[Touge Experiment] Homework 1: Open ECS and use Linux commands

1. Complete the following experiments and take screenshots

1. Experiment "ECS cloud server beginners"

https://developer.aliyun.com/adc/scenario/410e5b6a852f4b4b88bf74bf4c197a57

Modify the password of the root user of the instance on the console, modify the host name (change it to your full name and the last four digits of the student number), and take a screenshot after remote login.

2. Experiment "ECS Basic Commands and Simple Applications"

Use the Linux command passwd to modify the password of the root user, then use PuTTY to log in remotely, and do the following operations in the PuTTY window: Create a txt file (the file name is your name and the last four digits of the student number), edit the file input content, and create a directory ( The directory name is spliced ​​with the last four digits of your student number), put the txt file mv or cp you created into the directory you created, compare the difference between the two, and take a screenshot of the operation result.

3. Refer to the experiment "How to quickly open and use cloud server ECS" to open your own cloud server (try to use free ones)

https://developer.aliyun.com/adc/scenario/f1fcf9f8f2714227885551a1b55b1a0b?spm=a2c6h.14164896.0.0.3d046d10KLsuKy

Enter the screenshot of the ECS overview in the console (the ecs instance name is set to the last four digits of your student number), and write down the payment method, region, specification, image, port opened by the security group, and instance name of your instance

Payment method: Free trial
Region: East China 2 (Shanghai)
Specifications: 4 cores (vCPU) 16 GiB
Mirror image: centos_7_9_x64_20G_alibase_20230208.vhd
Ports opened by the security group: All IPs are allowed to access HTTP (80), HTTPS (443), SSH for the TCP protocol (22), RDP (3389) port, and allow all IPs to access all ports for the ICMP (IPv4) protocol.
Instance name: yangmingjin1788

• The following content group discussion is completed together.

2. Briefly answer the content of "classroom assessment"

1. What does experimental desktop mean? How is it different from the desktop of the computer you are using? Which is the virtual desktop?

Experimental desktop refers to a virtual computer desktop environment created under virtualization technology, in which users can run and test software, applications, etc.

Different from the computer desktop in use, the experimental desktop is an independent operating system environment running on a virtual machine, while the computer desktop in use refers to the actual physical computer desktop environment.

The experimental desktop is a virtual desktop because it is a virtual computer desktop environment created under virtualization technology.

2. What is the purpose of the Alibaba Cloud experimental account? Is it a real experimental account? How is it different from your own Alibaba Cloud account permissions?

阿里云实验账号It is an account used to allow users to experience Alibaba Cloud's products and services for free, so as to better understand and learn their functions and usage. Experimental accounts allow users to use Alibaba Cloud's products and services to complete experiments and learning tasks without paying fees. The experimental account usually has a certain usage time limit, and the user can use the experimental account to conduct experiments within the specified time.
阿里云实验账号It is a real account, but it has different permissions from a personal account. Usually, the permissions of the Alibaba Cloud experimental account are limited, and can only access specific products and services, and some functions and restrictions may not be available. In addition, experimental accounts may have some usage restrictions, such as usage time restrictions and some quota restrictions. Users need to pay attention to usage conditions to avoid exceeding the quota or overtime usage.
与个人账号相比, Alibaba Cloud experimental accounts are more suitable for learning and testing purposes, while personal accounts are more suitable for commercial and production environments. Therefore, when using an Alibaba Cloud experimental account, users need to understand the permissions and restrictions of the account in order to use them reasonably to achieve their own goals.

3. What are the functions of the console logged in by the browser?

Used to manage and control cloud services and resources. The following are some common uses and functions of the Alibaba Cloud console:
1. 管理阿里云实例和服务: Users can manage and control Alibaba Cloud instances and services in the console, such as creating and starting ECS ​​instances of cloud servers, creating and managing load balancers, and creating and managing cloud Database RDS instance, etc.
Monitoring and management of cloud resources: The console provides a wealth of monitoring and management tools, such as monitoring the status, performance and usage of cloud resources, viewing configuration information of cloud resources, and performing security configuration and management.
2. 管理阿里云账户和权限: Users can manage and control Alibaba Cloud accounts and permissions in the console, such as creating and managing sub-accounts, assigning and managing sub-account permissions, configuring security policies, etc.
3. 进行数据分析和处理: The console provides a variety of data analysis and processing tools, such as the big data computing engine MaxCompute, data integration and management tool DataWorks, artificial intelligence platform Machine Learning Platform for AI, etc., to help users analyze and process data.
4. 进行安全审计和管理: The console provides a variety of security audit and management tools, such as security center, DDoS protection, etc., to help users detect and manage the security of cloud services.

4. Super user Root and Administrator, which one is Windows? Which is Linux?

In the Windows operating system, "Administrator" is the account name of the superuser. In the Windows operating system, "Administrator" is the account name of the superuser. Although these two names are used in different operating systems, their functions and permissions are basically the same, and they are both accounts with the highest authority for managing and maintaining the system. However, in a production environment, the superuser should be used with caution, because it has full control over the system, and wrong operations may lead to system crashes or data loss.

5. What is the LX terminal for? What is the command to remotely log in to a Linux server? Is there any other way to log in?

LX terminal (or called Linux terminal or Linux command line terminal) is a tool for executing commands and managing the operating system in the Linux operating system, similar to the command line prompt in Windows.

• The command to remotely log in to a Linux server is usually ssh. SSH (Secure Shell) is an encrypted network protocol used to securely transmit data in an insecure network. By using the SSH protocol, you can open a terminal window on the local computer and connect to a remote Linux server to execute commands or manage the operating system.

The ssh command format for remotely logging in to a Linux server: ssh [user@]hostname [command]"user" is the user name of the remote server, and "hostname" is the host name or IP address of the remote server. If you need to execute a command on a remote server, you can pass the command as the "command" parameter.

In addition to ssh, there are other ways to log in to a Linux server, such as:

• Console login: log in directly on the physical console of the server, and usually need to be operated locally on the server.
  Telnet login: Use the Telnet protocol to connect to port 23 of the Linux server. However, because the Telnet protocol itself is not safe, it is not recommended to use it.
• FTP login: use the FTP protocol to connect to the Linux server, usually used to upload and download files, but because the FTP protocol is not safe, it is not recommended.
• Using third-party remote login tools: such as PuTTY, XShell, etc., can provide a more convenient login method and interface.

It should be noted that no matter what method you use to log in to the Linux server, you should remain safe and cautious to avoid system and data loss due to wrong operations or unauthorized access.

6. What is PuTTY? Do you know of any other similar software?

PuTTY is a free, open-source terminal emulator and networking tool available on Windows and Unix platforms. It is mainly used for remote logging into other computer systems, transferring files, and testing and debugging of network protocols. PuTTY supports multiple protocols, including SSH, Telnet, rlogin, and serial, etc., and can protect the security of remote connections through various encryption technologies.

In addition to PuTTY, there are a number of similar terminal emulators and networking tools to choose from, including:

• SecureCRT: A commercial terminal emulator that can be used on multiple operating systems and supports multiple protocols and encryption technologies.
• Tera Term: A free terminal emulator that can be used on the Windows platform and supports multiple protocols and scripting.
• MobaXterm: An integrated software of terminal emulator and network tool, which can be used on Windows platform and supports multiple protocols and plug-in extensions.
• KiTTY: A fork of PuTTY with some additional features and improvements, available on the Windows platform.
• ZOC Terminal: A commercial terminal emulator that can be used on multiple operating systems and supports multiple protocols and scripting.

7. What do the Linux commands pwd, ls, mkdir, cd, mv, cp, passwd, touch, vim do?

pwd: Displays the path of the current working directory.
ls: List the files and subdirectories under the current directory.
mkdir: Create a new directory.
cd: Change the current working directory.
mv: Move or rename a file or directory.
cp: Copy a file or directory.
passwd: Change user password.
touch: Create a new file or update the timestamp of an existing file.
vim: A text editor that can be used to edit text files.

8. What is ECS? What is an instance?

ECS is the abbreviation of Elastic Compute Service (Elastic Compute Service), which is a basic computing service provided by the Alibaba Cloud cloud computing platform. It provides a secure, scalable, and efficient computing environment that can meet various computing needs.

In ECS, an instance is a virtual computer with independent operating system, network and storage resources. You can use ECS to create instances to run various computing tasks, such as web servers, database servers, application servers, distributed computing nodes, etc. Each ECS instance has its own public IP address and private IP address, and the specifications of computing resources (such as CPU, memory, storage capacity, etc.) can be adjusted according to actual needs.

ECS provides many functions and services, including:

• Instance Management: Create, start, stop, restart and delete instances.
• Network management: Configure network resources such as security groups, elastic IPs, and VPCs.
• Storage management: select different types of cloud disks, create automatic snapshots, etc.
• Security management: Use security groups, SSL certificates, etc. to protect instance security.
• Monitoring and log management: Monitor instance performance and usage, and generate logs.

Through ECS, users can quickly create and manage their own virtual computing resources to meet various computing needs, thereby improving computing efficiency and reducing costs.

9. What are the ways for ECS to change the root user password?

There are several ways to change the root user password in ECS:

Log in ECS实例to modify: Users can log in to the ECS instance through SSH, and use the passwd command to modify the password of the root user. Specific steps are as follows:

1. Open the SSH client and connect to the ECS instance.
2. Enter the su command to switch to the root user.
3. Enter the passwd command and change the password as prompted.

Modify by ECS控制台: Users can find the ECS instance whose password needs to be changed on the ECS console, and modify it by resetting the instance password. Specific steps are as follows:

1. Log in to the Alibaba Cloud ECS console.
2. Find the instance whose password needs to be changed, and select "More" -> "Reset Instance Password".
3. Enter the new password in the dialog box that pops up, and confirm the modification.

Modify via ECS API: Users can modify the password through the ECS API call interface. Specific steps are as follows:

1. Use the API key to log in to the Alibaba Cloud console to obtain AccessKey and AccessKeySecret.
2. Use the ECS API call interface to call the "ResetInstancePassword" operation to change the password.

10. What does it mean to create an ECS region? What regions does Alibaba Cloud have?

In Alibaba Cloud ECS, a region refers to a physical area, including one or more availability zones. Each availability zone is an independent physical data center, which can be understood as a group of cloud resource pools. The network intercommunication between ECS instances in different regions needs to be connected through the public network or dedicated line.
Alibaba Cloud currently provides multiple regions around the world, including Asia Pacific, Europe, the United States, and the Middle East. The following is the list of regions currently supported by Alibaba Cloud:

• Asia Pacific: East China 1 (Shanghai), East China 2 (Beijing), South China 1 (Shenzhen), Hong Kong, Singapore, Mumbai, Jakarta, Tokyo, Sydney, Kuala Lumpur, etc.
• Europe: UK (London), Germany (Frankfurt), Netherlands (Amsterdam), Turkey (Istanbul), etc.
• US regions: US (Virginia), US (Silicon Valley), US (Dallas), etc.
• Middle East: Dubai, etc.

When creating an ECS instance, the user needs to select a region to create the instance. Selecting a different region will affect the network delay, bandwidth, price, etc. of the ECS instance. Therefore, when selecting a region, you need to make a selection based on actual service requirements and network conditions.

11. Which of the billing methods of subscription and pay-as-you-go are suitable for?

Subscription and pay-as-you-go are the two main billing methods of Alibaba Cloud ECS. They are suitable for the following situations:

• Subscription: Subscription means that users purchase resources for a certain period of time in advance, such as one year or half a year, and all fees need to be paid in one go. The advantage of this billing method is that the price is relatively low, suitable for users with stable business needs, and can provide longer service guarantees. In addition, users who use the yearly and monthly billing method can avoid the cost pressure caused by sudden business demand changes to a certain extent.
• Pay-as-you-go: Pay-as-you-go means that users are billed according to the amount of resources actually used, and corresponding fees are generated every hour or every month. The advantage of this billing method is that it is highly flexible. Resources can be increased or decreased at any time according to business needs, and resources are paid on demand to avoid waste of resources. In addition, users who use the pay-as-you-go billing method can quickly adjust the resource scale according to business needs to better adapt to business development.

Therefore, according to actual business needs and cost budget, users can choose a billing method that suits them. If the business needs are relatively stable, it is recommended to choose the annual and monthly billing method. If the business needs change rapidly and the resource scale needs to be flexibly adjusted, it is recommended to choose the pay-as-you-go billing method.

12. What are the two major CPU architectures? Which two companies mainly produce X86 architecture CPUs?

The two mainstream CPU architectures are x86 architecture and ARM architecture.

The x86 architecture CPU is mainly produced by two companies, Intel and AMD. Among them, Intel is one of the largest semiconductor companies in the world and one of the main manufacturers of x86-based CPUs. Its products include Intel Core, Intel Xeon, etc.; AMD is an American semiconductor company and a major manufacturer of x86-based CPUs. One of its products includes AMD Ryzen, AMD EPYC, etc.

The x86 architecture is a complex instruction set computer (CISC) architecture originally designed for personal computers (PCs), but is now widely used in a variety of applications such as servers, workstations, and supercomputers. The x86 architecture CPU has the advantages of high performance, extensive software support and mature ecosystem, so it is widely used in various fields.

The ARM architecture is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) architecture, mainly developed by ARM, and its design goal is to provide efficient processing capabilities for low-power, embedded and mobile devices. ARM architecture CPUs are widely used in smartphones, tablet computers, Internet of Things devices and other fields, and have the advantages of low power consumption and high integration.

13. What are vCPUs? Which specification do you choose?

vCPUs are virtual CPUs, one of the computing resources of cloud servers (ECS). Each virtual CPU represents a certain amount of physical CPU computing resources, which are used to execute computing tasks on the cloud server. vCPUs usually together with memory, storage and other resources constitute the specifications of cloud servers, and different specifications can be selected according to business needs.

The specification I choose is4核(vCPU) 16 GiB

14. What is the mirror image in the experiment? Is Alibaba Cloud Linux Linux or Windows? Why are there many commercial distributions of Linux and not many of Windows?

In computing, a mirror is an exact copy of a data storage device, file system, or disk partition. In cloud computing, an image usually refers to a snapshot of the cloud server (ECS) system disk, including the operating system, applications, and configuration information.

Alibaba Cloud Linux is a Linux operating system, a cloud server operating system launched by Alibaba Cloud, which is developed and maintained by Alibaba Cloud itself. The operating system is developed based on CentOS, compatible with CentOS applications and tools, and optimized for cloud computing scenarios.

The reason why there are many commercial versions of Linux is that Linux is an open source operating system whose kernel code is visible and modifiable to developers. Therefore, many companies and organizations can modify and customize Linux to meet specific business needs. This customized version is called "Distribution", such as Red Hat Enterprise Linux, SUSE Linux Enterprise, Ubuntu, etc.

In contrast, Windows is a closed-source operating system, and its kernel code is not disclosed to developers. Therefore, the difficulty and cost of modification and customization on Windows are relatively high, and it is not easy to expand and customize. Therefore, there are relatively few commercial versions of Windows compared to Linux.

15. What is a VPC? When configuring the network for ECS, did you choose the default VPC? Can re-create a VPC to configure?

VPC is the abbreviation of Virtual Private Cloud (Virtual Private Network), which is a network isolation and management service based on cloud technology. VPC provides a flexible and customizable way for users to build their own virtual network on the cloud, including network configurations such as IP addresses, routing tables, gateways, and security groups.

When creating an ECS instance, the user needs to select a VPC to configure the ECS network environment. If the user has not created a VPC, you can choose to use the default VPC for configuration. The default VPC is automatically created by Alibaba Cloud for the user under the user account. It includes a default subnet, routing table, and security group configurations, which facilitates the rapid deployment and configuration of cloud resources for users.

If users need to re-create a VPC to configure the ECS network environment, they can do so through the Alibaba Cloud console or API. Users can select VPC configurations such as region, IP address segment, routing table, and security group according to their own needs. After the creation is complete, users can create subnets, ECS instances, and other cloud resources in the VPC, and implement network isolation and management through configurations such as routing tables and security groups.

16. What is a security group? Which ports are allowed by the default security group here? Why?

A security group is a virtual firewall and a way to provide network access control in a cloud computing environment. The security group can implement access control on the inbound and outbound traffic of ECS instances, and can configure specific rules such as IP addresses, protocols, and ports according to user needs, so as to ensure the network security of cloud resources.

When creating an ECS instance on Alibaba Cloud, the user needs to select a security group for network configuration. By default, Alibaba Cloud will create a default security group for users. This security group allows port 22 (SSH) and port 3389 (RDP) to allow users to log in to ECS instances through SSH or RDP. This is because SSH and RDP are the main ways for users to remotely manage ECS instances. Opening these ports can facilitate users to manage and maintain instances.

It should be noted that in order to ensure the network security of cloud resources, users need to configure security groups according to their own needs, prohibit unnecessary inbound and outbound traffic, and prevent cloud resources from being attacked and intruded. For example, security rules such as prohibiting access to public IP addresses, restricting port ranges, and configuring IP address whitelists can ensure the security and stability of cloud resources.

17. What is the public network IP and bandwidth? Can it be done without them? Why?

Public network IP and bandwidth are two network resources provided by Alibaba Cloud, which are used to implement network communication between ECS instances and the public network. Specifically:

The public network IP is an IP address used to uniquely identify an ECS instance on the public network. Each ECS instance can be assigned a public network IP, and the ECS instance can be accessed and managed on the public network through this IP address.

Bandwidth refers to the network bandwidth between the ECS instance and the public network, and is used to control the inbound and outbound traffic of the ECS instance on the public network. Alibaba Cloud provides a variety of bandwidth specifications and bandwidth peak options, and users can choose the appropriate bandwidth specification according to their needs.

Without public network IP and bandwidth, users cannot access and manage ECS instances through the public network. If users only need to access and manage ECS instances within the private network, they can use private IP and VPC network for access and management without allocating public IP and bandwidth. However, if you need to access and manage on the public network, you must allocate public network IP and bandwidth resources.

Public network IP and bandwidth resources need to be billed. If users do not need to access and manage ECS instances on the public network, they can not allocate public network IP and bandwidth to avoid unnecessary expenses.

18. What is the name of your Linux cloud server? **

yangmingjin1788

3. Find out your own extracurricular learning resources on Touge, HUAWEI CLOUD or Alibaba Cloud official websites, and formulate group course study plans and professional study plans.

4. Exercise 1.10

1. Try to describe the three waves of informatization in the history of information technology development and their specific contents.

第一次信息化浪潮Started around 1980, it is a combination of computer technology and electronic technology. The main features are: the field of computer application has shifted from scientific computing to commercial application; computer technology and information technology have begun to be commercialized and become industries; the scope of application of computer and information technology has gradually expanded, and it has begun to involve business management, finance, production and other fields. The representative technology of the first wave of informatization is the computer.

第二次信息化浪潮Started around 1995, it is a combination of information technology and communication technology. The main features are: the integration of computer and communication technology, forming a computer network; the application of information technology has further expanded, and it has begun to involve education, medical care, finance, transportation, government and other fields; information technology has been continuously updated, and PC, Internet, mobile Communication and other new technologies. The representative technologies of the second wave of informatization are the Internet and mobile communications.

第三次信息化浪潮Started around 2010, it is a combination of information technology, communication technology and artificial intelligence technology. The main features are: the integration of information technology and artificial intelligence technology has formed intelligent technology; the application of information technology in social life has further expanded, involving smart cities, smart transportation, smart manufacturing, smart medical care and other fields; information technology is constantly updated , new technologies such as the Internet of Things, cloud computing, and big data have emerged. The representative technologies of the third wave of informatization are artificial intelligence, Internet of Things and cloud computing.

2. Describe the stages that data generation goes through.

手动记录阶段In the early days when information technology was not popularized, data was mainly generated by manual recording. For example, people need to manually record accounts, sales data, inventory information, etc. The quality of data produced in this way relies on the precision and patience of personnel and is susceptible to error and subjectivity.

自动化记录阶段With the emergence and development of computer technology, automated recording of data has gradually become mainstream. At this stage, computers can automatically record and process various business data, such as transaction records, inventory data, customer information, etc. The accuracy of the data generated in this way is higher, but it is still affected by factors such as data input quality, system design and data cleaning.

传感器记录阶段With the rapid development of Internet of Things technology, the application of various sensor devices has gradually become an important way of data generation. Sensors can record various environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, pressure, and light intensity, as well as personal data such as people's movement trajectories and health indicators. The amount of data generated in this way is huge, various, and the data quality is relatively high, but there are also problems such as data security and privacy protection.

社交网络记录阶段With the rise of social networks, people's social behavior on the Internet has also become an important source of data generation. People share information about their lives, emotions, and interests on social networks, which can be collected, analyzed, and mined to provide valuable information for business decisions, social research, and other fields. But it also brings issues of data privacy and security.

3. Describe the four basic characteristics of big data.

Big data refers to a collection of data with a series of characteristics such as large data volume, diverse data sources, fast data processing speed, and low data value density. The four basic characteristics of big data are as follows:

Volume（数据量大）An important feature of big data is the huge amount of data, far beyond the capacity of traditional data processing technologies. This data can come from multiple sources including sensors, social networks, online transactions, mobile devices, etc. Therefore, processing big data requires the use of distributed computing, cloud computing and other technologies to meet the needs of data storage, management and analysis.

Variety（数据来源多样）Big data comes from a variety of different data sources, including structured data (such as data in databases), semi-structured data (such as XML files, emails, etc.), and unstructured data (such as images, videos, voice, etc.). These data come in different formats and structures and require different techniques and tools for processing and analysis.

Velocity（数据处理速度快）Big data requires high-speed processing and analysis in a short period of time. For example, financial transactions need to be completed within milliseconds, and manufacturing needs to monitor and control the operation of production lines in real time. Therefore, big data processing requires the use of technologies such as real-time processing and stream computing to meet the real-time requirements of data processing and analysis.

Value（数据价值密度低）Much of the data in big data is not useful information, and data cleaning, screening, and analysis are required to extract valuable information. This requires the use of data mining, machine learning and other technologies to mine the potential value in the data to support business decisions, risk assessment, market analysis and other business needs. The value density of big data is usually low, requiring complex data processing and analysis to realize its value.

4. Discuss the characteristics of "data explosion" in the era of big data.

大量（Volume）: Big data means that the amount of data is very large. Data can come from a variety of sources such as sensors, social media, emails, photos and videos, etc.

高速（Velocity）: Big data is generated rapidly, often in real-time or near real-time. Examples include messages posted on social media sites, location data generated by mobile phone sensors, and log records generated in smart devices.

多样（Variety）: Big data includes not only structured data (such as tabular data in databases), but also unstructured data (such as text, images, audio and video, etc.). In addition, the sources of data can also be diverse, such as social media, IoT devices, sensors, etc.

真实性（Veracity）: Big data often contains noise, uncertainty, and errors. These problems may be caused by various reasons such as data source, collection method and data processing process. Therefore, when using big data, the quality and reliability of the data must be evaluated and managed to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the results.

5. What are the 4 stages of scientific research?

经验主义阶段The empiricist stage refers to the initial stage of scientific research, that is, the stage in which people acquire scientific knowledge through experiments and observations. At this stage, people's observations and experimental data are often unsystematic and imprecise, and a lot of scientific knowledge still contains elements of subjective assumptions. This phase lasted mainly until the 17th century.

理性主义阶段The stage of rationalism refers to the development of scientific research from the stage of empiricism to the stage of rational thinking and reasoning. This stage mainly occurred from the late 17th century to the 18th century and is called the "Age of Enlightenment". At this stage, people began to establish scientific theories through logical and mathematical reasoning, emphasizing the combination of experiment and theory to reduce the interference of subjective factors.

实证主义阶段The stage of positivism refers to the shift of the focus of scientific research from theoretical research to empirical research. This stage mainly occurred in the 19th century and was influenced by the methodology of the natural sciences. Positivism emphasizes the verification and verification of scientific theories through experiments, observations, and measurements as the only criterion for science.

统计主义阶段The stage of statisticalism refers to the quantitative analysis and data processing methods of scientific research gradually becoming an important part of scientific research. This stage mainly occurred in the 20th century, especially in the second half. At this stage, people began to use statistical methods to analyze and infer data, so as to draw more accurate conclusions, and applied statistical methods to various fields of empirical science, including social science, medicine, and environmental science.

To sum up, scientific research has gone through four main stages: empiricism, rationalism, positivism and statisticalism. Each stage marks a different progress and development trend of scientific research methods.

6. Discuss the important impact of big data on the way of thinking.

Big data technology provides massive amounts of data, making many people more dependent on data to guide their thinking and decision-making. A data-driven way of thinking helps us look at problems more objectively and identify problems and opportunities keenly. Big data technologies correlate data from different sources to continuously generate new insights and ideas. Facilitate associative thinking to understand problems more deeply and discover new insights and solutions from them. Big data technology can help humans predict future trends and behaviors, think about problems and make decisions in the future. Plan your future with foresight. Express and convey information more clearly, making communication more accurate and effective.

7. What is the difference between big data decision-making and traditional data warehouse-based decision-making?

Traditional data warehouses usually obtain data from structured data sources, and big data decision-making can process data from many different types, including structured, semi-structured and unstructured data. Traditional data warehouses usually deal with relatively small data sets, while big data decision-making can deal with massive data, more powerful computing power and distributed processing technology.

8. Give examples to illustrate specific applications of big data.

For example, in the field of sales, big data is used for customer behavior analysis, inventory optimization, price optimization, market trend analysis, etc. For example, a large retailer can identify and predict future trends by analyzing consumer shopping habits, purchase history, and social media data to help optimize inventory and sales strategies. It is used in drug development, disease prediction and treatment optimization in medical treatment. In terms of finance, it is used for drug development, disease prediction and treatment optimization. Identify risks and prevent fraud by analyzing large volumes of transaction and customer data. in the field of transportation. Use the data collected by sensors and traffic cameras to predict and manage traffic flow, improve traffic efficiency and reduce congestion. Big data is also applied to Internet advertising, using user search and browsing behavior data, advertising companies accurately place advertisements, and adjust advertising strategies by analyzing advertising effect data.

9. Give examples to illustrate the key technologies of big data.

Key big data technologies include distributed storage technology, distributed computing technology, data collection and processing visualization technology, machine learning, etc.
Big data needs to be stored on multiple nodes for parallel processing and high availability guarantees. Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) and Apache HBase are commonly used technologies in distributed storage technology. Big data processing frameworks such as distributed computing technology Apache Hadoop and Apache Spark are used for processing and computing. Technologies such as Apache Flume and Apache Kafka can be used for data ingestion and transmission. Tools such as Apache Pig and Apache Hive can be used for data processing. Technologies such as Apache Mahout and TensorFlow can be used for machine learning. Visualization tools such as D3.js and Tableau can be used for data visualization. Visualization tools such as D3.js and Tableau can be used for data visualization.

10. What levels does the big data industry include?

Data acquisition and storage layer: involves technologies such as data acquisition, transmission, storage and management. Including sensors, network equipment, databases, data warehouses, cloud computing and other technologies.

Data processing and analysis layer: This layer involves technologies such as big data processing, analysis, mining and visualization. Including machine learning, data mining, artificial intelligence, data visualization and other technologies.

Application layer: This layer involves the application of big data in various industries and fields, including smart cities, smart transportation, smart medical care, finance, e-commerce, advertising, etc.

Service and platform layer: This layer involves service providers and platforms in the big data industry, including cloud computing service providers, big data analysis platforms, and data sharing platforms.

Security and privacy layer: This layer involves issues such as big data security, privacy protection, and data compliance. Includes technologies such as data encryption, authentication, privacy protection, and regulatory compliance.

11. Give definitions of the following terms: Cloud Computing, Internet of Things.

Cloud computing is a way of providing computing resources and services over the Internet. Cloud computing providers bundle hardware, software, and network infrastructure together to form a virtual computing environment. Users access and use these resources and services through the Internet without having their own hardware and software infrastructure. Cloud computing provides services such as computing power, storage space, applications and data, as well as some advanced services such as artificial intelligence and big data analysis.

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the network of physical devices and objects connected via the Internet. These physical devices can be sensors, smartphones, household appliances, industrial equipment, etc., and they collect and exchange data through technologies such as sensors and embedded computers to realize functions such as automation, remote control, and monitoring. The Internet of Things has a wide range of applications, including smart homes, smart cities, smart transportation, smart medical care, and smart factories. The development of the Internet of Things will bring about changes in intelligence, automation and informatization, and have a profound impact on economic and social development and life.

12. Explain in detail the differences and connections among big data, cloud computing and the Internet of Things.

Big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things are all important concepts in the field of information technology, and they are closely related. Big data emphasizes the analysis and application of data, while the Internet of Things emphasizes the interconnection and intelligence of objects. Cloud computing is a way to provide computing resources and services, which can provide computing, storage, network and other support for big data and the Internet of Things. There is an interdependent and mutually reinforcing relationship between big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things.

Big data requires cloud computing and the Internet of Things to provide data processing and collection support, while cloud computing and the Internet of Things need the analysis and application of big data to help them play a better role. Devices and sensors in the Internet of Things can collect and transmit large amounts of data, which are used for big data analysis and applications. Cloud computing provides data storage and processing support for the Internet of Things, helping the rapid development and deployment of Internet of Things applications.

In the future development of information technology, big data, cloud computing and the Internet of Things will be more and more closely integrated to jointly promote the development of the digital economy.