1. Survey method
Survey method is one of the most commonly used methods in scientific research. It is a method of purposefully, planned and systematically collecting materials about the actual or historical situation of the research object. The survey method is a basic research method commonly used in scientific research. It comprehensively uses historical methods, observation methods and other scientific methods as well as scientific methods such as interviews, questionnaires, case studies, and tests to obtain a planned, thorough and systematic understanding of educational phenomena. And analyze, synthesize, compare and summarize the large amount of data collected by the survey, so as to provide people with regular knowledge.
The most commonly used survey method is the questionnaire survey method, which is a research method that collects data by asking questions in writing, that is, the investigator compiles the survey items into a form, distributes or mails them to the relevant personnel, asks for instructions to fill in the answers, and then Recycling collation, statistics and research.
2. Observation method
Observation method refers to a method in which researchers use their own senses and auxiliary tools to directly observe the research object according to a certain research purpose, research outline or observation table, so as to obtain data. Scientific observation is purposeful and planned, systematic and repeatable. In scientific experiments and investigations, the observation method has the following functions:
a. Expand people's perceptual knowledge.
b. To inspire people's thinking.
c. lead to new discoveries.
3. The experimental method
The experimental method is a scientific research method that discovers and confirms the causal connection between things by changing the main branch and controlling the research object. Its main features are: first, active transformation. Observation and investigation are all about understanding the research object and discovering the problems without interfering with the research object. Experiments, however, require active manipulation of experimental conditions, artificially changing the object's existence mode and changing process, so that it obeys the needs of scientific cognition. Second, control. Scientific experiments require that according to the needs of research, with the help of various methods and techniques, the interference of various irrelevant factors that may affect science is reduced or eliminated, and the research objects are recognized in a simplified and purified state. Third, causality. Experiment is an effective tool and necessary way to discover and confirm the causal connection between things.
4. Literature research method
The literature research method is a method to obtain information through the investigation of literature according to a certain research purpose or topic, so as to fully and correctly understand and grasp the research question. Literature research method quilts are widely used in research in various disciplines. Its functions are as follows:
a. To understand the history and current situation of relevant issues, and to help determine research topics.
b. Can form a general impression about the research object, which is helpful for observation and access.
c. Be able to obtain comparative data of actual data.
d. Helps to understand the whole picture of things.
5. Empirical research method
Empirical research method is a special form of scientific practice research. According to the needs of existing scientific theory and practice, it proposes a design, uses scientific instruments and equipment, and under natural conditions, through purposeful and step-by-step manipulation, according to the observation, recording, and measurement of the accompanying changes to determine the phenomenon. The activity of a causal relationship between conditions and phenomena. The main purpose is to illustrate the relationship between various independent variables and a dependent variable.
6. Quantitative Analysis
In scientific research, quantitative analysis can make people's understanding of the research object more precise, so as to reveal the law more scientifically, grasp the essence, clarify the relationship, and predict the development trend of things.
7. Qualitative analysis method
Qualitative analysis method is to analyze the "quality" of the research object. Specifically, it is to use the methods of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, and abstraction and generalization to think and process the various materials obtained, so as to remove the rough and extract the essence, remove the false and preserve the true, from here to there, from the outside to the inside, to achieve the understanding of the essence of things, reveal the inner laws.
8. Interdisciplinary research method A method of comprehensive research on a certain topic as a whole
using multidisciplinary theories, methods and results, also known as "interdisciplinary research method". The laws of the scientific development movement show that science is highly differentiated and highly integrated, forming a unified whole. According to the statistics of relevant experts, there are now more than 2,000 disciplines in the world, and the trend of discipline differentiation is still intensifying, but at the same time, the links between disciplines are getting closer and closer. In terms of language, methods and certain concepts, there are increasingly unified trend.
9. Case study method
The case study method is a research method that identifies a specific object among the research objects, investigates and analyzes it, and finds out its characteristics and its formation process. There are three basic types of case studies:
a. Individual investigations, that is, an individual in an organization;
b. Group investigations, that is, an organization or group;
c. Problem investigations, that is, a phenomenon or research questions.
10. Functional analysis method
Functional analysis method is a method used by social sciences to analyze social phenomena, and it is one of the analysis methods commonly used in social investigations. It explains social phenomena by showing how they meet the needs of a social system (that is, what functions they have).
11. Quantitative research method
Quantitative research method, also known as "statistical analysis method" and "quantitative analysis method", refers to understanding and revealing the relationship between things through the analysis and research of the quantitative relationship of the scale, speed, scope and degree of the research object. It is a research method to achieve the correct interpretation and prediction of things.
12. Simulation method (model method)
The simulation method is to create a similar model according to the main characteristics of the prototype, and then indirectly study the prototype through the model. According to the similarity between the model and the prototype, the simulation method can be divided into physical simulation and mathematical simulation.
13. Exploratory research method
Exploratory research method is a high-level scientific research activity. It uses known information to explore, create new knowledge, and produce novel and unique results or products.
14. Information Research Methods
Information research method is a scientific research method that uses information to study system functions. Wiener, an American mathematician, communication engineer and physiologist, believes that there is a universal connection in the objective world, that is, information connection. At present, we are in a new era of "information revolution", and there are a lot of information resources that can be developed and utilized. The information method is based on the principles of information theory, system theory, and cybernetics to obtain knowledge through the collection, transmission, processing and arrangement of information, and apply it to practice to achieve new goals. Information method is a new scientific research method, which uses information to study system functions, reveal the deeper laws of things, and help people improve and master the ability to use laws.
15. Experience summarization method
Experience summarization method is a method of summarizing and analyzing the specific situation in practical activities, making it systematic and theoretical, and rising to experience. Summarizing and promoting advanced experience is one of the more effective leadership methods used for a long time in human history.
16. Descriptive research method
Descriptive research method is a simple research method, which narrates and explains existing phenomena, laws and theories through their own understanding and verification. It is a general narrative of various theories, more to explain the arguments of others, but essential in scientific research. It can ask questions in a directional manner, reveal drawbacks, describe phenomena, and introduce experience. It is beneficial to popularization work. It has many examples, and it includes investigations of various situations that are revealing; there are explanations of practical problems; views, etc.
17. Mathematical method
Mathematical method is to use mathematical tools to deal with a series of quantities of the research object without ignoring all other characteristics of the research object, so as to make correct explanations and judgments, and obtain the results expressed in the form of numbers. The object of scientific research is the unity of quality and quantity, their quality and quantity are closely related, and qualitative change and quantitative change are mutually restrictive. To achieve true scientific understanding, we must not only study the stipulations of the quality, but also pay attention to the investigation and analysis of their quantity, in order to more accurately understand the essential characteristics of the research object. Mathematical methods mainly include statistical processing and fuzzy mathematical analysis methods.
18. Ways of thinking
Thinking methods are an important tool for people to think correctly and express their thoughts accurately. The most commonly used scientific thinking methods in scientific research include inductive deduction, analogical reasoning, abstract generalization, speculative imagination, analysis and synthesis, etc. It is universal to all scientific research. guiding significance.
19. Systems Science Method
In the 20th century, the rapid development of horizontal sciences such as systems theory, cybernetics, and information theory provided a powerful means for the development of a comprehensive way of thinking, and continued to improve scientific research methods. The systems science method represented by systems theory method, cybernetics method and information theory method provides powerful subjective means for human scientific understanding. It not only breaks through the limitations of traditional methods, but also profoundly changes the system of scientific methodology. These new methods can be used not only as empirical methods, as methods for obtaining perceptual materials, but also as theoretical methods, as methods for analyzing perceptual materials to rise to rational knowledge, and the effect of the latter is more obvious than that of the former. They apply to all stages of scientific understanding, so we call them the systems science approach.