——Peng Duanshu in Qing Dynasty
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Are things difficult or easy in the world? If you do it, what is difficult is also easy; if you don't, what is easy is also difficult. Is it difficult or easy for people to learn? If you learn it, what is difficult is also easy; if you don't learn it, what is easy is also difficult. If my capital is faint, I can't catch people, and if my talents are mediocre, I can't catch people; if I learn it quickly, I will not slacken it for a long time, until I succeed, but I don't know whether it is stupid or mediocre. The wisdom of my capital is double that of others, and the sensitivity of my material is double that of others; discarding it and not using it is no different from being faint or mediocre. The way of a sage was also passed on when he died in Lu. But how can it be useful to be stupid and smart? There are two monks in the contempt of Shu: one is poor and the other is rich. The poor said to the rich: "I want the South China Sea, how is it?" I bought a boat and went down, but I still can't do it. Why do you rely on it!" In the next year, the poor will return from the South China Sea to sue the rich, and the rich will feel ashamed. It is not known how many thousands of miles it takes to go to the South China Sea from Western Shu. The rich cannot reach the rich, but the poor can. A person's ambition is not as good as that of a humble monk from Shu? That is why one can rely on one's intelligence and agility but not on it; one who relies on one's intelligence and agility but does not learn is a self-defeating one. Faintness and mediocrity can be limited but not limited; those who do not limit themselves to faintness and mediocrity, but who are tireless in mechanics, are also self-reliant.
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At the beginning of the article, we start with the issue of difficulty. The author believes that the difficulty of things in the world is relative. The same is true for learning, as long as you learn down-to-earth, there is nothing you can't master; on the contrary, without learning, even very easy things will be regarded as very difficult. After explaining the dialectical relationship between difficulty and ease, the author raises the question of wisdom and foolishness. People with low talents and mediocre talents, as long as they are diligent in learning, can achieve something over time and get rid of the situation of stupidity and mediocrity; while people with bright talents and outstanding talents, if they give up on themselves and are ignorant and incompetent, they will also be confused with mediocrity. Those who work together. According to legend, Confucius ' theory was passed on to Zisi by Zeng Shen, who was intelligent and dull , and then passed on to Mencius by Zisi's disciples. Therefore, the author said: "The way of a sage is passed on even when he died in Lu." Therefore, the author believes that stupidity and intelligence are relative, and the key depends on individual efforts. This first paragraph is written entirely in the language of discussion, clearly expressing my views on the way of learning.
The second paragraph of the article uses a story, which can also be said to be a fable, to further explain that difficulty and success are not necessarily related. Where there is a will, there is a way. As long as you can firmly walk towards the established goal, you will definitely be able to reach the end. Both poor monks and rich monks in Sichuan wanted to go on a pilgrimage to Putuo Mountain. The poor realized their wish with a bottle and a bowl and a firm will; , failed to achieve the goal. The author thus explained the importance of "resolute". The so-called "aspiration" is not only to establish a goal of struggle, but also to have the spirit of persevering and advancing despite difficulties, which is the most precious thing in learning. Through specific and vivid narration, this section imagines the language and demeanor of the characters, and vividly reveals the importance of determination, just like a fable. Although it is simple and simple, it contains profound truth.
The conclusion in the last paragraph still boils down to the question of intelligence and stupidity: smartness cannot be relied on, and stupidity cannot be limited. The key lies in whether you can be tireless in mechanics. The author emphasizes the subjective initiative in learning, gets rid of the prejudice of talent determinism, and persuades people to learn, which has an encouraging effect on people with different talents. He is undoubtedly very insightful in his dialectical understanding of "can be relied on but not relied on" for cleverness, and "limited but not limited" for fatuousness.
The full text has always used the method of comparison to enhance the persuasiveness of the article. For example, it starts from the difference between "difficult" and "easy" in the world at the beginning, pointing out that "difficult" and "easy" in learning are relative and changeable. Next, it makes an argument from stupidity and intelligence and their relationship with success or failure, repeatedly distinguishing difficulties, explaining clearly, and convincing readers. The story of the Shu monks, one poor and one rich, the poor only rely on a bottle and a bowl, and the rich can buy a boat to go down. As a result, the poor went to the South China Sea while the rich couldn't. The reasoning was always carried out in strong contrast, which added vividness to the article sex. Couplet sentences are often used in the text, such as: "If you do it, what is difficult is also easy; if you don't do it, what is easy is also difficult." "If you learn it, what is difficult is also easy; if you don't learn, what is easy is also difficult. "And the two paragraphs of "My Capital's Faintness" and "My Capital's Wisdom", "Smart and Sensitive, can be relied on but not relied on" and "Foolish and Idiot, can be limited but not limited" are all syntactically Two pairs of opposites make a deep impression on readers. There are no difficult words in the article, but just eloquent words, like a teacher's words of encouragement to the younger generation, the words are earnest and suitable for the topic.