The most complete summary of information technology (preparation teaching materials)

information Technology

Summary of information technology knowledge points for preparing for the exam, welcome to collect! Those who need xmind and test preparation books can leave a message in the comment area.

Part I - Subject Expertise

Chapter 1 - Basic Knowledge of Information Technology

• Overview of Information and Information Technology

  • information overview

    • Definition of information

      • Information itself is not an entity
      • Information is the content transmitted through text, numbers, images, graphics, sound, video, etc.
      • An information carrier is an entity used to record, transmit, accumulate, and preserve information

    • characteristics of information

      • universality
      • carrier dependency
      • sharing
      • transferability
      • value
      • value relativity
      • Timeliness
      • Authenticity
      • Disposability

  • Information Technology Overview

    • Information technology concept

      • Three pillars of information technology (core technology)

        • Sensing Technology
        • communication technology
        • computer technology

    • stage of information technology development

      • use of language

      • use of words

      • The invention and application of printing

      • Invention and application of telegraph, telephone, radio and television

      • Application of Electronic Computer and Modern Communication Technology

        • 1946-ENIAC

    • development trend

      • Diversification
      • networking
      • intelligent
      • multimedia
      • Virtualization

• Information acquisition and management

  • Information Sources

    • source of information

      • indirect acquisition
      • Get it directly

    • information source type

      • Document type
      • Verbal
      • Electronic
      • Physical type

  • Access to information

    • information acquisition process

      • location information needs
      • select source of information
      • collect information
      • save information
      • evaluation information
      • Feedback

    • tools for information acquisition

      • scanner
      • camera
      • recording equipment
      • video camera
      • computer

  • Acquisition of network information

    • type of search engine

      • research all

        • Keyword search, Baidu, Google

      • directory search

        • Category search, Sina Yahoo Sohu Netease

      • meta search

      • vertical search

    • Tips for using search engines

      • Refining search keywords

      • refine search criteria

      • good use of logic symbols

      • Forced search

        • English quotation marks

  • information management

    • definition

    • process

      • Information Collection

        • reliable
        • whole
        • real time
        • precise
        • easy to use

      • information processing

      • information storage

      • information coding

• Information Security and Prevention

  • information security

    • Three elements

      • confidentiality
      • integrity
      • availability

  • Information security precautions

    • physical defense

      • environment
      • fire protection
      • anti-static
      • Anti-battery leakage

    • logical defense

      • Access control

      • information encryption

        • data encryption
        • digital signature

  • firewall

    • concept

      • software and hardware
      • Between Intranet and Extranet
      • Service access rules, validation tools, packet filters, application gateways

    • basic skills

      • Restrict unauthorized users from accessing the internal network, filter out insecure services and illegal users
      • Prevent intruders from accessing network defenses
      • Restrict internal users from accessing specific sites

  • data encryption technology

    • concept

      • clear text
      • ciphertext

    • Encryption Algorithm

      • Symmetric encryption algorithm

        • 3DES
        • idea algorithm

      • Asymmetric encryption algorithm

        • public key and private key
        • RSA algorithm

    • Digital Signature and Authentication Technology

  • computer virus

    • feature

      • parasitic
      • contagious
      • latent
      • Concealment
      • destructive
      • Triggerability
      • Unpredictability

    • virus prevention

      • Install genuine antivirus software and update
      • Regular backup of important files
      • Do not open emails from strangers
      • Do not easily use U disks of unknown origin
      • Disconnect immediately
      • use complex password
      • Learn about computer virus basics

  • computer file confidentiality

    • File and directory hiding
    • Office document encryption password
    • set system password
    • Use third-party encryption tools

  • Relevant laws and regulations

    • "Network Security Law of the People's Republic of China"
    • "Internet User Public Account Information Service Management Regulations"
    • "Internet forum community service management regulations"
    • "Internet User Account Information Management Regulations"
    • "Regulations on the Administration of Internet Posting and Commenting Services"
    • "Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China"

• Frontier Technology of Information Technology

  • artificial intelligence

    • Application field

      • pattern recognition

        • include

          • Character recognition
          • voice
          • fingerprint
          • face

        • process

          • sample collection
          • information digitization
          • preprocessing
          • Extraction of data features
          • Compare with Standard Mode
          • classification recognition

      • expert system

      • machine game

        • complete information

        • incomplete information

        • Zero-sum game

          • play cards
          • play chess
          • Sports competition

        • non-zero sum game

          • win-win

      • machine learning

      • smart robot

  • advanced technology

    • cloud computing

    • cloud storage

    • internet of things

      • core equipment

        • RFID
        • Infrared sensor
        • Global Positioning
        • laser scanning

      • Application field

        • smart transportation
        • smart home
        • public safety

    • Big Data

      • 5V

        • Massive
        • diversification
        • Valuation
        • speed up

    • wearable technology

    • 3D printing

    • 5G

    • Virtual Reality

    • Augmented Reality

Chapter 2 - Computer Basics

• Computer Development and Application

  • The Birth and Development of Computers

    • Birth of the computer: February 1946, ENIAC

    • Development stage: small, medium, large and super large

      • electron tube
      • transistor
      • Small and Medium Scale Integrated Circuits
      • LSI and VLSI

    • development trend

      • gigantic
      • miniaturization
      • networking
      • intelligent

  • Features and Applications

    • features

      • Fast operation
      • High calculation accuracy
      • Strong logical operation ability
      • large storage capacity
      • high degree of automation

    • application

      • Scientific Computing

        • Numerical computing, the earliest field of application

      • data processing

        • The most important and wide range of application areas

      • process control

        • real-time control

      • computer aided technology

        • CAD - Computer Aided Design
        • CAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing
        • CAE - Computer Aided Engineering
        • CAI - Computer Assisted Instruction

      • Network and Communication

      • multimedia technology

• Computer Composition and Fundamentals

  • Composition and working principle

    • composition

      • software
      • hardware

    • principle

      • Father of modern computing - von Leumann

      • Air freight deposit and withdrawal

        • controller
        • calculator
        • memory
        • input device
        • output device

      • 5 groups 2 system and program control

      • Core idea: stored program and program control

  • hardware system

    • Five groups, the arithmetic unit + controller constitute the central processing unit, the central processing unit and the memory constitute the host computer, and the external memory and the input and output devices constitute the peripheral equipment together

    • CPU

      • calculator
      • controller

    • memory

      • internal memory

        • Exchange information directly with the CPU

        • RAM

          • RAM
          • Power off information lost, power on does not restore

        • RUM

          • ROM
          • Long-term preservation
          • Can only read, not write

      • external memory

        • U disk
        • hard disk
        • CD
        • network storage

      • Cache

        • Match CPU and memory speed mismatch issues

    • I/O device

      • enter

        • keyboard
        • mouse
        • microphone
        • scanner

      • output

        • monitor
        • printer
        • Plotter
        • Audio

  • Software system

    • system software

      • operating system

        • Manage hardware and software resources
        • windows、linux、unix、macos

      • language processor

        • assembler, compiler, interpreter, operator

      • service program

      • database management system

    • application

      • Office Software
      • audio processing software

  • Calculator Key Performance Indicators

    Independent uniform storage capacity

    • machine word length
    • main frequency
    • Main memory capacity
    • calculating speed
    • access cycle

• Computer Number System and Coding

  • Number System and Representation

    • digital

    • Cardinality

      • the number of digits used

    • power

    • Common Number Notation

      • letter notation

        • B means binary
        • O means octal
        • D means decimal
        • H means hexadecimal

      • subscript notation

        • 2B Ouba junior brother loves to drink 16 juice

  • number conversion

    • R prohibits conversion to decimal

      • bit-weighted summation

    • Decimal to R base

      • Integers: division and remainder
      • Decimals: multiplication and rounding

    • binary to octal

      • Take the three-in-one method

        • 000-0
        • 001-1
        • 010-2
        • 011-3
        • 100-4
        • 101-5
        • 110-6
        • 111-7

    • octal to binary

      • divide into three

    • binary to hexadecimal

      • Four in one method

    • hexadecimal to binary

      • divide into four

  • binary calculation

    • arithmetic operation

    • logic operation

    • Modulo 2 operation

      • Borrow and carry are not considered

  • computer code

    • integer representation

      Complementary code = original code + 1
      inverse code = original code inversion

      sign bit unchanged

      • original code

        • The first bit is the sign bit, 0 is positive and 1 is negative

      • inverse code

        • The negative code of a positive number is itself, the sign bit of a negative number remains unchanged, and the rest of the bits are reversed

      • Complement

        • Positive numbers remain unchanged, negative numbers keep the sign bit unchanged, and the rest of the bits are reversed, and finally add 1 on the basis of the inverse code

    • ascii mother

      • 7 bit binary
      • 48-57 is 10 Arabic numerals
      • 65-90 is 26 uppercase English letters
      • 97-122 is 26 lowercase English characters
      • A：65，a：97
      • number<uppercase<lowercase

    • Chinese code

      • Can you exchange Chinese characters?

      • Chinese character input code

      • Chinese character internal code

      • Chinese font code

        • Output ?, lattice and vector

• Windows system introduction

  • resource management

    • Advantages of the tree directory

      • clear hierarchy
      • Facilitates file classification
      • Solve the problem of duplicate names
      • Improve retrieval speed
      • access control

    • window

      • cascading windows
      • Tile horizontally
      • Tile vertically

  • file management

    • Naming rules

      • 255 max characters
      • not case sensitive
      • no spaces
      • Special characters cannot be used, 3 bars, 2 parentheses, followed by a shadow

    • file retrieval

      • • any long character

      • ？

        • a character

Chapter 3 - Basic Knowledge of Office Software

• word2010

  • Revisions and Comments

  • insert illustration

  • Format Painter and Spell Check

    • red spelling, green grammar

  • drop cap

    • sink

      • on the left side of the page

    • suspension

      • on the right side of the margin

        • All following lines are indented to the right

  • document printing

    • 1,4,6-10

      • Print the first page, 4 pages and 6 to 10 pages

• Excel2010

  • Formula application

    • cell reference

      • relative reference

        • copy default

      • Absolute quote $

        • constant
        • move

      • Mixed references

      • cross table reference

  • function application

  • data filtering

    • automatic filter

      • Only for one field

    • advanced filter

      • for multiple fields

        • peers with
        • different row or

  • chart creation

    • column chart
    • line chart
    • pie chart
    • radar chart
    • XY scatter plot

  • error type

    • Error value: #DIV/0!

      • divided by 0

    • #REF!

      • when the cell reference is invalid

    • #VALUE!

      • Formulas with different data types

    • #NAME?

      • Unrecognized text in formula

    • #NULL!

      • error zone operator
      • The specified regions do not intersect

• PowerPoint2010

  • view

    • normal view

    • slideshow view

      • \ stands for hidden mode
      • Small five-pointed star - animation effect
      • Auto change time

    • Notes page view

    • reading view

    • slide show view

      • dynamic effect

  • slideshow editor

    • Hyperlink

      • Documents and Web Pages
      • Jump only when playing
      • location in this document
      • new document
      • email address

    • Notes and handouts don't show up on slides

  • template

    • handout template

      • Can set the number of slides printed per page: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9
      • Control Handout Appearance

    • slide master

      • Style the slideshow

  • custom animation

    • Types of animation effects

      • Enter
      • emphasize
      • quit
      • action path

    • Triggering conditions

      • click start

        • have numbers

      • from previous item

        • Rectangular Alignment

      • Start after the previous item

        • misaligned, indented

  • slide print

    • 123469

Chapter 4 - Multimedia Basics

• Multimedia Overview

  • multimedia classification

    • sensory media

      • vision
      • hearing
      • sense of touch

    • express media

      • Encoding

    • performance media

      • enter

        • keyboard, camera

      • output

        • monitor

    • storage media

      • computer related external storage

    • transmission media

      • cable
      • optical fiber

  • multimedia

    • Main features of multimedia technology

      • Digitizing

        • essential features

      • Integrated

        • typical features

      • interactivity

      • real-time

      • nonlinear

    • Multimedia production process

      • demand analysis
      • planning and design
      • Material collection and processing
      • Work integration and testing
      • Publish and comment

  • Data Compression and Storage

    • file storage capacity

      • Image = number of pixels * bit depth / 8

      • audio

        • bitrate*time/8
        • Sampling Frequency Quantization Bit Number of Channels*Time/8

      • video

        • bitrate*time/8
        • Picture Size Color Bits Frame Rate*Time/8

    • data compression

      • lossy compression

      • lossless compression

        • Huffman algorithm
        • LZW compression algorithm

• Image Processing

  • Graphical Image Overview

    • resolution

      • The higher the resolution, the more pixels, the clearer the image

    • color depth

    • bitmap

      • may be distorted
      • more complex images

    • vector illustration

      • Undistorted and resolution-independent, simple graphics composed of points or lines

    • color mode

      • RGB mode

      • CMYK color mode

        • green
        • magenta
        • yellow
        • black

      • HSB mode

      • bitmap mode

        • only black and white

      • grayscale mode

  • Photoshop

    • selection tool

      • Marquee Toolset

      • lasso tool set

        • lasso tool
        • polygon
        • magnetic

      • Magic Wand Tool Set

        • Quick Selection Tool

        • magic wand tool

          • The larger the tolerance, the more colors and the larger the selected range

      • Selection Addition and Subtraction Toolset

        • new constituency

        • add to constituency

          • shift

        • Subtract from selection

          • alt

        • Intersect with constituency

          • shift+alt

    • editing tool

      • cutting work group

        • cutting tool
        • Perspective Crop Tool
        • slice tool

      • brush toolset

        • brush tool

          • shift

        • pencil tool

        • Color Replacement Tool

        • mixer brush

      • fill tool

        • gradient tool
        • paint bucket tool
        • 3D material drag and drop tool

      • Shape Toolset

        • rectangle tool

          • shift

        • prototyping tool

    • retouching tool

      • repair kit

      • Stamp Toolset

        • Clone Stamp Tool

          • ALt key, click to sample

        • Pattern Image Tool

          • user defined image

      • Eraser Toolset

      • Blur sharpening toolset

      • Burn and Dodge toolset

    • image editing

      • free transformation

        • Ctrl+T
        • Edit - Free Transform

      • color adjustment

        • Brightness/Contrast
        • Hue/Saturation
        • color balance
        • Color removal
        • color scale
        • curve
        • inversion
        • threshold

    • special function

      • mask

        • layer mask

          • black is completely transparent
          • White is completely opaque

        • clipping mask

          • mask effect
          • lower shape upper color

        • vector mask

        • quick mask

      • filter

        • Stylization
        • Vague
        • distortion
        • sharpen
        • texture
        • Pixelated
        • rendering

    • layers

      • type

        • background layer

          • opaque
          • the bottom

        • text layer

        • normal layer

      • Hide and show layers

      • lock layer

        • Lock transparent pixels

          • For opaque pixels only use

        • lock image pixels

          • Unaffected by fill, stroke, drawing tools

        • lock position

          • Locked Move, Rotate, Free Transform

        • lock all

          • Do not do anything

• animation production

  • Base

    • frame

      • The default frame rate is 12 frames per second

      • Keyframe

        • black solid circle

      • blank keyframe

        • hollow circle

      • normal frame

    • layers

    • element

      • graphic element

      • movie clip symbol

      • button element

        • pop up
        • the pointer passes
        • press
        • click

      • Components and Instances

  • flash animation type

    • frame by frame animation

      • Every frame is a keyframe

    • motion tween

      • size, position, transparency
      • element
      • Timeline background color is blue

    • Shape Tween

      • shape, color, size
      • Timeline background color is green

    • guide layer animation

      • path animation
      • At least two layers, the guide layer is invisible on the top, and the guided layer is visible on the bottom

    • mask animation

      • at least two layers
      • The mask layer is on top, the masked layer is on the bottom, the mask layer reflects the shape, and the masked layer displays the content

  • action script

    • Keyframe

    • object

    • mouse action command

      • on event
      • press
      • release
      • rollOver
      • rollOut

  • motion command

    • stop

    • play

    • gotoAndPlay(N)

      • Jump to frame N and start playing from frame N

• audio processing

  • Related parameters

    • Sampling frequency

    • quantization bits

    • number of channels

    • Compression Ratio and Bit Rate

      • Compression ratio = before compression / after compression
      • The average number of bits required per second

  • audio digitization process

    • sampling

      • in time

    • Quantify

      • On the amplitude

    • coding

  • digital equipment

    • microphone

    • ADCAnalog-to-Digital Converter

      • Conversion of analog signal to digital signal

    • computer

  • GoldWave

    • interface

    • basic operation

      • cut waveform

        • Difference from copy: move the waveform to a certain position

      • delete waveform

        • Delete the selected waveform

      • clipped waveform

        • Delete unselected waveforms

Chapter 5 - Database Basics

• database foundation

  • Functions of a database management system

    • data definition
    • Data organization, storage and management
    • Data manipulation function
    • Database transaction management and operation management
    • Database establishment and maintenance
    • Other functions

  • Features of database system

    • data structuring
    • High data sharing, low redundancy and easy expansion
    • high independence
    • The data is uniformly managed and controlled by the database management system

  • Three-Level Schema Structure of Database System

    • model

      • A database has only one schema

    • Outer mode

      • submode/usermode
      • A database can have multiple foreign schemas

    • Inner mode

      • storage mode
      • A database has only one internal schema

• data model

  • Components

    • data structure
    • data manipulation
    • Data Integrity Constraints

  • relationship between entities

    • one-to-one contact
    • one-to-many relationship
    • many-to-many connection

  • ER diagram

    • The entity type is represented by a rectangle
    • Attributes are represented by ovals
    • Links are represented by diamonds

  • logical model

    • hierarchical model
    • mesh model
    • relational model

• relational database

  • Conversion between ER Diagram and Relational Model

  • integrity of relationship

    • Entity Integrity Constraints
    • referential integrity constraints
    • User-Defined Integrity Constraints

  • Relational operations

    • traditional set operations

      • and

      • pay

        • T=R-(R-S)

      • Difference

      • Cartesian Product

    • specialized relational operations

      • choose
      • projection
      • connect

• Database Design

  • database design method

    • new orleans method
    • Based on ER model
    • 3NF (Third Normal Form)
    • ODL

  • Axiom system

  • Paradigm

• structured query language

  • Introduction to SQL

    • SQL function

      • data definition function
      • Data query function
      • Data Update
      • data control

  • Operation on table structure

  • select

• Access2010

  • Is a relational database management system RDBMS
  • Extension: .acedb

Chapter 6 - Computer Network Basics

• Basics of Computer Networks

  • Components of a computer network

    • resource subnet
    • communication subnet

  • Triple play

    • Telecommunications network
    • broadcast network
    • the Internet

  • Network Classification

    • range points

      • WAN
      • MAN
      • LAN

    • network topology

      • star
      • Ring
      • bus type
      • tree type
      • Net type

    • communication technology

      • broadcast network
      • peer-to-peer network

  • Network Performance Indicators

    • rate

      • bps

    • bandwidth

      • Ability to transfer data
      • The highest data rate that can pass from one point to another per unit of time

    • throughput

      • How much data can actually pass through the network
      • Affected by bandwidth and speed

    • BER

      • reliability index

• Network Architecture and Protocols

  • Three elements of network protocol

    • Semantics
    • grammar
    • timing

  • Network Reference Model

    • OSI

      • Proposed by ISO, Open System Interconnection Reference Model
      • physical layer
      • Network layer
      • transport layer
      • session layer
      • presentation layer
      • application layer

    • TCP/IP Reference Model

      • application layer
      • transport layer
      • internet layer
      • network interface layer

  • Common Network Protocols

    • network layer protocol

      • IP
      • ARP
      • ICMP
      • NAT

    • transport layer protocol

      • TCP

        • connection-oriented
        • transmission control protocol
        • quality

      • UDP

        • connectionless
        • efficiency

    • application layer protocol

      • HTTP

        • Hypertext Transfer Protocol

      • FTP

        • file transfer protocol

      • SMTP

        • Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

      • POP3

        • Post Office Protocol

      • DHCP

        • Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

      • TELNET

        • RTP

  • Commonly Used Network Services

    • DNS

      • domain name resolution process

        • local name server
        • root name server
        • The local domain name server is saved to the cache

      • Iterative query and recursive query

      • The DNS server puts the domain name and IP address comparison table

    • WWW

      • world wide web

      • URL

        • Uniform Resource Locator

        • composition

          • protocol

          • the host

          • port

            • Generally can be omitted

          • path

    • email

      • username@hostname

        • username@server domain name

• Basics of Network Communication

  • Network transmission method

    • baseband transmission

      • non-return-to-zero coding
      • return-to-zero encoding
      • Manchester code
      • Differential Manchester coding

    • frequency band transmission

      • Digital signal - Analog signal

        • Modulator

      • Analog signal - digital signal

        • Demodulator

  • error control technology

    • calculate

  • Transmission medium

    • limited transmission medium

      • coaxial cable
      • twisted pair
      • optical fiber

    • wireless transmission medium

  • interconnection device

    • physical layer

      • repeater

        • LAN segment

      • hub

    • data link layer

      • bridge

        • local area network
        • route selection function

      • switch

    • Network layer

      • router

    • multi-layer

      • gateway

        • Wan
        • local area network

      • network card

        • Basic equipment for building a local area network

• IP address and domain name

  • definition

    • IPv4

      • 32-bit binary representation, each 8-bit equivalent decimal representation

    • IPv6

      • 128 bits

    • MAC address

      • physical address
      • An address used to determine the location of a device on the network
      • Uniquely identifies a network card
      • 48 bits

  • Classification

    • Class A
    • Class B
    • Class C

  • subnetting

    • Divide two-level IP addresses into three-level IP addresses

    • subnet encoding

      • Network address = binary bitwise AND of IP address and subnet code
      • Subtopic 2

    • subnetting

• Network Failure and Security

  • Fault type

    • nature

      • physical failure
      • logical failure

    • object division

      • line failure
      • router failure
      • host failure

  • troubleshooting

    • hardware malfunction

      • RJ45

    • software failure

      • Check network card settings
      • Check network protocol

  • computer network security

    • feature

      • confidentiality
      • integrity
      • availability
      • controllability

    • Network security attack method

      • to interrupt
      • intercepted
      • Revise
      • fake

    • Common Network Security Techniques

      • network isolation
      • Identification
      • digital encryption
      • digital signature

• Web Design Fundamentals

  • basic knowledge

    • text class label

      • title tag

      • paragraph tag

      • Insert and delete tags

      • Superscript and subscript labels

        • Superscript

          • sup

        • subscript

          • sub

    • form tab

      • subject tag

        • table

      • Row labels

        • tr

      • cell label

        • td

      • header cell label

        • th

      • table title tag

        • caption

    • multimedia tab

      • image tag

        • img

      • video tag

  • CSS selector

    • id selector

    • class selector

    • label selector

    • pseudo class selector

  • JavaScript message box

    • warning box

      • alert()

    • confirmation box

      • confirm

    • prompt box

      • prompt

Chapter 7 - Programming Basics

• Algorithms and Programming

  • Basic Features of the Algorithm

    • Infinity
    • Certainty
    • effectiveness
    • zero or more inputs
    • one or more outputs

  • Algorithm Representation

    • natural language

    • pseudocode

    • flow chart

      • Ellipse indicates start and end
      • Parallelograms represent inputs and outputs
      • Rectangles represent processing statements
      • A diamond represents a judgment statement

    • Computer Languages

  • common algorithm

    • analytical method
    • Enumeration
    • Recursion
    • recursive method

  • search algorithm

    • sequential search
    • binary search

  • Sorting Algorithm

    • direct insertion sort
    • Bubble Sort
    • quick sort
    • simple selection sort

  • Program Design Overview

    • Development of programming languages

      • machine language
      • Assembly language
      • high level language

    • method of programming

      • structured programming method

        • top down
        • progressive refinement

      • Object-Oriented Programming Method

        • encapsulation
        • inherit
        • polymorphism

    • Three basic structures of programming

      • sequential structure
      • select structure
      • loop structure

• data structure

  • basic structure

    • logical structure

      • linear structure
      • nonlinear structure

    • physical structure

  • linear table

    • Linear Table to Characteristic

      • There is exactly one predecessor for every data element in the set except the first, and there is exactly one successor for every element in the set except the last

    • Linear table storage method

      • sequential storage

        • advantage

          • Can directly access any node in the linear list

        • shortcoming

          • Fixed size, waste of space, not conducive to insertion and deletion

      • chain storage

        • Single list

          • Each has a head pointer, which wastes space and is inconvenient to directly access nodes

        • circular linked list

          • As long as you know the address of a certain node in the table, you can search for all other node addresses

        • Doubly linked list

  • Stacks and Queues

    • the stack

      • linear table

      • last in first out

      • Insertion and deletion are performed on the top of the stack

      • two storage structures

        • sequential stack
        • chain stack

    • queue

      • Insert at one end and delete at one end to a linear list
      • first in first out
      • Allowing to delete to one end is the head of the team, allowing insertion to be the tail of the team

  • Trees and Binary Trees

    • Tree

      • Tree definitions are recursive

      • The number of subtrees of a node is called the degree of the node, the maximum value of the degree of each node in the tree is called the degree of the tree, and the maximum level of nodes in the tree is the depth of the tree

      • non-linear to structure

      • With reverse memory structure

      • The tree uses a linked list structure

        • parents
        • child
        • kid brother said

    • binary tree

      • Features: Each node has at most two trees, the subtrees are divided into left and right, and the order cannot be reversed arbitrarily

      • different from tree

        • It can be empty, there is no node in the empty one, and the word tree of the node is in order, divided into two sub-binary trees on the left and right

      • nature

        • The i-th layer has at most 2`i-1 nodes (i>=1)
        • A binary tree of depth k has at most 2 k powers - 1 nodes
        • For any binary tree, if its terminal node tree is a, the node tree with degree tail 2 is b. Then a=b+1
        • With n nodes to complete binary tree to depth log2 n+1

      • binary tree to traversal

        • preface

          • Visit the root node first

        • In sequence

          • intermediate access node

        • Subsequent

          • Finally find the root node

    • picture

      • nonlinear structure

      • between nodes to relational characters to

      • Classification

        • Undirected graph

          • set of edges undirected

        • directed graph

      • vertex to degree

        • Associate vertices to edges to numbers
        • In a directed graph, taking the vertex V as the head to the data is called the in-degree, and taking V as the tail to the data is called the out-degree

      • connected

      • traverse

        • depth-first search

          • Similar to preorder traversal

        • breadth first search

          • similar tree-to-level traversal

• Introduction to Python language

  • basic knowledge

    • grammatical features

      • single line comment

      • multiline comment

        • three single quotes
        • three pairs of double quotes

      • code indentation

        • :

    • reserved word

    • identifier

      • The first character cannot enter a number
      • cannot contain spaces
      • letter case sensitive

    • variable

      • There is no need to declare variable names and their types
      • Variable names are case sensitive

  • type of data

    • basic data type

      • number type

        • integer int
        • floating point number float
        • plural complex

      • Boolean type bool

        • true：1
        • false：0

      • string type str

    • data type conversion

      • int(x0

      • str(x)

        • convert x to string

      • repr(x)

        • Convert x to an expression string without escaping

      • eval(str)

        • Evaluates to a valid expression in a string, and returns an object

  • operator

    • arithmetic operator

      • % remainder
      • //Rounding
      • **power

    • assignment operator

      • x+=y,x=x+y

    • comparison operator

    • Logical Operators

      • and
      • or
      • not
      • In Python, and is called a logical AND operation. The operation rule is to calculate the expression from left to right to the value. If a value is false, the first false value is returned, and if all values ​​are true, the last true value is returned. value

    • bit operation

    • operator precedence

      • Power > Negation, Sign > Multiplication and Division

  • process control

    • select statement

      • if
      • elif
      • else

    • loop statement

      • while loop
      • for loop

    • jump statement

      • break

      • continue

        • Skip this cycle and enter the next cycle

      • pass

        • occupy

  • sequence

    • basic knowledge

      • index
      • slice

    • the list

      • Elements can be of different types

    • ancestor

      • and list to difference

        • The list is a mutable sequence, the elements can be deleted and modified, and the ancestor elements cannot be modified unless the whole is replaced
        • Tuples cannot add, replace and delete elements
        • Lists can use slices to access and modify elements, and tuples also support slices, which can only access
        • Yuanzu's access speed is fast
        • Lists cannot be keyed as dictionaries, tuples can

    • gather

      • save unique elements
      • {}

    • dictionary

      • key value pair
      • The key is unique and there are multiple values
      • {}

    • string

      • The operation does not change the variable itself but generates a new object

  • built-in function

    • divmod()

      • Returns a tuple of quotients and remainders

Part II - Curriculum and Teaching Knowledge

Chapter 1 - Information Technology Course Knowledge

• Course Overview

  • course nature

    • Basic
    • comprehensive
    • Practical
    • hierarchical
    • humanity

  • features

    • Developmental
    • comprehensive
    • applicability
    • instrumental
    • Practical
    • hobby

• Curriculum standard content selection

  • Course Nature and Basic Ideas

    • course nature

    • basic idea

      • Adhere to the curriculum values ​​of building morality and cultivating people, and cultivate Chinese citizens with information literacy
      • Set up a curriculum structure that meets the diverse needs of students and promotes the individual development of students
      • Choose course content that reflects the times and basics to support the development of students' information literacy
      • Fostering a learning-centred teaching-learning relationship that promotes information literacy in problem solving
      • Build an evaluation system based on subject core literacy to promote learning innovation in the digital age

  • Subject core literacy and curriculum objectives

    • Subject core literacy

      • information awareness
      • computational thinking
      • Digital Learning and Innovation
      • Information Social Responsibility

    • Course objectives

      • Improve the information literacy of all high school students in all aspects
      • Disciplinary concepts: data, algorithms, information systems, information society, etc.

    • course structure

      • Design Basis

        • The guiding ideology of course design is to cultivate people by virtue
        • Set up the curriculum structure and content according to the general high school curriculum plan
        • Refer to the latest achievements of international information technology education research
        • Based on the characteristics of the development of information technology disciplines

      • structure

        • compulsory

          • Data and Computing
          • Information Systems and Society

        • optional compulsory

          • Data and Data Structures
          • network foundation

        • Elective

          • algorithm
          • mobile app design

Chapter 2 - Information Technology Teaching Knowledge

• Information Technology Teaching Methods

  • Common teaching methods

    • Teaching method

      • Advantages: imparting knowledge systematically, suitable for class organization teaching
      • Disadvantages: injection teaching, lack of innovation

    • discussion method

    • demonstration method

    • Experimental method

    • Coaching

    • task-driven approach

      • Advantages: 1. Fully embodies the "student subject" to teaching ideas, 2. Easy to learn initiative and enthusiasm, 3. Cooperation spirit and communication skills, 4. Innovation and practical ability, individualized development
      • Disadvantages: It is difficult to balance knowledge and system, and it is easy to cause simple repetition of teaching content
      • Teaching links: presenting tasks, teacher guidance, clarifying tasks, completing tasks, and completing task evaluation

    • example teaching method

    • problem-based learning

  • Basis for the choice of teaching method

    • Teaching purpose and tasks
    • teaching content
    • teaching conditions
    • The actual situation of the students
    • type of lesson

• Teaching Evaluation

  • The function of teaching evaluation

    • Feedback adjustment function
    • Diagnostic Guidance Function
    • Strengthen the incentive function
    • Teaching Improvement Function
    • Psychological adjustment function
    • goal-oriented function

  • teaching evaluation to type

    • According to different evaluation criteria

      • relative evaluation
      • absolute evaluation
      • Individualized Difference Evaluation

    • According to different evaluation functions

      • diagnostic evaluation
      • formative assessment
      • summative evaluation

    • According to different subjects

      • Self-evaluation
      • Evaluation by others

    • According to different evaluation methods

      • Qualitative evaluation
      • quantitative evaluation

  • Principles of Teaching Evaluation

    • developmental principles
    • comprehensive principle
    • principle of diversity
    • multi-subjectivity principle
    • principle of objectivity
    • guiding principles

• teaching skills

  • import skills

    • Types of imported skills

      • direct import
      • Import
      • story import
      • Work import
      • game import

    • Be aware of issues when applying imported skills

      • Import should be targeted
      • hobby
      • diversity
      • simplicity

  • Lecture skills

    • type

      • Explanatory
      • descriptive
      • Comparative
      • Interpretation

    • attention should be paid to the problem

      • Have a clear explanation structure
      • The language should be fluent, accurate and clear
      • be inspiring
      • be good at using examples
      • Attention to forming connections
      • will emphasize
      • Pay attention to getting feedback and instant regulation

  • blackboard writing skills

    • type

      • outline blackboard writing
      • Clue writing on blackboard
      • table style blackboard
      • graphic blackboard writing
      • multimedia board writing

  • Completion skills

    • type

      • Inductive closing
      • Comparative closing
      • end of practice
      • activity end
      • Extended end-of-course

  • task design skills

    • type

      • Observational tasks
      • thinking task
      • representational tasks
      • operational tasks

• Teaching Organization Form

  • Classification

    • class teaching
    • group teaching
    • individual teaching

• learning method

  • Self-directed learning under the guidance of teachers

  • Inquiry learning under the guidance of teachers

  • cooperative learning under the guidance of teachers

    • class disscussion
    • role play
    • Competitive Strategy
    • collaborative strategy
    • partner strategy

Chapter 3 - Information Technology Instructional Design

• Instructional Design Overview

  • process

    • Pre-analysis
    • compiling teaching objectives
    • develop teaching strategies
    • conduct teaching evaluation

• Pre-analysis

  • learning needs analysis

    • determine the desired state
    • Confirm the status quo
    • Analyze the reasons for the gap

  • learner analysis

    • Initial Capability Analysis
    • General Characteristic Analysis
    • Learning Style Analysis

  • Learning content analysis

• teaching implementation

  • Writing of Teaching Objectives

  • Determining the difficulty of teaching

  • Teaching process

    • New lesson introduction

      • Learn from the past and learn from the new
      • Create situation import

    • new lesson teaching

      • Teaching method
      • discussion method
      • demonstration method
      • task-driven approach

    • Consolidate and improve

      • Exercises to consolidate
      • gallery

    • miss homework

      • summary

        • Teacher summary
        • Q&A with teachers and students

      • Operation

        • In conclusion
        • Collect and arrange
        • Operation exercise