The blockchain technology architecture is shown in the figure, includingCore Technology Components、core application componentsandsupporting facilities3 parts. Among them, the core technology components include communication layer , storage layer , security mechanism layer and consensus mechanism layer .
1) Core technology components
① Communication: Blockchain usually uses peer-to-peer (P2P) technology to organize various network nodes, and each node implements functions such as routing, new node identification and data dissemination through multicast.
② Storage: Blockchain data is stored in memory in a block chain data structure during runtime, and will eventually be persistently stored in the database. For larger files, it can also be stored in the file system outside the chain, and the abstract (digital fingerprint) is saved on the chain for self-certification.
③ Security mechanism: The blockchain system performs data encryption and privacy protection through a variety of cryptography principles. For public chains or other blockchain systems involving financial applications, high-strength and high-reliability security algorithms are the basic requirements, which need to reach the national secret level, and at the same time need to have certain advantages in terms of efficiency.
④ Consensus mechanism: The strategy and method for each node in the blockchain system to reach consensus should be flexibly selected according to different system types and application scenarios.
2) Core application components
The core application components provide functions specific to blockchain-specific application scenarios on top of the core technology components, allowing digital assets to be issued through programming, and smart contracts can also be written through supporting scripting languages for flexible operation Assets on the chain. The safe and stable operation of the blockchain system is maintained through the incentive mechanism. For alliance chains and proprietary chains, supporting member management functions are also required.
3) Supporting facilities
As a typical distributed system, the blockchain needs to have supporting development and testing tools and environments in the research and development stage. In the production stage, it is necessary to establish a corresponding operation and maintenance system and operation management functions. At the deployment level, the blockchain system can be deployed on a single server, and a single server can be added as a node in the blockchain network. It can also be deployed on multiple servers and join as a node in the blockchain network in units of server clusters. The latter can improve the stability and throughput of nodes, and is more suitable for those consensus mechanisms that have high requirements for node availability.
References: Mei Qiuli, Gong Zihong, Liu Shangyan, Wang Nina. Research on Security Mechanism of Blockchain Platform [J]. Information Security Research, 2020,6(01):25-36.