Agricultural Entomology Review Questions
1. Explanation of terms
1. Subterranean pests: Subterranean pests refer to a type of pests that live in the soil for all or most of their life history and mainly damage the underground parts (such as seeds, roots, stems) or near-surface parts of crops. Also known as soil pests.
2. Integrated management (integrated management, IPM): integrated management is a system of scientific management of pests, which uses appropriate techniques and methods owned by the people in a coordinated manner as much as possible according to the population dynamics of pests and related environmental conditions, so that Pest populations are often kept below levels of economic damage. "
3. Biological control: It is the method of using biological organisms or their metabolites to control harmful organisms.
4. Control index: It is the critical value of the population density when the pest population increases to cause economic losses of crops and must be controlled.
5. Plant quarantine: It means that the country formulates a set of laws and regulations by legal means, and is implemented by specialized agencies. It is a fundamental measure for the spread of harmful organisms in the world, and some are also called "legal control"
6. Insect pests and pests: Insect pests: the behaviors of pests such as feeding and laying eggs have caused economic losses of crops; pests: insects that directly endanger human health or cause harm to human economic interests, commonly known as pests.
7. Eclosion phenomenon every other year: The emergence and pupation of wheat midges need a certain amount of moderation. Answer the question from this perspective: when the overwintering larvae rise from the cocoons or pupate and emerge during the period when the relative water content of the soil is lower than 15%, the wheat midges will Does not break the cocoon or pupate, eclosion. And after the right time, no matter how good the conditions are, it will no longer pupate and emerge in that year. This is known as alternate-year eclosion phenomenon.
8. Species: Species are incomplete groups of natural populations that can breed with each other (natural populations that can breed with each other are reproductively isolated from other similar groups, occupy a certain ecological space, and have certain genetic genotypes , phenotype, is the basic unit of biological evolution and classification.)
9. Eclosion: The emergence of an adult from its previous stage (pupa or last nymph and nymph).
10. Polyembryony: refers to the reproductive mode in which two or more embryos can be produced in one egg, and each embryo develops into a normal new individual.
11. Parthenogenesis: Also known as parthenogenesis, eggs can develop into normal offspring individuals without fertilization.
12. Hatching: The phenomenon that the insect embryo develops to a certain period, and the larva or nymph breaks through the egg shell, which is called hatching.
13. Pupation: The peeling of the last instar larvae is called pupation.
14. Alternation of generations: The repeated occurrence of eggs or nymphs of insects from the development of the mother to the sexual maturity of adults and the ability to produce offspring is called alternation of generations. This is the concept of generations. Alternation of generations is also called heteromorphic alternation, which is a kind of parthenogenesis.
15. Multi-parasitism: The phenomenon that one host parasitizes more than two parasites is called multi-parasitism
2. Single choice questions
1. "White ears" appear at the late stage of wheat growth. If you pinch the wheat ears with two fingers and gently lift them up, the plant will break off near the ground, indicating that the "white ears" are caused by which of the following diseases and insect pests ? (D)
A．Needleworm B. Grub
C．Root diseaseD. Stalk bee
2. The pests that can be trapped and killed with horse manure are ( B )
A．Needleworm B. Grub
C．Mole cricket D. cutworm
3. What kind of pest is grub in general (A)
A．Coleoptera larvae B. Coleoptera larvae
C．Larvae of Lepidoptera rootcutter subfamily D. Subterranean pests
4. Adults have the habit of long-distance migration, phototaxis and chemotaxis. They like to lay eggs on the tip of grass crops or the crevices of dead leaves. The pests that cannot survive the winter in Gansu should be: (A)
A．Armyworm B. Cutworm
C．Corn borer D. Cabbage butterfly
5. Can be harmful to cruciferous vegetables, but the pests that prefer thick leaf cabbage are (D)
A. Greenhouse whitefly B. Cabbage armyworm
C. Green peach aphid D. Cabbage caterpillar
6. The pests that can trap and kill larvae with Paulownia leaves are (D)
A．Needleworm B. Grub
C．Small cutcher D. mole cricket
7. When poison bait is used to lure and kill mole crickets, the time to cast poison bait should be in (B)
A．in the morning B．evening
C．noon d. When a tunnel is discovered in the field
8. Apply fully decomposed fertilizer, and it is best to cover the soil immediately after application, so that the manure is not exposed, which can effectively control (B)
A．Cabbage butterfly B. root maggot
C．diamondback moth D．cutworm
9. The main reasons for the irregular generation of cabbage butterfly are: ( A )
A．The overwintering sites are scattered, and the adult worms have a long oviposition period B. There are many types of cruciferous plants and a long edible period
C．Food habits are too mixed D. Egg production
10. The feeding habits of diamondback moth belong to ( B )
A. Monophagous pests are B. Oligophagous pests
C. Polyphagous pests are D. Omnivorous pests
11 Armyworms are also called "army insects" because of their (A)
A．When infested, they have the habit of migrating in groups B. fulminant pest
C．Damage leaves D. lay eggs in leaf crevices
12. Corn borer adults have: (D)
A．Migratory habits b. Main damage leaves
C．Overwintering with eggs D. phototaxis
13. The measures taken by a country or region to prevent the mutual transmission of dangerous diseases and insect pests between countries and regions by using the power of law are (D)
A．Agricultural control b. chemical control
C．Physical control d. Phytosanitary
14. The control method of trapping and killing insects is designed according to the characteristics of the pests? (D)
A．life history b. year life history
C．generation D．Taxis
15. A moth of the family Noctuidae, each line from the base line to the marginal line is double-lined, there is a wedge-shaped black spot with an outward tip on the outer side of the reniform striae, and two inward-pointed spots on the submarginal line Dark brown wedge-shaped spots, 3 spots facing each other, this moth is: (C)
A．yellow cutcher b. corn borer
C．Small cutcher D. Armyworm
16. The feeding habits of cabbage butterfly: ( A )
A．Oligophagy B. monophagia
C．Polyphagia D. omnivorous
17. Liriomyza sativus belongs to (C)
A．Monophagous pests b. oligophagous pest
C．Polyphagous pests D. Omnivorous pests
18. Fresh grass trapping is effective for which of the following pests (A)
A．Thin chest and head armor B. Grub
C．mole cricket D．wheat midge
19. The larvae do damage in wheat grains, the adult only has a pair of forewings, and the hindwings degenerate into a balance rod should be ( D )
A．Straw fly B. Liriomyza
C．Wheat water fly D. wheat midge
20. Legal measures to prevent the spread of dangerous pests are (D)
A．Agricultural control b. chemical control
C．Physical control d. Phytosanitary
twenty one. The "Y"-shaped xiphoid bone in the front chest has a shallow arc-shaped depression in the middle (A)
A．Red midge of wheat. B. Wheat midge
C．Small cutcher D. Armyworm
22. A kind of moth, there are two light yellow round spots at the outer end of the forewing, and there is a small white spot below the outer round spot, it should be: ( A )
A．Armyworm B. corn borer
C．ground tiger D．yellow cutworm
twenty three. The main environmental factors that lead to the "alternate emergence" of wheat midges are: ( B )
A．Rainfall during wheat heading B. soil moisture
C．soil texture d. soil temperature
twenty four. Butterfly mouthpart type genus (D)
A, chewing type B, piercing suction type C, file suction type D, siphon type
25. The mouthpart that can take both solid food and liquid food is (C)
A, chewing B, piercing and sucking C, chewing and sucking D, siphon
26 Trichogramma's developmental starting temperature is 5°C, and the effective accumulated temperature is 235 degrees. It is required to release the bee at what temperature should it be raised after 25 days to release the bee on time. (B)
A、10℃ B、14.4℃ C、18.4℃ D、21℃
27. Insects with pollen-carrying hind legs are (C)
A, termites B, ants C, bees D, wasps
28. Pupa of species of flies (C)
A. Detached pupa B. Coated pupa C. Surrounded pupa D. Naked pupa
29. Which of the scientific names of the following cabbage butterfly is written correctly (B)
A、Pieris rapae Linne B、Pieris rapae Linne
C、pieris rapae Linne D、Pieris rapae Linne
30. Wings with a leathery texture are (CA)
A, covering wings B, half elytra C, elytra D, scale wings
31. Metamorphosis of locusts (B)
A, half metamorphosis B, gradual metamorphosis C, over gradual metamorphosis D, full metamorphosis
32. The beetle larvae are collectively referred to as (B)
A. grub B. needleworm C. mole cricket D. cutworm
33. What does not belong to the characteristics of insect body wall is (B)
A. Impermeability B. Extensibility C. Hardness D. Softness
34. Response behavior of insects to chemical stimuli (B)
A. Phototaxis B. Chemotaxis C. Feign death D. Migration
35. For the rhizomes of harmful crops, the main root is rarely bitten off, and the damaged parts are irregular and silky (C)
A. mole crickets B. grubs C. needleworms D. cutworms
36. The types of common underground pests that adults can cause harm to (D)
A. cutworm B. needleworm C. root maggot D. big black gill beetle
37. The feeding habit of insects that only eat one kind of plant is (A)
A, monophagous B, oligophagous C, polyphagous D, omnivorous
38. The overwintering state of wheat midge is ( B )
A, egg B, larva C, pupa D, adult
39. The aphids that damage wheat seedlings are mainly (D)
A. Grain aphid B. Aphid aphid C. Aphid without net D. Aphid aphid
40. There is often a pseudo-vein between the R and M veins (B)
A. Muscidae B. Cyrhididae C. Tephritidae D. Parasitidae
41. There are 1-2 nodules on the back of the abdomen ( B )
A, termites B, ants C, bees D, wasps
42. Pupae of Lepidoptera (B)
A. Detached pupa B. Coated pupa C. Surrounded pupa D. Naked pupa
43. According to the characteristics of pests, the control method of trapping and killing insects is designed (C)
A, life history B, generation C, tropism D, annual life history
44. Can be harmful to cruciferous vegetables, but the pests that prefer thick leaf cabbage are (C)
A. Whitefly in greenhouse B. Spodoptera cabbage C. Pieris rapae D. Peach aphid
45. Metamorphosis of mole crickets (B)
A, half metamorphosis B, gradual metamorphosis C, over gradual metamorphosis D, full metamorphosis
46. There is a large movable calcar at the end of the hind tibia (D)
A. Cicadae B. Cicadae C. Leafhopper D. Planthoppers
47. Among the following pests, the "dumpling bug" is: (D)
A, small pear borer B, peach small borer C, pear big solid worm D, pear star caterpillar
48. For the rhizomes of harmful crops, the main root is rarely bitten off, and the damaged parts are irregular and silky (C)
A. mole crickets B. grubs C. needleworms D. cutworms
49. Feeding genus of armyworms (C)
A, monophagous B, oligophagous C, polyphagous D, omnivorous
Three, multiple choice questions
1. The head style of insects includes ( ABD )
A, front mouth type B, back mouth type C, piercing suction type D, lower mouth type E, siphon type
2. The common underground pests are ( ABCD E )
A. Grubs B. Needleworms C. Mole crickets D. Cutworms E. Root maggots
3. The environmental factors affecting insects are ( ABCD )
A. Meteorological factor B. Soil factor C. Food factor D. Natural enemy factor E. Human factor
4. Among the characteristics of wheat varieties, which are beneficial to the resistance to midges (ABC)
A. The awns are long and thorny B. The mouth is tight and the spikelets are dense. C. The flowering period is short and neat
D. The seed coat is thin E. There is no awn on the ear
5. The structural composition of insect antennae includes (BCE)
A, basal segment B, stalk segment C, whip segment D, trochanter E, stem segment
6. The correct term in the Mites classification ladder is (AEC)
A, Acarina B, Insecta C, Acarina D, Acarina E, Arachnida
7. The pests with the habit of yellowing are ( A BC )
A. Greenhouse whitefly B. Aphids C. Liriomyzae D. Cabbage butterfly E. Leaf flies
8. The common underground pests are (ABCDE)
A. Grubs B. Needleworms C. Mole crickets D. Cutworms E. Root maggots
9. Common families of Orthoptera (ABD)
A. Locustidae B. Mole Cricketidae C. Leafhoppers D. Cricketidae E. Aphididae
10. Among the following pests, which belong to the so-called "three small and one big" among the fruit tree pests (ACD)
A．Pear borer B. Small cutworm C. peach borer
D．Pear borer E. diamondback moth
11. Pests with yellowing habit are (ABC)
A. Greenhouse whitefly B. Aphids C. Liriomyza
D. Cabbage butterfly E. Tetranychus
12. The main characteristics of Diptera insects are ( BCE )
A. Mouthparts chewing or sucking B. Only one pair of forewings C. Whole metamorphosis
D. Wing-embracing interlock E. The hind wing is a balance stick
13. Insects whose larvae are legless (ABDC)
A. Fly B. Beetle C. Gadfly D. Gillworm E. Sawfly
14. The insect resistance mechanism of crop varieties can be summarized as (ABC)
A. Injury tolerance B. Antibiotic resistance C. Non-selectivity D. Variety characteristics E. Phenological characteristics
15, 16. The legs of insects are composed of (12345)
① base ② tibia ③ trochanter ④ femur ⑤ tarsus and anterior tarsus
16. Parthenogenetic types of insects can be roughly divided into ( 124 )
① sporadic parthenogenesis ② frequent parthenogenesis ③ secondary parthenogenesis ④ periodic parthenogenesis ⑤ juvenile reproduction
17. The characteristics of Coleoptera insects are ( 13 )
① chewing mouthparts ② scales on the wing surface ③ elytra on the forewing ④ tassels on the wing surface ⑤ knife-like ovipositor
18. The characteristics of Homoptera insects are ( 345 )
① Mouthparts filing and sucking ② Forewing and semi-elytra
19. The characteristics of Hemiptera insects are ( 245 )
① Mouthparts filing and sucking ② Forewing and semi-elytra
20. The characteristics of Orthoptera insects are ( 23 )
① Mouthparts of piercing and sucking type ② Mouthparts of chewing type ③ Forewings are leathery and double-winged ④ Ovipositor is knife-shaped ⑤ There are very long tassels on the front edge of forewings
21. The characteristics of Hymenoptera insects are ( 2 )
① Mouthparts are siphon type ② Wings are membranous ③ Ovipositor is well developed and needle-shaped ④ There are very long tassels on the forewing ⑤ Mouthparts are licking and sucking
4. True or False Questions
1. Corn borer larvae have obvious sweet habit. (T)
2. Rapeseed leafminers have very low food requirements, and can complete normal growth and development even on old yellow leaves. (F)
3. Armyworm has no obvious diapause phenomenon, as long as the conditions are suitable, it will reproduce and cause damage all year round. (T)
4. Greenhouse whitefly adults are not good at flying and are highly clustered. (T)
5. Armyworm has a wide range of hosts, can damage a variety of crops and weeds, and is an omnivorous pest (F)
6. Wireworm thin breast has a tendency to fresh haystacks, so it can be lured by fresh haystacks. (T)
7. Liriomyza sativus has a wide range of hosts and can harm a variety of crops, vegetables, and flowers. It is an omnivorous pest. F)
8. Plutella xylostella has high requirements for food, even if it eats yellow old vegetable leaves, it can complete normal development. (T)
9. Both peach borer and pear borer have strong phototaxis ( F )
10. In areas north of 33 degrees north latitude, neither cutworms nor armyworms can survive the winter, and the source of early spring insects in our province is from the south. (T)
11. The higher the temperature, the more conducive to the growth and reproduction of most insects, especially mites ( T )
12. The skeleton of an insect is a chitin-rich exoskeleton. (T)
13. Pupa is a stage that insects must pass through during post-embryonic development. (F)
14. The inner epidermis is the only active tissue layer in the body wall. (F)
15. The growth rate of insects is periodic rather than continuous. (T)
16. The nutrition necessary for insects during post-embryonic development is called supplementary nutrition. (F)
17. Small cutworms overwinter in the soil as pupae in most parts of our province. (T)
5. Short answer (discussion) questions
1. What are underground pests? What are the main taxa?
Answer: Subterranean pests refer to a class of pests that live in the soil for all or most of their life history and mainly damage the underground parts (such as seeds, roots, stems) or near-ground parts of crops. Also known as soil pests. Including mole crickets, grubs, day lilies, cutworms, crickets, root bugs, root maggots, chironomids, large mosquitoes, weevils, leaf beetles, and pseudo-chrysalis. Especially mole crickets, grubs, cutworms, needleworms and root maggots are the most harmful.
2. Give an example of "eclosion phenomenon every other year"? Explanation of the terms Wheat midge pupation and emergence must have a high soil moisture content (15-25%). In the spring when there is little rain and the soil moisture content is low, the larvae cannot break out of the cocoon and rise or have risen to move. When the soil is dry, it returns to the soil to continue dormancy, and emerges again in the second year when the environmental conditions are suitable.
Answer: Eclosion every other year is a phenomenon in which insects produce one generation for many years. For example, the wheat yellow midge can survive in the soil for 4-5 years, and the red midge can reach more than 7 years. It can even pupate and emerge into adults after 12 winters.
3. What is generation overlap, and what is its significance in prevention and treatment?
Answer: The phenomenon that the same insect state of the previous generation and the next generation of polymorphic insects appear at the same time is called generation overlap;
4. Briefly describe the advantages and disadvantages of chemical control.
Answer: 1. Advantages: (1) high efficiency; (2) easy to use and less investment; (3) quick-acting; (4) wide insecticidal spectrum; Long-term preservation.
2. Disadvantages: (1) long-term and extensive use of pesticides may easily cause pests to develop resistance; (2) cause environmental pollution and human poisoning; (3) broad-spectrum pesticides kill natural enemies while killing pests, Cause the reinfestation of major pests and the rise of secondary pests to become major pests.
5. Briefly describe the pros and cons of agricultural control?
Answer: (1) Advantages of agricultural control
1. Meet the requirements of the plant protection policy of "prevention first, comprehensive control".
2. Conform to the principle of "economy, safety, effectiveness and simplicity".
3. The long-lasting effect and the large benefit of increasing production are in line with the strategic principle of comprehensive prevention and control to fully exert the control effect of natural factors.
(2) Limitations of agricultural control
1. Some measures of agricultural control sometimes contradict high-yield cultivation techniques.
The design of agricultural control measures and the adoption of agricultural technology should first obey the requirements of high yield, and should not be considered purely from pest control.
2. The farming system and cultivation techniques in a region are often formed during the long-term production practice. If they are changed, they must be considered comprehensively, weigh the pros and cons, estimate the aftereffects, and promote them according to local conditions. At the same time, the effect of agricultural prevention and control is often slow, which requires good publicity work, otherwise the masses will not accept it.
3. The specific measures adopted for agricultural control are often regional and seasonal, and the results are slow, and in some cases they only play an auxiliary role, not as fast as chemical control. When a large number of pests cause serious damage, the problem cannot be solved in time.
6. Briefly describe the damage characteristics of piercing and sucking mouthparts pests?
Answer: Plants infested by insects with piercing-sucking mouthparts have no obvious incomplete or damaged appearance, but cause physiological damage. After the plant leaves are killed, various spots often appear or cause discoloration, shrinkage or curling. When host plants are damaged by aphids and gall wasps, etc., the leaves often appear as raised, deformed or form galls. After the young shoots are killed, they often change color and wilt. Damaged plants such as stinkbugs and scales can also form deformed clusters of branches. In addition, when insects feed, they can inhale the virus in the diseased plant into the human body, and inject it into the healthy plant along with the saliva, causing the disease of the healthy plant. For example, the viruses that cause wheat yellow dwarf and bush dwarf are produced by aphids, Spread by planthoppers.
7. Briefly describe the main content of biological control?
Answer: (1) Utilization of insectivorous insects: Insectivorous insects can be divided into two categories: predatory and parasitic. The common ones that have a greater effect on insect control are the following types: 1. Predatory insects; 2. Parasitic insect.
(2) Application of pathogenic microorganisms;
(3) Utilization of other beneficial organisms: (1) Utilization of spiders; (2) Utilization of vertebrates.
8. Briefly describe the application of biological control.
Answer: (1) Protection and utilization of natural enemy insects: 1. Protection and utilization of natural enemy insects 2. Reproduction and release of natural enemy insects
(2) Using pathogenic microorganisms to control pests: bacteria, fungi, viruses, pathogenic nematodes, and other pathogenic microorganisms.
(3) Using other beneficial animals to control pests
(4) Using sterility to control pests
9. What are the main fruit tree pest groups in our province? What are the main pest mite and aphid species?
Answer: Fruit tree pests can be divided into fruit pests, leaf (including flower organ) pests, stem pests and nursery pests according to the damaged parts. Fruit pests include 8 categories (core eaters, fruit-boring weevils, fruit-sucking moths, stink bugs, real bees, wasps, bees, aphids) leaf pests include 9 categories (aphids, mites, Stinkbugs, psyllids, leaf rollers, caterpillars, gnats, leaf miners, scarabs, looper moths,) stalk pests include 9 categories (scale insects, leafhoppers, longhorns, Gill beetles, bark beetles, wood beetle moths, pear moths, pear stem beetles, pear bark moths)
There are many kinds of aphids that harm fruit trees, such as apple aphids, apple tuberculosis, etc. that damage apples, such as dichotomy pears, apple tuberculosis, etc. that damage pear trees, such as dichotomy The damage of orange aphid and orange aphid, etc. There are also many types of harmful mites, such as Tetranychus japonica, apple spider mite, hawthorn red spider mite, fruit moss that damage apples, citrus spider mite, and citrus red spider mite that damage citrus, etc. These pests are currently difficult to control.
10. What kind of pest is "dumpling bug"? In what form and where does it overwinter?
Dumpling worm: The common name of the pear star caterpillar, because its larvae feed on the leaves and curl the leaves into a dumpling shape. Overwinter as juvenile larvae under the old warped bark and cracks of tree trunks.
11. What are the mechanisms of insect resistance in crops?
Answer: The mechanism of crop insect resistance can be summarized as ecological insect resistance (inconsistency of phenological phase or ecological avoidance, induced resistance) and genetic insect resistance.
Insect non-selectivity for plants refers to the insect's dislike of laying eggs, roosting, or feeding on certain plants.
The host selectivity of pests (or the host's tendency to exclude pests) is manifested in the fact that only certain species or varieties are used as places for inhabiting, laying eggs and feeding. This host selection is often affected by the biochemical, morphological and anatomical traits of the plant or the micro-ecological conditions formed by the plant growth characteristics. The chemical information substances of plants often affect a series of chain-type behavioral reactions such as the tendency of pests to feed and the positioning of eggs.
Antibiotic
Although pests can choose to feed on such plants or plant varieties, they will have adverse effects on their growth and development speed, survival rate, lifespan, and reproduction rate. Generally, it is due to the special response of biochemical and nutrient substances to pests. due to. The insect resistance of some plant species is due to the existence of harmful chemical substances in the species, or the lack of necessary nutrients and the fact that nutrients are difficult to use; the special response to insect pests produces physical and mechanical effects that are not conducive to pests, etc. As a result, high pest mortality, low reproductive rate, inhibited growth, failure to complete or delay development, and shortened life span of adults and other effects.
Harm resistance
The pest tolerance of plants means that although some plant species or varieties are also subject to the parasitic feeding of pests, and the pests can also grow and develop, the plants of these species or varieties have a strong ability to multiply or compensate, so they can tolerate pests without affecting or Yield was not significantly affected.
12. Pests with sucking mouthparts generally occur in large numbers and cause serious damage in hot and dry years or seasons. Why?
Take spider mites as an example
(1) The characteristics of the spider mite itself: the number of annual occurrences is large, the fecundity is strong, and the development speed is fast. (2) The high temperature and low humidity environment is conducive to the occurrence of spider mites. The northern fruit area is dry in spring, which is conducive to its reproduction. If the summer is dry and high temperature, its population will increase rapidly.
(3) The use of pesticides in orchards is one of the important factors affecting the growth and decline of spider mite populations.
(4) Host plants.
13. What are the main environmental factors causing alternate-year emergence of wheat midges?
Answer: There are two reasons: 1. The impact of environmental conditions, especially pupation and eclosion must have a higher soil moisture content (15-25%). In the spring when there is little rain and the soil moisture content is low, the larvae cannot break out of the cocoon and rise or have risen to move. When the soil is dry, it returns to the soil to continue dormancy. This is an important biological characteristic of wheat midges and is the result of long-term adaptation to the environment. 2. It is related to the heredity of wheat midges. When the appropriate temperature and humidity are given, there will still be a part of dormancy that will not pupate or emerge. This is the result of long-term natural selection, which is beneficial to the survival and reproduction of the species.
14. What are the distinguishing features of the two wheat midge species?
Answer: 1. Wheat midge:
Adult: There is a retractable pseudo-ovipositor between the eighth and ninth segments of the abdomen of the female, which is about half the length of the abdomen when fully extended; the base of the grasper of the male has teeth, the end is sharp, the body is orange-red, and the surface of the egg is smooth , without appendages at the end, long ovate.
Larva: Anterior pointed and posterior blunt, middle stout, orange-yellow, with a Y” xiphoid bone on the ventral surface of the prothorax, the front end is depressed at an acute angle, and there are four protrusions at the end of the abdomen.
Pupa: orange-red, with a pair of hairs shorter than the respirator at the front of the head.
2. Oat Sucking Worm:
Adult: The female is ginger-yellow. The pseudo-ovipositor is as thin as a needle. When fully extended, it is about twice as long as the abdomen. The base of the inner edge of the male grasper has no teeth.
Eggs: Banana-shaped, with stalk-like appendages at the end.
Larva: yellowish green, with shallow notch (obtuse angle) on the fork of the xiphoid of the pronotum, 4 small protrusions at the end of the abdomen, 1 pair in the middle - the protrusions are chitinized, and each outer pair has a bristle.
Pupa: bright yellow, with a pair of hairs as long as the breathing tube at the front of the head.
15. Describe the cause of the pest infestation?
The following three conditions must be met to cause crop pest damage:
1) There must be a certain source of insects; 2) There must be a certain population density and ecological environment conditions suitable for the growth and development, reproduction and population density of pests. 3) It must have a suitable host plant and growth stage.
16. Describe the harmful characteristics of pests with chewing mouthparts and piercing and sucking mouthparts?
Answer: Agricultural pests with chewing mouthparts eat solid food, bite various parts and organs of plants, and cause mechanical damage to the host. Such as biting leaves and stalks, causing incomplete host plants, and even eating crops into bare stalks; some bite leaves into many holes, or only peel off mesophyll and leave leaf veins; ; Some bore into the sapwood or xylem of the trunk, and bore into "tunnels" of various shapes.
17. According to the main habits and occurrence rules of wheat midge, formulate its comprehensive control plan.
Answer: According to the occurrence rules and damage characteristics of wheat midges, it is very important to grasp the favorable control period in time. It is very important to grasp the two key stages. It is predicted that the pupal stage control will be from April 18th to 24th, and the poisonous soil control method will be the main method. Because the pupal stage is the period when wheat midges have the lowest drug resistance, the insects will die when they touch the drug, and the control time is the longest. At this time, the wheat is in the booting to heading stage. This is the first stage. The second stage is the time when the wheat begins to head. It is the time when the adults are in full bloom. When the wheat ridge is opened, 3 to 5 adults can be seen flying out. Apply pesticides quickly to kill the adults. It is predicted that the adults will be born from April 28th to May 5th. period of prevention and control. It is necessary to seize favorable control opportunities according to local conditions and adopt the principle of equal emphasis on pupal and adult control in order to completely control wheat midges.
Control methods
1. Prevention and control in the middle pupal stage. From April 18th to 24th, use 1 kg of 1.5% ground slurry or 1 kg of 3% phoxim granule for every 667 m2, and add 20 to 25 kg of fine soil to a small amount of water to make poisonous soil, or 3% Mix 1 kg of Dima powder with a small amount of water and add 20 kg of fine soil to make poisonous soil, and then sprinkle the poisonous soil into the wheat ridge. The time of spreading the poisonous soil is preferably after 9:00 in the morning when there is no dew, and then water to improve the control. Effect.
2. Prevention and control of adult insects. From April 28th to May 5th, you can choose 1000-1500 times of Zongbike or 1500-2000 times of 4.5% beta-cypermethrin, depending on the severity of the occurrence, spray once every 3-5 days, and spray 1-3 times in total. Spraying time should be 7:00 to 10:00 in the morning or 3:00 to 6:00 in the afternoon when the adult insects are active.
Precautions
1. The suitable period of control should be combined with the phenological period of wheat. The control of pupal stage should be carried out at the end of budding, and the control of adult stage should be carried out at the early stage of heading and flowering.
2. The poisonous soil must be spread evenly, and the poisonous soil on the wheat leaves must be shaken to the ground.
3. Those that can be watered after spraying poisonous soil must be watered to improve the control effect.
4. Pay attention to mass prevention and mass governance. Achieve "three unifications", that is, unified investigation, unified time, and unified prevention and control. "Three No Leaks" means that districts do not miss towns, towns do not miss villages, and villages do not miss households.
18. According to the life history and occurrence rules of underground pests (choose one from grubs, dayworms, mole crickets, and cutworms), formulate comprehensive control measures.
Answer: In combination with the basic construction of farmland, land leveling, deep plowing and soil improvement, shoveling and leveling ditches and barren slopes, planting trees and grass, etc., eliminate the breeding grounds of underground pests, create an environment that is not conducive to the occurrence of underground pests, crop rotation and intercropping are reasonable Crop rotation or intercropping can reduce its damage, deep plowing of soil and summer fallow land through mechanical killing, exposure to the sun, reasonable fertilization and timely irrigation chemical control 1. Seed treatment: (l) Chemicals (2) Dosage and treatment method
2. Soil treatment: ①spread or spray the medicine evenly on the ground, and then plow into the soil; ②apply granules; ③mix the medicament and fertilizer, that is, apply the pesticide and fertilizer compound; ④strip, furrow or hole application Shi et al. Local application and application of granules. At present, phoxim and isofenphos-methyl are mainly used for soil treatment and control of subterranean pests in my country. The commonly used dosage forms, dosage and application methods are as follows: one of the ideal methods.
4. Other spraying methods (1) Dusting (2) Spraying (3) Drying of systemic agent (4) Trapping and killing with medicinal branches Artificial capture
19. What is the guiding ideology of vegetable pest control? What are the production technologies of pollution-free vegetables?
Answer: From the perspectives of economics, ecology, and environmental protection, based on agricultural control, biological control methods are given priority, the use of microbial pesticides is advocated, chemical pesticides with high efficiency, low toxicity, and low residue are selected, and scientific use of pesticides is emphasized. Reduce the use of pesticides to the minimum amount, and coordinate the contradictions between chemical control, biological control and other physical control methods. Control pests and diseases below the economic threshold, and control pesticide residues below the national allowable standards.
(1) Agricultural prevention and control 1. Select disease-resistant and insect-resistant varieties with high yield 2. Treat seedbed soil to cultivate strong seedlings without diseases and insect pests 3. Improve cultivation methods and strengthen field management (deep plowing and preparation of soil, application of fully decomposed base fertilizer, and implementation of crop rotation and intercropping , timely deep plowing, clean field grafting and disease prevention) (2) Biological control (3) Other non-chemical control methods 1. Black light trapping and killing 2. Yellow board trapping and killing whiteflies 3. Cover with silver-gray plastic film or field hanging strips, vertical and horizontal The slats are formed into a W shape, which can prevent aphids from migrating and spreading viruses. (4) Chemical control 1. It is strictly forbidden to use highly toxic, highly toxic, and high residue pesticides on vegetables. Choose high-efficiency, low-toxicity pesticide varieties 3. Strengthen the prediction and forecast of diseases and insect pests, grasp the appropriate period of prevention and control, relax the prevention and control indicators, do not use insurance drugs, and do not blindly increase the frequency of prevention and control and the concentration of pesticides. 4. Pay attention to spraying technology5. Carry out the testing room for pesticide residues, and formulate standardized measures for the production of pollution-free vegetables.
20. What are the characteristics of Insecta?
5 points The body of an insect is clearly divided into three parts: head, thorax, and abdomen (1 point); the head is the center of sensation and feeding; the thorax is the center of movement (1 point); the abdomen is the center of reproduction and metabolism (1 point) ); Insects need to undergo a series of obvious internal and external morphological changes during their lifelong growth and development before they can transform into sexually mature adults, that is, metamorphosis of insects (1 point).
: The basic characteristics of Insecta: the body is divided into head, chest and abdomen, four wings and six legs;
21. What are the similarities and differences between Lepidoptera larvae and Hymenoptera sawfly larvae?
Answer: The larvae of Lepidoptera are multi-legged, and it has nothing to do with the pupae; the larvae of Hymenoptera sawflies are multi-legged, with or without toe hooks. 2. The two kinds of larvae belonged to multi-legged larvae; (1 point) the larvae of Lepidoptera had toe hooks at the end of their gastropods, (2 points) while the larvae of Hymenoptera sawflies did not. (2 minutes)
22. What is the difference between Lepidoptera butterflies and moth adults?
Answer: The main difference between butterflies and moths is that the antennae of butterflies are club-shaped, and the wings stand upright on the back of the body when they are at rest, and they are active during the day; the antennae of moths are not club-shaped, with different shapes, and the wings are roof-shaped or square when they are at rest. Lateral, nocturnal.
23. What are the types of insect larvae and pupae? Give an example of each.
Answer: The generalized larval types include prototype larvae, homotype larvae, subtype larvae, transitional larvae, heteromorphic larvae, etc.
The heteromorphic larvae are divided into several subtypes such as protopoda, polypod, oligopoda, and apoda.
There are three types of pupae: pupae, pupae, and pupae
24. What are the principles for the establishment of plant quarantine objects?
Answer: (1) Dangerous sexually transmitted diseases, insects, and weeds that mainly rely on human power to spread. Dangerous sexually transmitted diseases, insects, and weeds, which are the objects of plant quarantine, have very weak self-propagation ability, and mainly rely on the transportation of seedlings, and the transfer of agricultural products and their packaging. (2) It poses a great threat to agricultural production and can cause serious economic losses. It can be eliminated and prevented from spreading through phytosanitary methods, and it can be completely eliminated. (3) Occurs only in local areas, not widely distributed, or areas that have not yet occurred need to be protected. The above three principles cannot be separated and should be considered together.