, GitHub, etc. makes it easy to create, merge, and manage branches.

6. Git practice

The following is a simple Git practice that can help you better understand the basic concepts and operations of Git:

1. Initialize repository: Create a new Git repository and add a README.mdfile named .

git init  
touch README.md  

2. Add files to the temporary storage area: Add README.mdfiles to the temporary storage area.

git add README.md  

3. Commit Changes: Commits the changes in the staging area.

git commit -m "Add README.md file"  

4. Create new branch: Create a feature/add-new-functionalitynew branch named .

git checkout -b feature/add-new-functionality  

5. Add new file: Add a file called in the new branch new-functionality.md.

touch new-functionality.md  

6. Commit Changes: Commits the changes in the new branch.

git commit -m "Add new functionality to the project"  

7. Merge Branch: Merge the new branch back into the master branch.

git checkout master  
git merge feature/add-new-functionality  

8. Resolving Conflicts: If conflicts arise during merging, use git resolvethe command to resolve conflicts.

git resolve new-functionality.md  

9. Commit Merged Code: Commits the merged code.

git commit -m "Merge feature branch"  

10. Publish code: publish the merged code to the remote warehouse.

git push origin master  

The above is a simple Git practice, which can help you better understand the basic concepts and operation methods of Git. In the actual development process, you may need to adjust the branching strategy, merging strategy, etc. according to the specific situation to meet the needs of the project.

Seven, advanced features

1. Configure the Git warehouse
   In Git, you can configure the Git warehouse to perform advanced settings on the warehouse. When configuring a Git repository, you need to specify the basic information and access rights of the repository. Basic information includes warehouse name, description, URL, etc. Access permissions include read and write permissions, branch protection, etc. By configuring the Git warehouse, the code security and integrity in the warehouse can be effectively protected.
2. Manage Git users
   In Git, you can manage Git users to perform advanced settings for users in the repository. When managing Git users, you need to specify the user's basic information and access rights. Basic information includes user name, email address, password, etc. Access permissions include read and write permissions, branch protection, etc. By managing Git users, you can effectively control the access rights and security of the code in the repository.
3. Create Git hooks
   In Git, you can perform advanced operations on the warehouse by creating Git hooks. Git hooks are scripts that perform specific tasks in a Git repository, and can be applied to multiple scenarios, such as submitting code, updating indexes, deleting branches, and more. By creating Git hooks, you can customize the operation process of the Git repository to improve the flexibility and controllability of code management.
4. Manage Git tags
   In Git, you can perform advanced operations on the code in the repository by managing Git tags. Git tags are a way of marking a specific version in a Git repository, which can be used to record version updates, feature releases, and more. By managing Git tags, you can easily track code version changes and updates, improving the efficiency and reliability of code management.
5. Using the Git warehouse management tool
   In Git, you can perform advanced operations on the warehouse by using the Git warehouse management tool. A Git repository management tool is a tool that performs specific tasks in a Git repository and can be applied in multiple scenarios, such as code merging, branch management, code review, etc. By using the Git warehouse management tool, the efficiency and reliability of code management can be improved, and errors and risks of manual operations can be reduced.

Eight, the future development of Git

With the growing demand for software development and version control, Git, as an open source distributed version control system, has a broad space for development in the future. Here are some trends and directions for Git's future development:

1. Feature Expansion: Git will continue to expand its functionality to meet the growing needs of developers. For example, Git could add support for more programming languages ​​and development environments, providing more plugins and extensions for broader code management capabilities.
2. Performance optimization: Git will continue to optimize its performance to improve the efficiency and speed of code management. For example, Git can improve the performance of code management by improving indexing and search efficiency, optimizing network communication protocols, and so on.
3. Security enhancements: Git will continue to strengthen its security to protect developers' code and privacy. For example, Git can add support for code encryption and authentication, providing a more secure code management environment.
   4. Ease of use improvement: Git will pay more attention to user experience and improve its usability in the future. This may include providing a more friendly interface, simplifying the operation process, providing better documentation and tutorials, etc., to reduce learning costs and difficulty of use, so that more developers are willing to adopt Git.
4. Cloud-native support: With the development of cloud-native technology, Git will further expand its support for cloud-native environments, such as containerization and microservices. This may include the integration of technologies such as Kubernetes and Docker for easier code management and deployment in cloud-native environments.
5. Cross-platform compatibility: Git will continue to improve cross-platform compatibility so that developers can use Git on various operating systems and devices to achieve code management convenience and consistency.
6. Machine learning application: With the development of machine learning technology, Git may introduce machine learning algorithms to achieve smarter code management and recommendations. For example, Git can automatically recommend appropriate code templates, plugins, or extensions based on the developer's code habits and historical operations.
7. Open ecosystem: Git will continue to promote the construction of an open ecosystem and encourage more developers to participate in the development and promotion of Git. This may include hosting developer community events, providing grants for open source projects, etc. to help the Git ecosystem thrive and grow.
   In summary, Git will continue to evolve in the future and introduce more new features and tools to meet the needs of developers. At the same time, Git will pay more attention to user experience and security in order to better serve developers.