Detailed explanation of Linux grep command

grep (global search regular expression(RE) and print out the line, comprehensively search for regular expressions and print out the line) is a powerful text search tool that uses regular expressions to search text and print out the matching lines come out.

The Unix grep family includes grep, egrep, and fgrep. The egrep and fgrep commands differ only slightly from grep. egrep is an extension of grep that supports more re metacharacters, fgrep is fixed grep or fast grep, they treat all letters as words, that is, the metacharacters in regular expressions represent their own literal meanings , no longer special.

linux uses the GNU version of grep. It is more powerful and can use the functions of egrep and fgrep through the -G, -E, -F command line options.

Common usage of grep

# grep [-acinv] [--color=auto] 'Search string' filename
Options and parameters:
-a : Search the binary file for data as a text file
-c : count the number of times the 'search string' was found
-i : ignore the difference in case, so the case is treated as the same
-n : output line number by the way
-v : reverse selection, that is, show the line without the 'search string' content!
--color = auto : You can add color to the found keyword part!

Take out /etc/passwd, the line where root appears

# grep root /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
or
# cat /etc/passwd | grep root
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

Take out /etc/passwd and the lines with root, and display the line numbers of these lines in /etc/passwd

# grep -n root /etc/passwd
1:root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
30:operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

In terms of keyword display, grep can use --color=auto to display the keyword part in color. This is a very nice feature! But if you have to add --color=auto every time you use grep, it will be very troublesome~ At this time, the easy-to-use alias has to be dealt with! You can add this line in ~/.bashrc: "alias grep='grep --color=auto'" and then use "source ~/.bashrc" to take effect immediately! In this way, every time you run grep, it will automatically add the color to you.

Take /etc/passwd, take out the line where root does not appear

# grep -v root /etc/passwd
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

Take /etc/passwd and take out the lines where root and nologin do not appear

# grep -v root /etc/passwd | grep -v nologin
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

Use dmesg to list the core information, and then use grep to find the line containing eth. To color the captured keyword, add the line number to indicate:

# dmesg | grep -n --color=auto 'eth'
247:eth0: RealTek RTL8139 at 0xee846000, 00:90:cc:a6:34:84, IRQ 10
248:eth0: Identified 8139 chip type 'RTL-8139C'
294:eth0: link up, 100Mbps, full-duplex, lpa 0xC5E1
305:eth0: no IPv6 routers present
# 你会发现除了 eth 会有特殊颜色来表示之外,最前面还有行号喔!

在关键字的显示方面,grep 可以使用 –color=auto 来将关键字部分使用颜色显示。 这可是个很不错的功能啊!但是如果每次使用 grep 都得要自行加上 –color=auto 又显的很麻烦~ 此时那个好用的 alias 就得来处理一下啦!你可以在 ~/.bashrc 内加上这行:『alias grep=’grep –color=auto’』再以『 source ~/.bashrc 』来立即生效即可喔! 这样每次运行 grep 他都会自动帮你加上颜色显示啦

用 dmesg 列出核心信息,再以 grep 找出内含 eth 那行,在关键字所在行的前两行与后三行也一起捉出来显示

# dmesg | grep -n -A3 -B2 --color=auto 'eth'
245-PCI: setting IRQ 10 as level-triggered
246-ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:0e.0[A] -> Link [LNKB] ...
247:eth0: RealTek RTL8139 at 0xee846000, 00:90:cc:a6:34:84, IRQ 10
248:eth0: Identified 8139 chip type 'RTL-8139C'
249-input: PC Speaker as /class/input/input2
250-ACPI: PCI Interrupt 0000:00:01.4[B] -> Link [LNKB] ...
251-hdb: ATAPI 48X DVD-ROM DVD-R-RAM CD-R/RW drive, 2048kB Cache, UDMA(66)
# 如上所示,你会发现关键字 247 所在的前两行及 248 后三行也都被显示出来!
# 这样可以让你将关键字前后数据捉出来进行分析啦!

根据文件内容递归查找目录

# grep ‘energywise’ *           #在当前目录搜索带'energywise'行的文件
# grep -r ‘energywise’ *        #在当前目录及其子目录下搜索'energywise'行的文件
# grep -l -r ‘energywise’ *     #在当前目录及其子目录下搜索'energywise'行的文件,但是不显示匹配的行,只显示匹配的文件

这几个命令很使用,是查找文件的利器。

grep与正规表达式

字符类

字符类的搜索:如果我想要搜寻 test 或 taste 这两个单字时,可以发现到,其实她们有共通的 ‘t?st’ 存在~这个时候,我可以这样来搜寻:

# grep -n 't[ae]st' regular_express.txt
8:I can't finish the test.
9:Oh! The soup taste good.

其实 [] 里面不论有几个字节,他都谨代表某『一个』字节, 所以,上面的例子说明了,我需要的字串是『tast』或『test』两个字串而已!

字符类的反向选择 [^] :如果想要搜索到有 oo 的行,但不想要 oo 前面有 g,如下

# grep -n '[^g]oo' regular_express.txt
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!

第 2,3 行没有疑问,因为 foo 与 Foo 均可被接受!

但是第 18 行明明有 google 的 goo 啊~别忘记了,因为该行后面出现了 tool 的 too 啊!所以该行也被列出来~ 也就是说, 18 行里面虽然出现了我们所不要的项目 (goo) 但是由於有需要的项目 (too) , 因此,是符合字串搜寻的喔!

至於第 19 行,同样的,因为 goooooogle 里面的 oo 前面可能是 o ,例如: go(ooo)oogle ,所以,这一行也是符合需求的!

字符类的连续:再来,假设我 oo 前面不想要有小写字节,所以,我可以这样写 [^abcd….z]oo , 但是这样似乎不怎么方便,由於小写字节的 ASCII 上编码的顺序是连续的, 因此,我们可以将之简化为底下这样:

# grep -n '[^a-z]oo' regular_express.txt
3:Football game is not use feet only.

也就是说,当我们在一组集合字节中,如果该字节组是连续的,例如大写英文/小写英文/数字等等, 就可以使用[a-z],[A-Z],[0-9]等方式来书写,那么如果我们的要求字串是数字与英文呢? 呵呵!就将他全部写在一起,变成:[a-zA-Z0-9]。

我们要取得有数字的那一行,就这样:

# grep -n '[0-9]' regular_express.txt
5:However, this dress is about $ 3183 dollars.
15:You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.

行首与行尾字节 ^ $

行首字符:如果我想要让 the 只在行首列出呢? 这个时候就得要使用定位字节了!我们可以这样做:

# grep -n '^the' regular_express.txt
12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.

此时,就只剩下第 12 行,因为只有第 12 行的行首是 the 开头啊~此外, 如果我想要开头是小写字节的那一行就列出呢?可以这样:

# grep -n '^[a-z]' regular_express.txt
2:apple is my favorite food.
4:this dress doesn't fit me.
10:motorcycle is cheap than car.
12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!
20:go! go! Let's go.

如果我不想要开头是英文字母,则可以是这样:

# grep -n '^[^a-zA-Z]' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
21:# I am VBird

^ 符号,在字符类符号(括号[])之内与之外是不同的! 在 [] 内代表『反向选择』,在 [] 之外则代表定位在行首的意义!

那如果我想要找出来,行尾结束为小数点 (.) 的那一行:

# grep -n '.$' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
4:this dress doesn't fit me.
10:motorcycle is cheap than car.
11:This window is clear.
12:the symbol '*' is represented as start.
15:You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.
16:The world  is the same with "glad".
17:I like dog.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
20:go! go! Let's go.

特别注意到,因为小数点具有其他意义(底下会介绍),所以必须要使用转义字符()来加以解除其特殊意义!

找出空白行:

# grep -n '^$' regular_express.txt
22:

因为只有行首跟行尾 (^$),所以,这样就可以找出空白行啦!

任意一个字节 . 与重复字节 *

这两个符号在正则表达式的意义如下:

. (小数点):代表『一定有一个任意字节』的意思;
* (星号):代表『重复前一个字符, 0 到无穷多次』的意思,为组合形态

假设我需要找出 g??d 的字串,亦即共有四个字节, 起头是 g 而结束是 d ,我可以这样做:

# grep -n 'g..d' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
9:Oh! The soup taste good.
16:The world  is the same with "glad".

因为强调 g 与 d 之间一定要存在两个字节,因此,第 13 行的 god 与第 14 行的 gd 就不会被列出来啦!

如果我想要列出有 oo, ooo, oooo 等等的数据, 也就是说,至少要有两个(含) o 以上,该如何是好?

因为 * 代表的是『重复 0 个或多个前面的 RE 字符』的意义, 因此,『o*』代表的是:『拥有空字节或一个 o 以上的字节』,因此,『 grep -n ‘o*’ regular_express.txt 』将会把所有的数据都列印出来终端上!

当我们需要『至少两个 o 以上的字串』时,就需要 ooo* ,亦即是:

# grep -n 'ooo*' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
9:Oh! The soup taste good.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!

如果我想要字串开头与结尾都是 g,但是两个 g 之间仅能存在至少一个 o ,亦即是 gog, goog, gooog…. 等等,那该如何?

# grep -n 'goo*g' regular_express.txt
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!

如果我想要找出 g 开头与 g 结尾的行,当中的字符可有可无

# grep -n 'g.*g' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
14:The gd software is a library for drafting programs.
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!
20:go! go! Let's go.

因为是代表 g 开头与 g 结尾,中间任意字节均可接受,所以,第 1, 14, 20 行是可接受的喔! 这个 .* 的 RE 表示任意字符是很常见的.

如果我想要找出『任意数字』的行?因为仅有数字,所以就成为:

# grep -n '[0-9][0-9]*' regular_express.txt
5:However, this dress is about $ 3183 dollars.
15:You are the best is mean you are the no. 1.

限定连续 RE 字符范围 {}

我们可以利用 . 与 RE 字符及 * 来配置 0 个到无限多个重复字节, 那如果我想要限制一个范围区间内的重复字节数呢?

举例来说,我想要找出两个到五个 o 的连续字串,该如何作?这时候就得要使用到限定范围的字符 {} 了。 但因为 { 与 } 的符号在 shell 是有特殊意义的,因此, 我们必须要使用字符 来让他失去特殊意义才行。 至於 {} 的语法是这样的,假设我要找到两个 o 的字串,可以是:

# grep -n 'o{2}' regular_express.txt
1:"Open Source" is a good mechanism to develop programs.
2:apple is my favorite food.
3:Football game is not use feet only.
9:Oh! The soup taste good.
18:google is the best tools for search ke
19:goooooogle yes!

假设我们要找出 g 后面接 2 到 5 个 o ,然后再接一个 g 的字串,他会是这样:

# grep -n 'go{2,5}g' regular_express.txt
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.

如果我想要的是 2 个 o 以上的 goooo….g 呢?除了可以是 gooo*g ,也可以是:

# grep -n 'go{2,}g' regular_express.txt
18:google is the best tools for search keyword.
19:goooooogle yes!

扩展grep(grep -E 或者 egrep):

使用扩展grep的主要好处是增加了额外的正则表达式元字符集。

打印所有包含NW或EA的行。如果不是使用egrep,而是grep,将不会有结果查出。

    # egrep 'NW|EA' testfile     
    northwest       NW      Charles Main        3.0     .98     3       34
    eastern         EA      TB Savage           4.4     .84     5       20

对于标准grep,如果在扩展元字符前面加,grep会自动启用扩展选项-E。

#grep 'NW|EA' testfile
northwest       NW      Charles Main        3.0     .98     3       34
eastern         EA      TB Savage           4.4     .84     5       20

搜索所有包含一个或多个3的行。

# egrep '3+' testfile
# grep -E '3+' testfile
# grep '3+' testfile        
#这3条命令将会
northwest       NW      Charles Main          3.0     .98     3       34
western         WE      Sharon Gray           5.3     .97     5       23
northeast       NE      AM Main Jr.           5.1     .94     3       13
central         CT      Ann Stephens          5.7     .94     5       13

搜索所有包含0个或1个小数点字符的行。

# egrep '2.?[0-9]' testfile 
# grep -E '2.?[0-9]' testfile
# grep '2.?[0-9]' testfile 
#首先含有2字符,其后紧跟着0个或1个点,后面再是0和9之间的数字。
western         WE       Sharon Gray          5.3     .97     5       23
southwest       SW      Lewis Dalsass         2.7     .8      2       18
eastern         EA       TB Savage             4.4     .84     5       20

搜索一个或者多个连续的no的行。

# egrep '(no)+' testfile
# grep -E '(no)+' testfile
# grep '(no)+' testfile   #3个命令返回相同结果,
northwest       NW      Charles Main        3.0     .98     3       34
northeast       NE       AM Main Jr.        5.1     .94     3       13
north           NO      Margot Weber        4.5     .89     5       9

不使用正则表达式

fgrep 查询速度比grep命令快,但是不够灵活:它只能找固定的文本,而不是规则表达式。

如果你想在一个文件或者输出中找到包含星号字符的行

fgrep  '*' /etc/profile
for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh ; do
 
grep -F '*' /etc/profile
for i in /etc/profile.d/*.sh ; do

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