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1. Organize ubuntu's software package management commands and service management commands
Ubuntu package management
The name of the Debian software package is deb, which is similar to the rpm package; there are two ways to manage the deb package: dpkg and apt. For software management, there are two types of dpkg apt:
- dpkg : package manager for Debin, which can realize installation and deletion, but cannot resolve dependencies;
- apt: advanced Packaging Tool, a powerful software management tool, similar to dnf/yum;
dpkg command – manage software installation packages
Syntax format: dpkg [parameter] package
Common parameters:
| -i | install package |
|---|---|
| -r | remove package |
| -l | Show list of installed packages |
| -L | Shows the files associated with the package |
| -c | Display the list of files in the package |
apt-get command – Manage service software
Syntax format: apt-get [parameter] software name
Common parameters:
| update | Retrieve package list |
|---|---|
| upgrade | update software |
| install | install software |
| remove | uninstall software |
| autoremove | Automatically uninstall unused software |
| source | download source code |
| build-dep | compile dependencies |
| dist-upgrade | update system |
| purge | delete configuration file |
| clean | Clean up junk files |
| check | Check for damage |
ubuntu startup, shutdown, restart service service command
start service
#service 服务名 start
service nginx start
close service
#service 服务名 stop
service nginx stop
restart service
#service 服务名 restart
service nginx restart
View service status
#service 服务名 status
service nginx status
2. Organize alpine package management commands and service management commands
Alpine Linux Package Management
apline installation source management
Linux defaults to foreign servers, and our access is relatively slow, so there is a mirror server in China
- University of Science and Technology of China: http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/alpine/
- Aliyun: https://mirrors.aliyun.com/alpine/
- Tsinghua University: https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/alpine/How
to use
$ sed -i 's/dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/mirrors.aliyun.com/g' /etc/apk/repositories
$ sed -i 's/dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/g' /etc/apk/repositories
# 还原官方使用
sed -i 's/mirrors.aliyun.com/dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/g' /etc/apk/repositories
After changing the /etc/apk/repositories file, please run apk updateupdate index to take effect
apk upgrade --no-cache
Alpine common package management commands
Alpine uses apk for package management. Use the apk –help command to view the complete package management commands. Common commands are listed below:
1. update: update the local mirror source index from the remote mirror source
The update command will download APKINDEX.tar.gz from each mirror source list and store it in the local cache, usually in /var/cache/apk/ (Alpine is in this directory), /var/lib/apk/, /etc/apk/ cache/down.
$ apk update
2. add: install PACKAGES and automatically resolve dependencies
The add command installs packages from the warehouse and automatically manages dependencies.
$ apk add openssh openntp vim
$ apk add --no-cache mysql-client
$ apk add docker --update-cache --repository http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/alpine/v3.4/main/ --allow-untrusted
Install the specified version of the package
$ apk add asterisk=1.6.0.21-r0
$ apk add 'asterisk
$ apk add 'asterisk>1.6.1'
3. del: uninstall and delete PACKAGES
$ apk del openssh openntp vim
4. upgrade: upgrade the currently installed software packages. The upgrade command upgrades all software packages (generally including the kernel) installed in the system. Of course, you can also specify to upgrade only part of the software packages (specified by -u or –upgrade).
$ apk update #更新最新本地镜像源
$ apk upgrade #升级软件
$ apk add --upgrade busybox #指定升级部分软件包
5. search: search for software packages
The search command searches for available software packages, the -v parameter outputs the description content, and wildcards are used, and the -d or --description parameter specifies the query through the software package description.
$ apk search #查找所以可用软件包
$ apk search -v #查找所以可用软件包及其描述内容
$ apk search -v 'acf*' #通过软件包名称查找软件包
$ apk search -v -d 'docker' #通过描述文件查找特定的软件包
6. The info command is used to display information about software packages.
$ apk info #列出所有已安装的软件包
$ apk info -a zlib #显示完整的软件包信息
$ apk info --who-owns /sbin/lbu #显示指定文件属于的包
Alpine Linux service management
Alpine does not use systemctl for service management, but uses rca series of commands
The simplified version of alpine does not have rc series commands, which can be
apk add --no-cache openrcinstalled
- rc-update is mainly used to add or delete services at different run levels
- rc-status is mainly used for run-level status management
- rc-service is mainly used to manage the state of the service
- openrc is mainly used to manage different run levels
3. Use dockerfile and alpine as the base image to deploy nginx.
1. Install nginx from apk
2. Compile and install nginx from source code
# apk 安装nginx
[root@zhao ~]#mkdir nginx
[root@zhao ~]#cd nginx
[root@zhao ~/nginx]#vim Dockerfile
FROM alpine
RUN echo "https://mirrors.aliyun.com/alpine/v3.11/main/" > /etc/apk/repositories && \
echo "https://mirrors.aliyun.com/alpine/v3.11/community/" >> /etc/apk/repositories && \
apk add nginx && mkdir /run/nginx/
EXPOSE 80
ENTRYPOINT ["nginx","-g","daemon off;"]
[root@zhao ~/nginx]#docker build -t nginx-a:v1 .
[root@zhao ~/nginx]#docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
nginx-a v1 680497aefd6d About a minute ago 8.54MB
alpine latest 9c6f07244728 3 weeks ago 5.54MB
centos latest 5d0da3dc9764 11 months ago 231MB
[root@zhao ~/nginx]#docker run -d -P nginx-a:v1
7ef50af037649cecaff747c018a6e63e0b0941eee8df94546044c8b7510b46d1
[root@zhao ~/nginx]#docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
7ef50af03764 nginx-a:v1 "nginx -g 'daemon of…" 4 seconds ago Up 3 seconds 0.0.0.0:49153->80/tcp, :::49153->80/tcp practical_brown
[root@zhao ~/nginx]#docker exec -it 7ef50af03764 /bin/sh
/ # vi /etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
# This is a default site configuration which will simply return 404, preventing
# chance access to any other virtualhost.
server {
listen 80 default_server;
listen [::]:80 default_server;
# Everything is a 404
location / {
index index.html;
}
# You may need this to prevent return 404 recursion.
location = /404.html {
internal;
}
}
/ # nginx -s reload
# 源代码编译安装nginx
[root@zhao ~/nginx-alpine]#tree
.
├── Dockerfile
└── software
└── nginx-1.19.7.tar.gz
1 directory, 2 files
[root@zhao ~/nginx-alpine]#vim Dockerfile
FROM alpine:latest
ENV version 1.19.7
ENV PATH /usr/local/nginx/sbin:$PATH
ADD software/nginx-${version}.tar.gz /usr/src
EXPOSE 80
RUN sed -i 's/dl-cdn.alpinelinux.org/mirrors.aliyun.com/g' /etc/apk/repositories && \
adduser -S -H -s /sbin/nologin nginx && \
apk add --no-cache -U pcre-dev openssl openssl-dev gd-dev g++ zlib-dev make && \
mkdir -p /var/log/nginx && \
chown -R nginx /var/log/nginx && \
cd /usr/src/nginx-${version} && \
./configure \
--prefix=/usr/local/nginx \
--user=nginx \
--group=nginx \
--with-debug \
--with-http_ssl_module \
--with-http_realip_module \
--with-http_image_filter_module \
--with-http_gunzip_module \
--with-http_gzip_static_module \
--with-http_stub_status_module \
--http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log \
--error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log && \
make && make install && \
sed -i '/nobody/s/#//g' /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf && \
rm -rf /var/cache/* /usr/src/*
WORKDIR /usr/local/nginx
CMD ["-g","daemon off;"]
ENTRYPOINT ["/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx"]
[root@zhao ~/nginx-alpine]#docker build -t nginx-s:v1 .
Successfully built 942391d0e251
Successfully tagged nginx-s:v1
[root@zhao ~/nginx-alpine]#docker run -d --name nginxv1 -p 80:80 nginx-s:v1
7db71468b11cdf3bcd6c116453f40284ba5b3817a21fcbfd8f821b335a743745
[root@zhao ~/nginx-alpine]#docker ps
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND CREATED STATUS PORTS NAMES
7db71468b11c nginx-s:v1 "/usr/local/nginx/sb…" 4 seconds ago Up 3 seconds 0.0.0.0:80->80/tcp, :::80->80/tcp, 443/tcp nginxv1
