single product production
Each product unit in a single product production can be separated individually. Building a warship, a giant turbine, or a skyscraper comes close to making a single product.
Single in single product production refers to the product. Single product production is virtually always organized by standardized tools, and generally with standardized materials.
In the production of a single product, the basic organization is divided into homogeneous stages. Example of single product production - construction of a traditional building, which can be divided into four stages: first, excavation of the foundation and pouring concrete for the footing and foundation; second, erection of the house shelves and roof; third, installation of water and electricity pipes in the walls; Finally, complete the internal construction. What makes the stages independent of each other is that each stage can be paused without any loss - even for a longer period of time. But in each stage, the work of this stage must be carried out to the end, otherwise, the part of the work that has been done will be lost, or even must be started from scratch. Each stage can be different in the construction of each house without causing too many difficulties or adjustments and without affecting the duration of the next stage. According to the internal logic of the product, each stage itself is a whole.
Mono-product production is organized in homogeneous stages, which are fundamentally different from the organization of crafts. In the craft trade, a carpenter does all the carpentry work. Properly organized production of a single product is organized not by craft technology but by stage technology . Individuals or groups are not required to have any skills beyond the requirements of this particular stage.
The rapid rate at which the United States was able to build hulls during World War II was partly due to this method of dividing the work into phases of the same nature, systematically organizing working groups according to the special requirements of each phase, and systematically conducting large numbers of personnel. training, so that it can do all the work to be done in one phase. In this way, a work flow schedule can be drawn out, resulting in a considerable saving of working time. (specialized division of labor)
Fixed batch production and flexible batch production
Only a small percentage of batch production uses assembly lines.
The assembly of electrical equipment such as radios, televisions, telephones, etc. is a good example. It is a true batch production, but each worker is responsible for the entire operation from start to finish. The operations are indeed in order. From nailing the first rivet, to soldering all the wire connections, to the final inspection. In this sense, there is indeed a production line. But this is not a production line in the usual sense. Workpieces do not move but stay at the various workplaces.
What fixed batch production and flexible batch production have in common is that the final product is assembled from standardized parts. In single product production, tools and materials are standardized. In mass production, parts are also standardized, and usually consist of standardized parts. In other words, mass production is assembly rather than fabrication.
Flexible batch production. Otto Dohring designed a flexible mass production plant. Items in mail order catalogs are "standardized parts". Each order is completed by some of the same procedures, but instead of being assembled according to a "standardized order", it is assembled according to the customer's order. It was then sent in one package, one invoice, but the end product was incredibly diverse.
For the vast majority of batch production processes, the principle of flexible batch production is preferred. Electronic computers remove the main obstacle of tool inflexibility. This is not automation. This is a mechanized improvement. The dominance of the Japanese shipbuilding industry is not due to lower wages, but the application of computers to transform shipbuilding into flexible mass production. As a result, Japanese shipyards were able to build diverse ships with standardized components. Shipbuilding is still organized in stages like a single-product production process, but within each stage a batch production process is used, components are standardized, and combinations of components are highly flexible. With this production process, the cost can be reduced, the speed can be increased, and the shipbuilding cycle can be predicted, so that for the first time in the history of shipbuilding, the delivery date can be determined very early.
Process
production Here, the production process and product are unified.
A typical example of a process production industry is an oil refinery. The final product a refinery gets from crude oil is determined by the production process it uses. It can only take those products that were originally designed to be refined and refined in the original proportions. If you want to get new extracts or make a major change in the ratio of various extracts, then you need to rebuild the refinery. The chemical industry generally adopts process production. The basic production systems of milk processing plants and flat glass plants are also process production, with only minor changes.
Process production is a monolithic system in which there is no division into stages and parts, but only one production process. The input of process production is generally a basic raw material, and finally different products are produced according to the characteristics of the raw material. The production process itself is very fixed, and its final product is generally more diverse than the production of a single product.
Since process production is a monolithic system, it is extremely economical and highly productive where it is applied. It will be very expensive if it is applied where it is not suitable
There are many original single product production or fixed batch production production procedures should use the process production mode.
The difference in outcome between the telephone system and the post office is that the telephone service is organized as a process production, while the post office is organized on the principle of batch production - in fact, generally on the principle of single product production, i.e. The process is divided into "stages", and different "products", i.e. letters and parcels, have completely different processes. It's true that electronic impulses are much easier to move than paper; however, simply trying to model the postal system as close to process production as possible can improve results.
Because products and production processes are combined in process production. So, as the production process changes, new products emerge, even if the market doesn't need it at the time. This is a common phenomenon in the chemical industry. When a new, larger aircraft is built, a new market must be created. The characteristic of process production is that its production volume cannot be gradually increased. Whether it's a new chemical plant or a new jumbo aircraft, the minimum output is so large that there will be leaps in production and new markets.
The more advanced the production organization, the more important decisions about the future are. Mono-product production typically adjusts its workforce to fluctuations in the economy, retaining only foremen and some of the most skilled core workers when business is not doing well. It can generally find all kinds of labor it needs in the labor market. In mass production , companies are increasingly required to have employment stability due to the limited skills of their workforce. In process production , labor must have more judgment, which is a huge investment, so enterprises must maintain the stability of employment. Oil companies, for example, try to stabilize employment even in recessions.