1. Technology is constructed, aggregated, and integrated, and technology is composed of other technologies, that is to say, technology creates itself
2. Technology develops by capturing phenomena and applying them
3. Technology is always in a cycle: new technologies are adopted to solve old problems, new technologies cause new problems, and newer technologies are used to solve new problems
4. Some technologies are slowly transformed along the previous trajectory, while others are mutated, such as laser
5. Technology is a means, a function, and a process because all
technologies realize a certain function according to a certain process Integration is similar to the main() method and other methods in programming. Therefore, each part must be designed to adapt to other parts, which can only be improved in practice. 7. Why modular? This allows the technical part Evolve separately to better prevent unknowable changes and simplify the design process
8. Technology is a recursive structure. The main integration of technology is technology, and the sub-integration contained in the main integration is also technology. This is decomposed until the technology atom.
9. Technology is a hierarchical structure, which means that changes at a certain level must be accommodated by other levels. For example, if USB 3.0 is upgraded, then the serial port of the computer should also be upgraded accordingly. The form and form of this technology is constantly changing, but must revolve around a constant core - the purpose of this technology
10. Technology continues to be subdivided until atomic technology. So what makes atomic technology possible?
Phenomenon is the source of technology. All technologies are born from certain phenomena. It can be said that technology is captured and processed. The collection of applied phenomena
Therefore, the essence of technological problem-solving is to solve the corresponding problem by applying a certain phenomenon.
The application of natural phenomena has produced technology, and the application of human social phenomena has produced various rules and social institutions
. 11. Gene is biological The unit of evolution, we can also think that the "phenomenon" is the gene of the technology. The
gene itself does not create differences, but the combination of genes creates huge differences. Therefore, different combinations of the same phenomenon can obtain completely different technologies
. 12. Science and Technology is a symbiotic relationship
13. Domain is a very important concept. Switching different domains is a subversion of technology
. Design in engineering starts from selecting a domain, that is, starting from selecting a set of components suitable for constructing a device of. When architects design a new office building, they may choose a combination of glass-steel framing instead of granite, both visually and structurally. This "palette" is also called domain, and this selection process is called "domaining". The territorial process is often automatic and subconscious. A designer of marine radar would not hesitate to "domain" the master oscillator in the electronics, probably simply because there is no more suitable domain.
But sometimes the choice is very difficult. For example, if a designer wants to integrate a computer operating system, he needs to choose between a Linux system and a Windows system. Of course, any large-scale technology usually requires the addition of several domains at the same time. For example, a power station is selected and integrated from different domains such as building construction, water conservancy, heavy motors and electronics.
In the field of art, the choice of domain is largely a matter of style. Composers move a theme through different areas of the orchestra—either the wind part or the string part—to gain feel and contrast. In the technical field, the choice of a domain is not determined by emotion or feeling, but by the ease and efficiency of the integration it can accomplish, and the ease and cost of linking it with other integrations. Domaining in technology is often very practical.
The choice of "domain" for a given purpose changes over time. Before the advent of digital technology, aircraft designers chose to control wing and stabilizer surface systems within a range of mechanical and hydraulic techniques. They used push rods, pull rods, cables, pulleys and other mechanical linkages to connect the pilot's joystick to the hydromechanical rudder that moved the flight control surfaces
Come. In the 1970s, they began to digitally re-localize the aircraft's control systems in a new body of technology called fly-by-wire. The new system captures the actions of the pilot and the current state of motion of the aircraft, which is then sent as a signal to a computer through wires for processing, and finally the computer transmits the necessary adjustment signals through the wire again to the fast hydraulic transmission used to control the aircraft's control surfaces. on the device.
Fly-by-wire aircraft control systems 2 are much lighter, more reliable and more responsive than previous machines, the new control systems are able to react to changes in milliseconds, and they are "smart" . Computer-controlled fly-by-wire is more precise than a human and can even correct poor pilot decisions. In fact, the new domain enables a new generation of "inherently unstable" (in technical terms, "relaxed statically stable") military aircraft designs. This design gives military aircraft an advantage. Just as it is easier to control an unstable two-wheeled bicycle than a tricycle, it is easier to control an internally unstable plane than one that is internally stable. The new control system smoothes the plane in the same way that the cyclist counteracts the instability by counter-moving to keep the bike smooth. Human pilots couldn't react so quickly, and in the early days of manual technology, inherently unstable planes couldn't be flown.
Redomaining: Expressing a given purpose with a different set of content. Retargeting offers new ways to accomplish goals more efficiently, as well as new possibilities. This means disruptive changes in technology.
Therefore, we can say that the aircraft control system has undergone an "innovation", and they really did. But we should say more precisely that the aircraft control system is domained, or redomained, in a different way. This distinction is important. Innovations in history are often improvements to existing technology, for example, a better way to build domes, or a more efficient steam engine. But the significant improvement is actually "re-localization", that is, expressing a given purpose with a different set of contents, just as the way of power supply developed from waterwheel technology to steam technology.
Relocalizations are powerful not only because they provide a new and more efficient way of accomplishing goals, but also because they provide new possibilities. In the 1930s, huge acoustic mirrors, 15 feet or higher, made of cement could be used to monitor planes flying across the Channel to England. It needs to collect sounds from 20 miles away and process them by someone with super-sensitive hearing. By the outbreak of World War II, radar was being used for the same purpose. Radar has a greater effective range. We could say that flying reconnaissance missions adopted (or rather led to the creation) of radar technology, but I would prefer to say that this technology took advantage of a new and more powerful domain, radio engineering. This domain swept the world, and its components were later discovered for many uses.
When a new domain emerges, it may not be immediately apparent in importance. For example, initially radio was limited to telegraph communication, that is, sending information by radio between ship and shore. However, the emergence of new domains lies not only in what it can do, but also in the new potential it brings. This potential would inspire the technologists of the day
Astronomer John Herschel is preparing a math table for the Astronomical Society. The two compared the same table before and then calculated separately. "I wish God could do these calculations with steam," Babbage said in desperation because of his frequent mistakes. Babbage's words sound strange today. Later, he designed a computing device, but instead of steam, it was powered by handles and levers. It should be noted here that he is not asking for new equipment, but a new domain
Different domains can efficiently solve some problems in their corresponding worlds
14. A regular experience: when an activity leaves one world and enters another, the cost increases rapidly
15.
Innovation is not invention and its application (for example, the invention and application of computers, canals, DNA, or chips), but the continuous re-expression of old tasks in new possible worlds
16. A small change in technology, other modules also need corresponding changes, resulting in new problems, so a complete design is a series of solutions to a series of problems
17. The technology that is popular now is not necessarily the best technology at that time, but it may be widely spread due to an occasional factor, and then continuously improved, and finally established an advantage and finally solidified.
18. The process of invention is to constantly solve problems. In order to solve a main problem, there may be n options, and each option will encounter n secondary problems.
19. It takes a lot of time from the generation to application of new technology, because it needs to integrate the original knowledge of other aspects, which requires a lot of communication and coordination
20. Different technology combinations become new technologies. If everything is randomly combined from 0, then the possibility of a complex technology appearing out of thin air is very low, and with sub-technology as a stepping stone, the possibility of a successful combination is greatly improved.
21. Summary: The original technology is generated from the capture and application of phenomena. The original technology generates new technologies through continuous combination, and the cycle goes back and forth.