Cosmos
blockchain internet
Cosmos is an ever-expanding ecosystem of interconnected applications and services, built for a decentralized future.
Cosmos applications and services the Inter-Blockchain Communication protocolconnect using IBC ( , Inter-Blockchain Communication Protocol). This innovation enables you to freely exchange assets and data between sovereign nations.
Currently, there are more than 266 applications and services in the Cosmos network, including Binance Chain, Terra, Crypto.org and Cosmos Hub, managing more than $66 billion in digital assets.
We believe in interoperability and autonomy over silos and monopolies, and collaboration and innovation over competition and the status quo. In such a network, value is not created by many people but captured by so few, but must be exchanged, stored and protected among all parties without relying on a central server. Cosmos is the first completely free platform.
Supporting developers around the world
With Cosmos, developers have the option to build fully autonomous application-specific blockchains that can be easily interconnected. This means that, unlike other leading blockchains today, they are no longer forced to exist as smart contracts on someone else’s chain . They can opt out of high transaction fees and network congestion, set their own rules, and scale to mainstream adoption.
This is beneficial to decentralized finance (decentralized finance, DeFi ), non-fungible tokens (non-fungible tokens, NFTs ), games, autonomous organizations, social networks, markets, sustainable growth of blockchain technology, Internet of value and every Individuals have a huge stake in the future of the ownership economy.
与其在单个基础层上竞争100万个区块链应用程序的吞吐量，为什么不通过100万个主权区块链连接100万个区块链应用程序呢?这就是Cosmos的可能性。
organize
Cosmos provides your community with the ability to organize and distribute resources to its members. Individuals can use tokens to vote on influential decisions governing their own communities. Imagine how transparently your local government spends the tax dollars you pay, and even votes on where the money goes!
Social network
The free flow of information and freedom of expression are impeded by centralized platforms that censor and filter content and extract value from users. Cosmos enables communities to build autonomous social networks where every user has a voice, creates value, and benefits from the value creation of others.
market
With Cosmos, developers can create exchanges and marketplaces that allow permissionless global trade. Instead of creating smart contracts on someone else's chain, they can create autonomous application-specific blockchains. This frees users from high transaction fees and network congestion, and makes DeFi accessible to all.
game
Cosmos allows game developers to create unique collectibles and character upgrades that can be monetized without third-party approval or app store fees. Through NFTs , these digital assets exist forever, providing players with lasting value and creating unlimited opportunities.
THE COSMOS HUB
As the economic center of Cosmos , Cosmos Hub is a blockchain that provides important services for InterChain.
At the heart of the blockchain internet is Cosmos Hubthe economic center of the universe, secured by its native ATOM token. The Cosmos Hub is the first blockchain launched on the Cosmos network , the first of hundreds of thousands of blockchains that collaborate with each other and are enriched by their connections.
Cosmos Hub aims to be a service provider for the chains connected to it - a huge decentralized market, providing rich value-added services such as shared security, decentralized inter-chain exchange, connecting to Ethereum (ETH) A bridge with Bitcoin (BTC), and safe custody of digital assets.
All of these services provide strong incentives for other sovereign chains to connect and transfer assets to the Cosmos Hub, driving its utility. Just like a port city is valued by the amount of trade that flows through it, the Cosmos Hub is valued by the blockchain economy that conducts business at the hub via IBC.
market
Operate the next generation of decentralized exchanges and exchange digital assets throughout the Interchain with very low fees and instant transaction confirmation.
security provider
With the upcoming interchain ( Interchain) security feature, ATOM will soon secure many chains in exchange for additional staking rewards.
Router
Hub's core mission - to operate decentralized bridges with chains such as Ethereum and Bitcoin by establishing IBC connections with compatible chains.
Custodian
Located at the crossroads between chains, the center is very secure and the best place to hold digital assets and manage multiple on-chain accounts.
Secured by ATOM
In return for providing security to the Cosmos Hub service, transaction fees and staking rewards will be distributed to ATOMs stakers.
Be part of the open economy of the future.
cosmic technology
The Cosmos vision is underpinned by the powerful Cosmos technology that makes the Internet of Blockchains possible . Prior to Cosmos, blockchains maintained an approach of mainframe "supercomputers", siled from each other and unable to communicate with each other. They are also difficult to build and have limited transaction throughput.
Cosmos recognized early on that this energy-intensive, inefficient time-sharing model was not scalable. We designed a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus mechanism to achieve high performance with low energy consumption and make it easy for anyone to build a sovereign blockchain and connect it to our flourishing Developed network.
1. Cosmos SDK
The Cosmos SDK is an advanced blockchain framework that sovereign chainspowers the Cosmos Hub and its rapidly expanding Sovereign Chain ( ) orbit.
Developers can use the SDK to build innovative applications that create value by exchanging with the Cosmos Hub.
2.Tendermint Core
The underlying technology behind Cosmos is the Tendermint Byzantine Fault Tolerance (Byzantin, e Fault ToleranceBFT) consensus algorithm , which is designed to ensure finality, sequential consistency, and optional availability.
DOC
3. IBC
IBC is a standard protocol for communication between blockchains that allows blockchains in an ecosystem to connect so that they can transfer tokens and other data between each other frictionlessly and seamlessly.
Ready to build?
The developers of Cosmos are the heralds of a new era of blockchain technology. Join the rapidly growing token economy and build on a secure and stable foundation.
Learn everything you need to know about building your own blockchain and more.
CLI
Built on top of the world's most popular blockchain framework, the Cosmos SDK, Ignite CLI is the fastest way to go from zero to mainnet, accelerating chain development by building everything needed so you can focus on business logic.
Decentralized Financial Applications
Build exchanges and marketplaces that allow anyone anywhere in the world to buy, trade, invest and borrow - even without a bank account.
Resilient, Autonomous Organization
Empower your community organization and allocate resources to its members. Vote on influential governance decisions.
Game economy, owned by players
Create in-game assets that are always available. Bring lasting value to players by allowing them to take their loot to another game or into the real world.
Join the network
Connect chains
Improve chain economics by connecting to the Cosmos Hub service using the IBC protocol
Provide services
Bring users to Cosmos for support by providing services such as transactions and wallets.
Become a validator
Join the ranks of trusted and decentralized validator operators in the network and help ensure interchain security.
Enter the universe
Whether you are a developer, token holder or newbie, there is a place for everyone in Cosmos.
Welcome to Cosmos
Discover the ATOM
Explore the ecosystem
1. ATOMs
1.1 What is ATOM token?
ATOM is the main token of the Cosmos Hub and ensures the security of the Hub's valuable inter-chain services. If you hold ATOMs, you can temporarily lock them up using a mechanism called staking to increase the security of the Cosmos Hub. In exchange for locking ATOMs, you will be rewarded with newly issued ATOMs and a portion of the transaction fees charged by the blockchain. However, equity is not without risk .
By staking ATOMs, you can vote in Cosmos Hub governance decisions.
1.2 What is staking?
Staking ( ) is the process of locking digital assets (ATOMs in the case of the Cosmso Hub) to provide economic security Staking on a public blockchain ( ). public blockchainPublic blockchains are permissionless networks ( permissionless networks), which means that anyone is free to contribute to their maintenance. Therefore, some maintainers of the network (called validators , verifiers) may operate maliciously. To incentivize maintainers to act in the best interest of the network, locked assets are at risk of being partially slashed (destroyed) if there is evidence that a bug has been committed.
Due to practical limitations of the software, the number of validators on the Cosmos Hub must be limited (currently 125). This limitation does not mean that ATOM holders who do not operate validators cannot participate in securing the network. In fact, ATOMs are designed so that each holder participates in securing the network using a mechanism called delegation . When ATOM holders stake their ATOMs, they must choose one or more validators to delegate to. Validators are then eligible for rewards, but also [at risk of being slashed] if the validators they choose misbehave.
1.2.1 What is a validator?
A validator ( Validators) is a special role in the network responsible for adding new transaction blocks to the blockchain. Anyone can claim to be a validator candidate, but only 125 candidates can enter the active validator set. Validator candidates are selected based on the amount of voting power ( ) associated with their operator accountVoting power . When ATOM holders begin to stake the amount of ATOM staked proportionally, they gain voting rights. This voting power must be delegated to one or more validator candidates. Therefore, ATOM holders must elect a validator when staking ATOMs to earn rewards.
To add a block to the blockchain, validators need to block proposalselectronically sign a block proposal ( ) that is valid according to the protocol. The validator selection protocol selects validators for a given block's proposer ( proposer ) according to a specific algorithm. Validator selection takes turns ( rotates ) each block. Each signature is weighted by the validator's voting power. A block is considered valid if it is signed by more than two-thirds of the validators, weighted by their respective voting power .
1.2.2 What is delegating?
Blockchains that use staking, such as the Cosmos Hub, are primarily operated by a group of participants called validators. The status of a validator (active or candidate) and its weight are determined by the number of its voting rights. Voting rights are earned when ATOMs are locked during the staking process and must be granted to validators or validator candidates. This process is called delegation.
In practice, delegation is automatic when ATOM holders start staking. A single staking transaction initiates the process of locking and delegating ATOMs to one or more validators . Transactions are performed using wallets. The transaction requires you to specify the number of ATOMs you want to participate in and the validator or validators you wish to delegate to. The wallet handles the rest by generating and sending transactions.
Validators never gain custody of the ATOMs delegated to them. Validators have no risk of "stealing" ATOMs from delegators. However, validators delegating to ATOM run the risk of being hacked if they misbehave. See What are the risks associated with betting .
What are the risks associated with betting?
Betting on ATOMs can be rewarding, but not without risk. ATOMs delegated to validators can be partially slashed if validators misbehave. Slashing means that the delegated ATOMs are confiscated (burned) with no possibility of recovery. On the Cosmos Hub, two attributable bugs could lead to the shear event of delegated ATOMs:
- A slash of 0.01% occurs if validators are offline for too long. Uptime is achieved when validators have signed at least 500 of the last 10,000 blocks. A halt slash will occur if validators have not signed at least 500 blocks out of the last 10,000 blocks.
- The 5% slash occurs if a validator signs two different blocks at the same height (dual signature). This kind of error is difficult to predict, and it is caused by bad operating practices or outright maliciousness of the validator operator.
When you delegate ATOMs to a validator, choose a trusted validator to prevent these mistakes from happening.
How should ATOM holders select validators?
In order to select validators, ATOM holders can access a range of information available in the Keplr interchain wallet or other Cosmos block explorers such as Mintscan . Please read the following information carefully before making a decision:
Validator name(validator name, also known as alias): The name of the validator candidate.Validator description: A description provided by the validator operator.Validator website: The verifier's website.Initial commission rate: (Initial Commission) The commission rate to remunerate the delegator.Commission max change rate: (Commission Maximum Change Rate) The maximum daily increase in validator commission. Operators of validators cannot change this parameter.Maximum commission: (Maximum Commission) The maximum commission rate that this validator candidate can charge. Operators of validators cannot change this parameter.Minimum self-bond amount: (Minimum bonded amount) Candidate validators must bond a minimum number of ATOMs at any time. If a validator's self-bonded stake falls below this limit, its entire stake pool (all its delegators) is unbonded. This parameter exists to protect the delegate. When a validator misbehaves, a portion of their total stake is slashed. This stake includes validator self-delegated stakes and their delegators' stakes. The minimal amount of self-bonding ensures that validators with a large number of self-delegating ATOMs share more risk than validators with a small number of self-delegating ATOMs. The minimum self-bonded amount parameter assures delegators that a validator will never fall below a certain amount of self-bonded stake. This parameter can only be incremented by validator operators.
In addition to these on-chain information resources, delegators are encouraged to learn more about validator operations, history, and security practices.
1.3 What is a wallet?
Crypto wallets are like debit cards. Debit cards do not store funds, but allow people to use their funds wherever they choose to spend. Wallets in the blockchain world likewise do not store funds, but provide people with the ability to access and transact with their tokens.
Using your wallet, start staking by sending a simple transaction (often called a "Stake" or "Delegate"). This will lock your ATOMs (i.e. you cannot transfer them) and enable selected validators to operate the network.
Staked ATOMs can be unlocked through the wallet by sending a transaction (commonly called "Unstake" or "Undelegate") and waiting 21 days.