Article Directory
1 Introduction
Turtle drawing is very suitable to guide children to learn programming. Originally from the Logo programming language created in 1967 by Wally Feurzeig, Seymour Papert and Cynthia Solomon.
The turtle module provides basic components for drawing turtles in both object-oriented and procedural-oriented forms. Since it uses tkinter for its basic graphical interface, it requires a version of Python that supports Tk.
- (1) Object-oriented interface
Mainly use "2+2" classes:
All methods of TurtleScreen/Screen also have corresponding functions, which are part of the process-oriented interface.
All methods of RawTurtle/Turtle also have corresponding functions, i.e. as part of the procedure-oriented interface. - (2) Procedural interface
The procedural interface provides functions corresponding to the methods of the Screen and Turtle classes. The function name is the same as the corresponding method name. When the corresponding function of the method of the Screen class is called, a Screen object will be created automatically. An (anonymous) Turtle object is automatically created when the corresponding function of the method of the Turtle class is called.
If you need to have multiple turtles on the screen, you must use an object-oriented interface.
2. Interface description
2.1 Turtle action
2.1.1 Moving and drawing
| Order | illustrate |
|---|---|
| forward() 、 fd() | go ahead |
| backward() 、 bk() 、 back() | step back |
| right() 、 rt() | Turn right |
| left() 、 lt() | Turn left |
| goto() 、 setpos() 、 setposition() | go to/locate |
| setx() | set the x-coordinate |
| sets() | set the y coordinate |
| setheading()、 seth() | set orientation |
| home() | return to origin |
| circle() | draw a circle |
| dot() | draw dots |
| stamp() | seal |
| clearstamp() | clear stamp |
| clearstamps() | Clear multiple stamps |
| undo() | undo |
| speed() | speed |
2.1.2 Get the status of the turtle
| Order | illustrate |
|---|---|
| position() 、 pos() | Location |
| towards() | target direction |
| xcor() | x-coordinate |
| ycor() | y-coordinate |
| heading() | toward |
| distance() | distance |
2.2 Brush Control
2.2.1 Drawing Status
| Order | illustrate |
|---|---|
| pendown() 、pd() 、down() | brush drop |
| penup() 、 pu() 、 up() | brush raised |
| pensize() 、 width() | brush thickness |
| pen() | brush |
| isdown() | whether the brush falls |
2.2.2 Color Control
| Order | illustrate |
|---|---|
| color() | color |
| pencolor() | brush color |
| fillcolor() | fill color |
2.2.3 Padding
| Order | illustrate |
|---|---|
| filling() | Whether to fill |
| begin_fill() | start filling |
| end_fill() | end padding |
2.2.4 More drawing controls
| Order | illustrate |
|---|---|
| reset() | reset |
| clear() | empty |
| write() | write |
2.3 TurtleScreen/Screen Method
2.3.1 Window Control
| Order | illustrate |
|---|---|
| bgcolor() | background color |
| bgpic() | Background picture |
| clearscreen() | empty |
| resetscreen() | reset |
| screensize() | screen size |
| setworldcoordinates() | Set the world coordinate system |
2.3.2 Using screen events
| Order | illustrate |
|---|---|
| listen() monitor | |
| onkey() 、onkeyrelease() | When the keyboard is pressed and released |
| onkeypress() | when the keyboard is pressed |
| onclick() 、 onscreenclick() | when the screen is tapped |
| ontimer() | when the timing is reached |
| mainloop()、done() | main loop |
2.3.3 Screen proprietary methods
| Order | illustrate |
|---|---|
| bye() | quit |
| exitonclick() | exit when clicked |
| setup() | set up |
| title() | title |
3. Example test
3.1 Turtle star
from turtle import *
title('turtle绘图 - 爱看书的小沐')
color('red', 'yellow')
speed(10)
begin_fill()
while True:
forward(200)
left(170)
if abs(pos()) < 1:
break
end_fill()
done()
or
import turtle as t
# import time
t.color("red", "yellow")
t.speed(10)
t.begin_fill()
for _ in range(50):
t.forward(200)
t.left(170)
t.end_fill()
# time.sleep(1)
t.done()
3.2 Fractal Trees
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import turtle
toplevel = 8 # 一共递归8层
angle = 30
rangle = 15
def drawTree(length, level):
turtle.left(angle) # 绘制左枝
turtle.color("black")
turtle.forward(length)
if level == toplevel: # 叶子
turtle.color("pink")
turtle.circle(2, 360)
if level < toplevel: # 在左枝退回去之前递归
drawTree(length - 10, level + 1)
turtle.back(length)
turtle.right(angle + rangle) # 绘制右枝
turtle.color("black")
turtle.forward(length)
if level == toplevel: # 叶子
turtle.color("pink")
turtle.circle(2, 360)
if level < toplevel: # 在右枝退回去之前递归
drawTree(length - 10, level + 1)
turtle.color("black")
turtle.back(length)
turtle.left(rangle)
def writePoem():
turtle.color("blue")
turtle.penup()
turtle.goto(150, -120)
turtle.write('碧玉妆成一树高，',font=("隶书", 15))
turtle.goto(150, -140)
turtle.write('万条垂下绿丝绦。',font=("隶书", 15))
turtle.goto(150, -160)
turtle.write('不知细叶谁裁出，',font=("隶书", 15))
turtle.goto(150, -180)
turtle.write('二月春风似剪刀。',font=("隶书", 15))
turtle.hideturtle()
turtle.left(90)
turtle.penup()
turtle.back(300)
turtle.pendown()
turtle.forward(100)
# turtle.speed('fastest')
turtle.speed(11)
# drawTree(80, 1)
drawTree(80, 1)
writePoem()
turtle.done()
3.3 Ballooning
from turtle import *
from random import randrange,choice
balloons=[] #气球队列
color_option=["red","blue","green","purple","pink","yellow","orange","black"] #颜色队列
size=50 #气球大小
def line(x,y,a,b,line_width=1,color_name="black"): #默认气球线宽度为1，颜色为黑
up()
goto(x,y)
down()
color(color_name)
width(line_width)
goto(a,b)
def distance(x,y,a,b):
return ((a-x)**2+(b-y)**2)**0.5 #根据勾股定理，判断鼠标点击位置和气球坐标的距离
def tap(x,y):
for i in range(len(balloons)):
if distance(x,y,balloons[i][0],balloons[i][1])<(size/2): #判断是否点击气球队列中的其中一个
balloons.pop(i) #删除这个气球
return #返回，因为只能同时点击一个气球
def draw():
clear() #清除画布
for i in range(1,(len(balloons)+1)): #生成下标从1开始，以下-i表示画气球时倒着画，从最后一个画到最前边
line(balloons[-i][0],balloons[-i][1],balloons[-i][0],balloons[-i][1]-size*1.5,1)
up() #把小乌龟从画布上拿下来，悬在空中
goto(balloons[-i][0],balloons[-i][1]) #去气球坐标这个位置
dot(size,balloons[-i][2]) #画原点，参数为大小和颜色
balloons[-i][1]=balloons[-i][1]+1 #改变纵坐标，模仿气球上升
update() #修改画布
def gameLoop():
if randrange(0,50)==1: #1/50的概率生成一个气球
x=randrange(-200+size,200-size) #气球坐标，在边框位置减去气球大小
c=choice(color_option) #随机在颜色队列选择一个颜色
balloons.append([x,-200-size,c]) #添加气球队列
draw()
ontimer(gameLoop,10) #每20毫秒循环一次
if __name__ == "__main__":
setup(600, 350, 0, 0) #画布大小为420*420，一开始坐标为(0,0)
bgpic(r'C:\Users\tomcat\desktop\20220919041856.png')
hideturtle() #隐藏小乌龟
tracer(False) #隐藏绘制过程
listen()
onscreenclick(tap) #如果单机，调用tap方法
gameLoop()
done() #结束函数，画布停留
3.4 turtledemo — collection of demo scripts
The turtledemo package is a collection of demo scripts. These scripts can be run and viewed by opening the provided demo viewer with the following command:
python -m turtledemo
# or
python -m turtledemo.bytedesign
epilogue
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