New features of MySQL8: window function (intensive lecture)

News 2023-07-11 19:59:33 views: null

New features of MySQL8: window function (intensive lecture)

foreword

This blogger will use CSDN to record the experience and knowledge he has personally gained and learned on the way to study software development. Interested friends can pay attention to the blogger!
Perhaps a person can go fast alone, but a group of people can go farther!

1. Introduction

1. Example

Suppose I now have such a data table, which shows the sales of a shopping website in each district of each city:

CREATE TABLE sales(
	id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
	city VARCHAR(15),
	county VARCHAR(15),
	sales_value DECIMAL
);

INSERT INTO sales(city,county,sales_value)
VALUES
('北京','海淀',10.00),
('北京','朝阳',20.00),
('上海','黄埔',30.00),
('上海','长宁',10.00);

Inquire:

mysql> SELECT * FROM sales;
+----+------+--------+-------------+
| id | city | county | sales_value |
+----+------+--------+-------------+
|  1 | 北京 | 海淀    |          10 |
|  2 | 北京 | 朝阳    |          20 |
|  3 | 上海 | 黄埔    |          30 |
|  4 | 上海 | 长宁    |          10 |
+----+------+--------+-------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Demand: Now calculate the total sales of this website in each city, the total sales in the country, the ratio of sales in each district to the sales in the city, and the ratio to the total sales.

2. Use grouping and aggregation functions to solve

If you use grouping and aggregation functions, you need to calculate in several steps.

The first step is to calculate the total sales amount and store it in temporary table a:

CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE a       -- 创建临时表
SELECT SUM(sales_value) AS sales_value -- 计算总计金额
FROM sales;

Take a look at the temporary table a:

mysql> SELECT * FROM a;
+-------------+
| sales_value |
+-------------+
|          70 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

In the second step, calculate the total sales of each city and store it in the temporary table b:

CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE b    -- 创建临时表
SELECT city,SUM(sales_value) AS sales_value  -- 计算城市销售合计
FROM sales
GROUP BY city;

View temporary table b:

mysql> SELECT * FROM b;
+------+-------------+
| city | sales_value |
+------+-------------+
| 北京 |          30 |
| 上海 |          40 |
+------+-------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

The third step is to calculate the proportion of the sales of each district to the total amount of the city where it is located, and the proportion to the total amount of all sales. We can obtain the required results through the following join query:

mysql> SELECT s.city AS 城市,s.county AS 区,s.sales_value AS 区销售额,
    -> b.sales_value AS 市销售额,s.sales_value/b.sales_value AS 市比率,
    -> a.sales_value AS 总销售额,s.sales_value/a.sales_value AS 总比率
    -> FROM sales s
    -> JOIN b ON (s.city=b.city) -- 连接市统计结果临时表
    -> JOIN a                   -- 连接总计金额临时表
    -> ORDER BY s.city,s.county;
+------+------+----------+----------+--------+----------+--------+
| 城市  | 区   | 区销售额  | 市销售额   | 市比率  | 总销售额  | 总比率  |
+------+------+----------+----------+--------+----------+--------+
| 上海  | 长宁 |       10 |       40 | 0.2500 |       70 | 0.1429 |
| 上海  | 黄埔 |       30 |       40 | 0.7500 |       70 | 0.4286 |
| 北京  | 朝阳 |       20 |       30 | 0.6667 |       70 | 0.2857 |
| 北京  | 海淀 |       10 |       30 | 0.3333 |       70 | 0.1429 |
+------+------+----------+----------+--------+----------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

The results show that: the city sales amount, city sales ratio, total sales amount, and total sales ratio have all been calculated.

3. Use window function to solve

The same query is much simpler if you use window functions. We can do this with the following code:

mysql> SELECT city AS 城市,county AS 区,sales_value AS 区销售额,
    -> SUM(sales_value) OVER(PARTITION BY city) AS 市销售额,  -- 计算市销售额
    -> sales_value/SUM(sales_value) OVER(PARTITION BY city) AS 市比率,
    -> SUM(sales_value) OVER() AS 总销售额,   -- 计算总销售额
    -> sales_value/SUM(sales_value) OVER() AS 总比率
    -> FROM sales
    -> ORDER BY city,county;
+------+------+----------+----------+--------+----------+--------+
| 城市  | 区   | 区销售额  | 市销售额   | 市比率  | 总销售额  | 总比率  |
+------+------+----------+----------+--------+----------+--------+
| 上海  | 长宁 |       10 |       40  | 0.2500 |       70 | 0.1429 |
| 上海  | 黄埔 |       30 |       40  | 0.7500 |       70 | 0.4286 |
| 北京  | 朝阳 |       20 |       30  | 0.6667 |       70 | 0.2857 |
| 北京  | 海淀 |       10 |       30  | 0.3333 |       70 | 0.1429 |
+------+------+----------+-----------+--------+----------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

The results show that we got the same result as the query above.
Using window functions, the query is completed in one step. Moreover, since no temporary table is used, the execution efficiency is also higher. Obviously, it is better to use the window function in this scenario where the results of group statistics are needed to calculate each record.

2. Classification of window functions

MySQL supports window functions from version 8.0. The function of the window function is similar to grouping data in the query. The difference is that the grouping operation will aggregate the grouped results into one record, while the window function puts the result in each data record.

Window functions can be divided into static window functions and dynamic window functions.

  1. The window size of the static window function is fixed and will not vary from record to record;
  2. The window size of a dynamic window function varies from record to record.

The URL of the window function on the MySQL official website is: Click to jump .

Window functions can be generally divided into ordinal functions, distribution functions, front and rear functions, head and tail functions, and other functions, as shown in the following table:
insert image description here

3. Grammatical structure

The syntax structure of a window function is:

函数 OVER（[PARTITION BY 字段名 ORDER BY 字段名 ASC|DESC]）

or it could be:

函数 OVER 窗口名 … WINDOW 窗口名 AS （[PARTITION BY 字段名 ORDER BY 字段名 ASC|DESC]）
  1. The OVER keyword specifies the extent of the function window.
    • If the content in the parentheses is omitted, the window will contain all records satisfying the WHERE condition, and the window function will be calculated based on all records satisfying the WHERE condition.
    • If the parentheses after the OVER keyword are not empty, the window can be set using the following syntax.
  2. Window name: Set an alias for the window to identify the window.
  3. PARTITION BYClause: Specifies which fields the window function is grouped by. After grouping, window functions can be executed separately in each group.
  4. ORDER BY clause: Specifies which fields the window function is sorted by. Performing a sort operation causes the window function to number in the order of the sorted data records.
  5. FRAME clause: Define rules for a certain subset in the partition, which can be used as a sliding window.

4. Classification Explanation

Create table:

CREATE TABLE goods(
id INT PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
category_id INT,
category VARCHAR(15),
NAME VARCHAR(30),
price DECIMAL(10,2),
stock INT,
upper_time DATETIME

);

adding data:

INSERT INTO goods(category_id,category,NAME,price,stock,upper_time)
VALUES
(1, '女装/女士精品', 'T恤', 39.90, 1000, '2020-11-10 00:00:00'),
(1, '女装/女士精品', '连衣裙', 79.90, 2500, '2020-11-10 00:00:00'),
(1, '女装/女士精品', '卫衣', 89.90, 1500, '2020-11-10 00:00:00'),
(1, '女装/女士精品', '牛仔裤', 89.90, 3500, '2020-11-10 00:00:00'),
(1, '女装/女士精品', '百褶裙', 29.90, 500, '2020-11-10 00:00:00'),
(1, '女装/女士精品', '呢绒外套', 399.90, 1200, '2020-11-10 00:00:00'),
(2, '户外运动', '自行车', 399.90, 1000, '2020-11-10 00:00:00'),
(2, '户外运动', '山地自行车', 1399.90, 2500, '2020-11-10 00:00:00'),
(2, '户外运动', '登山杖', 59.90, 1500, '2020-11-10 00:00:00'),
(2, '户外运动', '骑行装备', 399.90, 3500, '2020-11-10 00:00:00'),
(2, '户外运动', '运动外套', 799.90, 500, '2020-11-10 00:00:00'),
(2, '户外运动', '滑板', 499.90, 1200, '2020-11-10 00:00:00');

Next, verify the function of each window function against the data in the goods table.

1. Serial number function

1.1 ROW_NUMBER() function

The ROW_NUMBER() function can sequentially display the serial numbers in the data.

Example: Query the information of each product in descending order of price under each product category in the goods data table.

mysql> SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY category_id ORDER BY price DESC) AS row_num,
    -> id, category_id, category, NAME, price, stock
    -> FROM goods;
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+
| row_num | id | category_id | category      | NAME       | price   | stock |
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+
|       1 |  6 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 呢绒外套    |  399.90 |  1200 |
|       2 |  3 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 卫衣        |   89.90 |  1500 |
|       3 |  4 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 牛仔裤      |   89.90 |  3500 |
|       4 |  2 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 连衣裙      |   79.90 |  2500 |
|       5 |  1 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | T恤        |   39.90 |  1000 |
|       6 |  5 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 百褶裙      |   29.90 |   500 |
|       1 |  8 |           2 | 户外运动       | 山地自行车   | 1399.90 |  2500 |
|       2 | 11 |           2 | 户外运动       | 运动外套     |  799.90 |   500 |
|       3 | 12 |           2 | 户外运动       | 滑板        |  499.90 |  1200 |
|       4 |  7 |           2 | 户外运动       | 自行车      |  399.90 |  1000 |
|       5 | 10 |           2 | 户外运动       | 骑行装备    |  399.90 |  3500 |
|       6 |  9 |           2 | 户外运动       | 登山杖      |   59.90 |  1500 |
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Example: Query the information of the 3 products with the highest prices under each product category in the goods data table.

mysql> SELECT *
    -> FROM (
    ->  SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER(PARTITION BY category_id ORDER BY price DESC) AS row_num,
    ->  id, category_id, category, NAME, price, stock
    ->  FROM goods) t
    -> WHERE row_num <= 3;
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+
| row_num | id | category_id | category      | NAME       | price   | stock |
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+
|       1 |  6 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 呢绒外套    |  399.90  |  1200 |
|       2 |  3 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 卫衣        |   89.90 |  1500 |
|       3 |  4 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 牛仔裤      |   89.90  |  3500 |
|       1 |  8 |           2 | 户外运动       | 山地自行车   | 1399.90  |  2500 |
|       2 | 11 |           2 | 户外运动       | 运动外套     |  799.90  |   500 |
|       3 | 12 |           2 | 户外运动       | 滑板        |  499.90  |  1200 |
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+------------+----------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

In the product category named "Women's Clothing/Ladies Boutique", there are two products with a price of 89.90 yuan, namely a sweater and jeans. Both items should have a serial number of 2, not one with 2 and the other with 3. At this point, you can use the RANK() function and the DENSE_RANK() function to solve it.

1.2 RANK() function

Use the RANK() function to sort the serial numbers in parallel, and skip repeated serial numbers, such as serial numbers 1, 1, and 3.

Example: Use the RANK() function to obtain the commodity information sorted by price from high to low in each category in the goods data table.

mysql> SELECT RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY category_id ORDER BY price DESC) AS row_num,
    -> id, category_id, category, NAME, price, stock
    -> FROM goods;
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+
| row_num | id | category_id | category      | NAME       | price   | stock |
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+
|       1 |  6 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 呢绒外套    |  399.90 |  1200 |
|       2 |  3 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 卫衣        |   89.90 |  1500 |
|       2 |  4 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 牛仔裤      |   89.90 |  3500 |
|       4 |  2 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 连衣裙      |   79.90 |  2500 |
|       5 |  1 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | T恤         |   39.90 |  1000 |
|       6 |  5 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 百褶裙      |   29.90 |   500 |
|       1 |  8 |           2 | 户外运动       | 山地自行车   | 1399.90 |  2500 |
|       2 | 11 |           2 | 户外运动       | 运动外套     |  799.90 |   500 |
|       3 | 12 |           2 | 户外运动       | 滑板        |  499.90 |  1200 |
|       4 |  7 |           2 | 户外运动       | 自行车      |  399.90 |  1000 |
|       4 | 10 |           2 | 户外运动       | 骑行装备    |  399.90 |  3500 |
|       6 |  9 |           2 | 户外运动       | 登山杖      |   59.90 |  1500 |
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Example: Use the RANK() function to obtain information about the 4 highest priced products in the goods data table whose category is "women's clothing/ladies' boutique".

mysql> SELECT *
    -> FROM(
    ->  SELECT RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY category_id ORDER BY price DESC) AS row_num,
    ->  id, category_id, category, NAME, price, stock
    ->  FROM goods) t
    -> WHERE category_id = 1 AND row_num <= 4;
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+----------+--------+-------+
| row_num | id | category_id | category      | NAME     | price  | stock |
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+----------+--------+-------+
|       1 |  6 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 呢绒外套  | 399.90 |  1200 |
|       2 |  3 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 卫衣      |  89.90 |  1500 |
|       2 |  4 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 牛仔裤    |  89.90 |  3500 |
|       4 |  2 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 连衣裙    |  79.90 |  2500 |
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+----------+--------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

It can be seen that the serial numbers obtained by using the RANK() function are 1, 2, 2, and 4. The serial numbers of the products with the same price are the same, and the subsequent product serial numbers are discontinuous, and the repeated serial numbers are skipped.

1.3 DENSE_RANK() function

The DENSE_RANK() function sorts the serial numbers in parallel, and does not skip repeated serial numbers, such as serial numbers 1, 1, and 2.

Example: Use the DENSE_RANK() function to obtain the commodity information sorted from high to low by price in each category in the goods data table.

mysql> SELECT DENSE_RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY category_id ORDER BY price DESC) AS row_num,
    -> id, category_id, category, NAME, price, stock
    -> FROM goods;
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+
| row_num | id | category_id | category      | NAME       | price   | stock |
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+
|       1 |  6 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 呢绒外套    |  399.90 |  1200 |
|       2 |  3 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 卫衣        |   89.90 |  1500 |
|       2 |  4 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 牛仔裤      |   89.90 |  3500 |
|       3 |  2 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 连衣裙      |   79.90 |  2500 |
|       4 |  1 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | T恤        |   39.90 |  1000 |
|       5 |  5 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 百褶裙      |   29.90 |   500 |
|       1 |  8 |           2 | 户外运动       | 山地自行车   | 1399.90 |  2500 |
|       2 | 11 |           2 | 户外运动       | 运动外套     |  799.90 |   500 |
|       3 | 12 |           2 | 户外运动       | 滑板        |  499.90 |  1200 |
|       4 |  7 |           2 | 户外运动       | 自行车       |  399.90 |  1000 |
|       4 | 10 |           2 | 户外运动       | 骑行装备     |  399.90 |  3500 |
|       5 |  9 |           2 | 户外运动       | 登山杖       |   59.90 |  1500 |
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

Example: Use the DENSE_RANK() function to obtain the information of the 4 highest priced products in the category "Women's Clothing/Ladies Boutique" in the goods data table.

mysql> SELECT *
    -> FROM(
    ->  SELECT DENSE_RANK() OVER(PARTITION BY category_id ORDER BY price DESC) AS row_num,
    ->  id, category_id, category, NAME, price, stock
    ->  FROM goods) t
    -> WHERE category_id = 1 AND row_num <= 3;
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+----------+--------+-------+
| row_num | id | category_id | category      | NAME     | price  | stock |
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+----------+--------+-------+
|       1 |  6 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 呢绒外套  | 399.90 |  1200 |
|       2 |  3 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 卫衣     |  89.90  |  1500 |
|       2 |  4 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 牛仔裤    |  89.90 |  3500 |
|       3 |  2 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 连衣裙    |  79.90 |  2500 |
+---------+----+-------------+---------------+----------+--------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

It can be seen that the row numbers obtained by using the DENSE_RANK() function are 1, 2, 2, and 3, and the product serial numbers of the same price are the same, and the subsequent product serial numbers are continuous, and repeated serial numbers are not skipped.

2. Distribution function

2.1 PERCENT_RANK() function

The PERCENT_RANK() function is a rank value percentage function. Calculate as follows.

 (rank - 1) / (rows - 1)

Among them, the value of rank is the serial number generated by using the RANK() function, and the value of rows is the total number of records in the current window.
Example: Calculate the PERCENT_RANK value of the products under the category named "Ladies' Clothing/Ladies' Boutique" in the goods data table.

#写法一：
SELECT RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY category_id ORDER BY price DESC) AS r,
PERCENT_RANK() OVER (PARTITION BY category_id ORDER BY price DESC) AS pr,
id, category_id, category, NAME, price, stock
FROM goods
WHERE category_id = 1;

#写法二：
mysql> SELECT RANK() OVER w AS r,
    -> PERCENT_RANK() OVER w AS pr,
    -> id, category_id, category, NAME, price, stock
    -> FROM goods
    -> WHERE category_id = 1 WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY category_id ORDER BY price DESC);
+---+-----+----+-------------+---------------+----------+--------+-------+
| r | pr  | id | category_id | category      | NAME     | price  | stock |
+---+-----+----+-------------+---------------+----------+--------+-------+
| 1 |   0 |  6 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 呢绒外套  | 399.90 |  1200 |
| 2 | 0.2 |  3 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 卫衣     |  89.90 |  1500 |
| 2 | 0.2 |  4 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 牛仔裤   |  89.90 |  3500  |
| 4 | 0.6 |  2 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 连衣裙   |  79.90 |  2500  |
| 5 | 0.8 |  1 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | T恤      |  39.90 |  1000 |
| 6 |   1 |  5 |           1 | 女装/女士精品   | 百褶裙   |  29.90  |   500 |
+---+-----+----+-------------+---------------+----------+--------+-------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.2 CUME_DIST() function

The CUME_DIST() function is mainly used to query the proportion less than or equal to a certain value.

Example: Query the proportion in the goods data table that is less than or equal to the current price.

mysql> SELECT CUME_DIST() OVER(PARTITION BY category_id ORDER BY price ASC) AS cd,
    -> id, category, NAME, price
    -> FROM goods;
+---------------------+----+---------------+------------+---------+
| cd                  | id | category      | NAME       | price   |
+---------------------+----+---------------+------------+---------+
| 0.16666666666666666 |  5 | 女装/女士精品   | 百褶裙      |   29.90 |
|  0.3333333333333333 |  1 | 女装/女士精品   | T恤        |   39.90 |
|                 0.5 |  2 | 女装/女士精品   | 连衣裙      |   79.90 |
|  0.8333333333333334 |  3 | 女装/女士精品   | 卫衣        |   89.90 |
|  0.8333333333333334 |  4 | 女装/女士精品   | 牛仔裤      |   89.90 |
|                   1 |  6 | 女装/女士精品   | 呢绒外套    |  399.90 |
| 0.16666666666666666 |  9 | 户外运动       | 登山杖      |   59.90 |
|                 0.5 |  7 | 户外运动       | 自行车      |  399.90 |
|                 0.5 | 10 | 户外运动       | 骑行装备     |  399.90 |
|  0.6666666666666666 | 12 | 户外运动       | 滑板        |  499.90 |
|  0.8333333333333334 | 11 | 户外运动       | 运动外套    |  799.90 |
|                   1 |  8 | 户外运动       | 山地自行车   | 1399.90 |
+---------------------+----+---------------+------------+---------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3. Front and back functions

3.1 LAG(expr,n) function

The LAG(expr,n) function returns the value of expr in the first n rows of the current row.

Example: Query the difference between the previous commodity price and the current commodity price in the goods data table.

mysql> SELECT id, category, NAME, price, pre_price, price - pre_price AS diff_price
    -> FROM (
    ->  SELECT  id, category, NAME, price,LAG(price,1) OVER w AS pre_price
    ->  FROM goods
    ->  WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY category_id ORDER BY price)) t;
+----+---------------+------------+---------+-----------+------------+
| id | category      | NAME       | price   | pre_price | diff_price |
+----+---------------+------------+---------+-----------+------------+
|  5 | 女装/女士精品   | 百褶裙      |   29.90 |      NULL |       NULL |
|  1 | 女装/女士精品   | T恤        |   39.90 |     29.90 |      10.00 |
|  2 | 女装/女士精品   | 连衣裙      |   79.90 |     39.90 |      40.00 |
|  3 | 女装/女士精品   | 卫衣       |   89.90 |     79.90 |      10.00 |
|  4 | 女装/女士精品   | 牛仔裤      |   89.90 |     89.90 |       0.00 |
|  6 | 女装/女士精品   | 呢绒外套    |  399.90 |     89.90 |     310.00 |
|  9 | 户外运动       | 登山杖      |   59.90 |      NULL |       NULL |
|  7 | 户外运动       | 自行车      |  399.90 |     59.90 |     340.00 |
| 10 | 户外运动       | 骑行装备    |  399.90 |    399.90 |       0.00 |
| 12 | 户外运动       | 滑板       |  499.90 |    399.90 |     100.00 |
| 11 | 户外运动       | 运动外套    |  799.90 |    499.90 |     300.00 |
|  8 | 户外运动       | 山地自行车  | 1399.90 |    799.90 |     600.00 |
+----+---------------+------------+---------+-----------+------------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

3.2 LEAD(expr,n) function

The LEAD(expr,n) function returns the value of expr in the next n rows of the current row.

Example: Query the difference between the last commodity price and the current commodity price in the goods data table.

mysql> SELECT id, category, NAME, behind_price, price,behind_price - price AS diff_price

    -> FROM(

    ->  SELECT id, category, NAME, price,LEAD(price, 1) OVER w AS behind_price

    ->  FROM goods WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY category_id ORDER BY price)) t;

+----+---------------+------------+--------------+---------+------------+

| id | category      | NAME       | behind_price | price   | diff_price |

+----+---------------+------------+--------------+---------+------------+

|  5 | 女装/女士精品   | 百褶裙      |        39.90 |   29.90 |      10.00 |

|  1 | 女装/女士精品   | T恤        |        79.90 |   39.90 |      40.00 |

|  2 | 女装/女士精品   | 连衣裙      |        89.90 |   79.90 |      10.00 |

|  3 | 女装/女士精品   | 卫衣        |        89.90 |   89.90 |       0.00 |

|  4 | 女装/女士精品   | 牛仔裤      |       399.90 |   89.90 |     310.00 |

|  6 | 女装/女士精品   | 呢绒外套     |         NULL |  399.90 |       NULL |

|  9 | 户外运动       | 登山杖       |       399.90 |   59.90 |     340.00 |

|  7 | 户外运动       | 自行车       |       399.90 |  399.90 |       0.00 |

| 10 | 户外运动       | 骑行装备     |       499.90 |  399.90 |     100.00 |

| 12 | 户外运动       | 滑板        |       799.90 |  499.90 |     300.00 |

| 11 | 户外运动       | 运动外套     |      1399.90 |  799.90 |     600.00 |

|  8 | 户外运动       | 山地自行车   |         NULL | 1399.90 |       NULL |

+----+---------------+------------+--------------+---------+------------+

12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4. Head and tail functions

4.1 FIRST_VALUE(expr) function

The FIRST_VALUE(expr) function returns the value of the first expr.

Example: Sort by price, query the price information of the first product.

mysql> SELECT id, category, NAME, price, stock,FIRST_VALUE(price) OVER w AS first_price
    -> FROM goods WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY category_id ORDER BY price);
+----+---------------+------------+---------+-------+-------------+
| id | category      | NAME       | price   | stock | first_price |
+----+---------------+------------+---------+-------+-------------+
|  5 | 女装/女士精品   | 百褶裙      |   29.90 |   500 |       29.90 |
|  1 | 女装/女士精品   | T恤        |   39.90 |  1000 |       29.90 |
|  2 | 女装/女士精品   | 连衣裙      |   79.90 |  2500 |       29.90 |
|  3 | 女装/女士精品   | 卫衣       |   89.90 |  1500 |       29.90 |
|  4 | 女装/女士精品   | 牛仔裤      |   89.90 |  3500 |       29.90 |
|  6 | 女装/女士精品   | 呢绒外套    |  399.90 |  1200 |       29.90 |
|  9 | 户外运动       | 登山杖      |   59.90 |  1500 |       59.90 |
|  7 | 户外运动       | 自行车      |  399.90 |  1000 |       59.90 |
| 10 | 户外运动       | 骑行装备    |  399.90 |  3500 |       59.90 |
| 12 | 户外运动       | 滑板       |  499.90 |  1200 |       59.90 |
| 11 | 户外运动       | 运动外套    |  799.90 |   500 |       59.90 |
|  8 | 户外运动       | 山地自行车  | 1399.90 |  2500 |       59.90 |
+----+---------------+------------+---------+-------+-------------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

4.2 LAST_VALUE(expr) function

The LAST_VALUE(expr) function returns the value of the last expr.

Example: Sort by price, query the price information of the last product.

mysql> SELECT id, category, NAME, price, stock,LAST_VALUE(price) OVER w AS last_price
    -> FROM goods WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY category_id ORDER BY price);
+----+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------------+
| id | category      | NAME       | price   | stock | last_price |
+----+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------------+
|  5 | 女装/女士精品   | 百褶裙     |   29.90 |   500 |      29.90 |
|  1 | 女装/女士精品   | T恤        |   39.90 |  1000 |      39.90 |
|  2 | 女装/女士精品   | 连衣裙     |   79.90 |  2500 |      79.90 |
|  3 | 女装/女士精品   | 卫衣       |   89.90 |  1500 |      89.90 |
|  4 | 女装/女士精品   | 牛仔裤     |   89.90 |  3500 |      89.90 |
|  6 | 女装/女士精品   | 呢绒外套   |  399.90 |  1200 |     399.90 |
|  9 | 户外运动       | 登山杖     |   59.90 |  1500 |      59.90 |
|  7 | 户外运动       | 自行车     |  399.90 |  1000 |     399.90 |
| 10 | 户外运动       | 骑行装备   |  399.90 |  3500 |     399.90 |
| 12 | 户外运动       | 滑板       |  499.90 |  1200 |     499.90 |
| 11 | 户外运动       | 运动外套   |  799.90 |   500 |     799.90 |
|  8 | 户外运动       | 山地自行车 | 1399.90 |  2500 |    1399.90 |
+----+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5. Other functions

5.1 NTH_VALUE(expr,n) function

The NTH_VALUE(expr,n) function returns the value of the nth expr.

Example: Query the price information ranked 2nd and 3rd in the goods data table.

mysql> SELECT id, category, NAME, price,NTH_VALUE(price,2) OVER w AS second_price,
    -> NTH_VALUE(price,3) OVER w AS third_price
    -> FROM goods WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY category_id ORDER BY price);
+----+---------------+------------+---------+--------------+-------------+
| id | category      | NAME       | price   | second_price | third_price |
+----+---------------+------------+---------+--------------+-------------+
|  5 | 女装/女士精品   | 百褶裙     |   29.90 |         NULL |        NULL |
|  1 | 女装/女士精品   | T恤        |   39.90 |        39.90 |        NULL |
|  2 | 女装/女士精品   | 连衣裙     |   79.90 |        39.90 |       79.90 |
|  3 | 女装/女士精品   | 卫衣       |   89.90 |        39.90 |       79.90 |
|  4 | 女装/女士精品   | 牛仔裤     |   89.90 |        39.90 |       79.90 |
|  6 | 女装/女士精品   | 呢绒外套   |  399.90 |        39.90 |       79.90 |
|  9 | 户外运动       | 登山杖     |   59.90 |         NULL |        NULL |
|  7 | 户外运动       | 自行车     |  399.90 |       399.90 |      399.90 |
| 10 | 户外运动       | 骑行装备   |  399.90 |       399.90 |      399.90 |
| 12 | 户外运动       | 滑板       |  499.90 |       399.90 |      399.90 |
| 11 | 户外运动       | 运动外套   |  799.90 |       399.90 |      399.90 |
|  8 | 户外运动       | 山地自行车 | 1399.90 |       399.90 |      399.90 |
+----+---------------+------------+---------+--------------+-------------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5.2 NTILE(n) function

The NTILE(n) function divides the ordered data in the partition into n buckets, and records the bucket numbers.

Example: Divide the commodities in the goods table into 3 groups according to their prices.

mysql> SELECT NTILE(3) OVER w AS nt,id, category, NAME, price
    -> FROM goods WINDOW w AS (PARTITION BY category_id ORDER BY price);
+----+----+---------------+------------+---------+
| nt | id | category      | NAME       | price   |
+----+----+---------------+------------+---------+
|  1 |  5 | 女装/女士精品 | 百褶裙     |   29.90 |
|  1 |  1 | 女装/女士精品 | T恤        |   39.90 |
|  2 |  2 | 女装/女士精品 | 连衣裙     |   79.90 |
|  2 |  3 | 女装/女士精品 | 卫衣       |   89.90 |
|  3 |  4 | 女装/女士精品 | 牛仔裤     |   89.90 |
|  3 |  6 | 女装/女士精品 | 呢绒外套   |  399.90 |
|  1 |  9 | 户外运动      | 登山杖     |   59.90 |
|  1 |  7 | 户外运动      | 自行车     |  399.90 |
|  2 | 10 | 户外运动      | 骑行装备   |  399.90 |
|  2 | 12 | 户外运动      | 滑板       |  499.90 |
|  3 | 11 | 户外运动      | 运动外套   |  799.90 |
|  3 |  8 | 户外运动      | 山地自行车 | 1399.90 |
+----+----+---------------+------------+---------+
12 rows in set (0.00 sec)

V. Summary

  1. The feature of the window function is that it can be grouped and sorted within the group. In addition, the window function will not reduce the number of rows in the original table due to grouping, which is very useful for us to perform statistics and sorting on the basis of the original table data.
  2. The essence of the window function is a special function introduced in the database query language, which is different from ordinary aggregate functions (such as SUM, AVG, etc.). Ordinary aggregate functions usually perform calculations on the entire data set, while window functions allow calculations to be performed within a specified window and associate the results of the calculation with each row.
  3. It should be noted that window functions were introduced in MySQL 8.0 and later, and not all versions of MySQL support window functions. Before using window functions, make sure that the version of MySQL you are using supports this function.

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