Ubuntu16.04 builds Ethereum Ethereum private chain

1. Description

I want to try to release applications or Tokens based on Ethereum, but I need to use Ether for normal network testing. It is troublesome to purchase, and each step needs to consume Ether, but we can build a private chain for development. Own development and testing private chain.

2. Required tools

Ethereum client
The Ethereum client is used to access the Ethereum network and perform operations related to account management, transactions, mining, and smart contracts. At present, there are clients implemented in multiple languages. The commonly used go-ethereum client Geth implemented in Go language supports access to the Ethereum network and becomes a complete node. It can also be used as an HTTP-RPC server to provide external JSON-RPC interfaces. .
Other clients are: Smart Contract Compiler
- Parity: Rust language implementation;
- cpp-ethereum: C++ language implementation;
- ethereumjs-lib: JavaScript language implementation;
- Ethereum(J): Java language implementation;
- ethereumH: Haskell language implementation;
- pyethapp: Python language implementation;
- ruby-ethereum: Ruby language implementation;
Ethereum supports two programming languages for smart contracts: Solidity and Serpent. The current mainstream is Solidity, and the learning tutorial can refer to the site .

Now Ethereum provides a more convenient online IDE - Remix https://remix.ethereum.org uses Remix, eliminating the need for installation
furrow
And the compilation process, it can directly provide the binary code and ABI required to deploy the contract.
Ethereum Wallet

Ethereum provides a graphical interface wallet Ethereum Wallet and Mist Dapp browser. The function of wallet is a subset of Mist, which can be used to manage accounts and transactions; Mist can also operate smart contracts on the basis of wallet. In order to demonstrate the contract deployment process, this article uses the Geth console operation instead of Mist. Of course, using Mist will be easier.

3. Installation

The server we use Ubuntu16.04.

Install the necessary tools first

apt install software-properties-common

Add the ethereum source again

add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum
apt update

Finally install go-ethereum

apt install ethereum

After the installation is complete, you can run the command to see if it is successful

geth version

show

Geth
Version: 1.8.2-stable
Git Commit: b8b9f7f4476a30a0aaf6077daade6ae77f969960
Architecture: amd64
Protocol Versions: [63 62]
Network Id: 1
Go Version: go1.9.4
Operating System: linux
GOPATH=
GOROOT=/usr/lib/go-1.9

4. Private chain construction

1. Create an initialization configuration file and store the data directory

To run the Ethereum private chain, you need to define your own creation block, which is a json format configuration file. We can create a new file genesis.json

{
"config": {
    "chainId": 411,
    "homesteadBlock": 0,
    "eip155Block": 0,
    "eip158Block": 0
  },
  "nonce": "0x0000000000000033",
  "timestamp": "0x0",
  "parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "gasLimit": "0x8000000",
  "difficulty": "0x100",
  "mixhash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "coinbase": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  "alloc": {
        "0x1C83C95473e1e93A2C8560c73976dAFA9C3f0a79":{"balance":"1000000"}
}
}

其中chainID 指定了区块链网络ID。

并且我对自己地址进行了配额。其他参数可参考站点

存放数据目录在此我使用 /home/ubuntu/ethereum/data0

genesis.json存放在/home/ubuntu/ethereum/

然后可以执行命令来进行初始化操作。

cd ethereum
geth --datadir data0 init genesis.json

结果

INFO [04-11|07:51:14] Maximum peer count                       ETH=25 LES=0 total=25
INFO [04-11|07:51:14] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/ubuntu/ethereum/data0/geth/chaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [04-11|07:51:14] Writing custom genesis block 
INFO [04-11|07:51:14] Persisted trie from memory database      nodes=1 size=195.00B time=35.174碌s gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [04-11|07:51:14] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=chaindata                                  hash=b924d6Ωfdceb
INFO [04-11|07:51:14] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/ubuntu/ethereum/data0/geth/lightchaindata cache=16 handles=16
INFO [04-11|07:51:14] Writing custom genesis block 
INFO [04-11|07:51:14] Persisted trie from memory database      nodes=1 size=195.00B time=460.134碌s gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [04-11|07:51:14] Successfully wrote genesis state         database=lightchaindata                                  hash=b924d6Ωfdceb

初始化成功后，会在data0目录下生产所需文件。

其中 geth/chaindata 中存放的是区块数据，keystore 中存放的是账户数据。

五、启动私有节点

初始化完成后，就有了一条自己的私有链。我们可以执行命令来启动它

geth --identity "TestNode" --rpc --rpcport "8545" --datadir data0 --port "30303" --nodiscover console

上面命令的主体是 geth console，表示启动节点并进入交互式控制台。

各选项含义如下：

–identity：指定节点 ID；
–rpc：表示开启 HTTP-RPC 服务；
–rpcport：指定 HTTP-RPC 服务监听端口号（默认为 8545）；
–datadir：指定区块链数据的存储位置；
–port：指定和其他节点连接所用的端口号（默认为 30303）；
–nodiscover：关闭节点发现机制，防止加入有同样初始配置的陌生节点。

运行上面的命令后，就启动了区块链节点并进入了该节点的控制台：

INFO [04-11|08:05:23] Maximum peer count                       ETH=25 LES=0 total=25
INFO [04-11|08:05:23] Starting peer-to-peer node               instance=Geth/TestNode/v1.8.2-stable-b8b9f7f4/linux-amd64/go1.9.4
INFO [04-11|08:05:23] Allocated cache and file handles         database=/home/ubuntu/ethereum/data0/data0/geth/chaindata cache=768 handles=512
INFO [04-11|08:05:23] Writing default main-net genesis block 
INFO [04-11|08:05:23] Persisted trie from memory database      nodes=12356 size=2.34mB time=47.705254ms gcnodes=0 gcsize=0.00B gctime=0s livenodes=1 livesize=0.00B
INFO [04-11|08:05:23] Initialised chain configuration          config="{ChainID: 1 Homestead: 1150000 DAO: 1920000 DAOSupport: true EIP150: 2463000 EIP155: 2675000 EIP158: 2675000 Byzantium: 4370000 Constantinople: <nil> Engine: ethash}"
INFO [04-11|08:05:23] Disk storage enabled for ethash caches   dir=/home/ubuntu/ethereum/data0/data0/geth/ethash count=3
INFO [04-11|08:05:23] Disk storage enabled for ethash DAGs     dir=/root/.ethash                                 count=2
INFO [04-11|08:05:23] Initialising Ethereum protocol           versions="[63 62]" network=1
INFO [04-11|08:05:23] Loaded most recent local header          number=0 hash=d4e567b8fa3 td=17179869184
INFO [04-11|08:05:23] Loaded most recent local full block      number=0 hash=d4e567b8fa3 td=17179869184
INFO [04-11|08:05:23] Loaded most recent local fast block      number=0 hash=d4e567b8fa3 td=17179869184
INFO [04-11|08:05:23] Regenerated local transaction journal    transactions=0 accounts=0
INFO [04-11|08:05:23] Starting P2P networking 
INFO [04-11|08:05:23] RLPx listener up                         self="enode://b5e91ca148308d721599ac14b9f2a9aff28c88b258a439fbc19f094d65ecaa9954a6a7d0de29f5737726bcdb20a443db9edeedce0471c1ba5cda043e8601e0d0@[::]:30303?discport=0"
INFO [04-11|08:05:23] IPC endpoint opened                      url=/home/ubuntu/ethereum/data0/data0/geth.ipc
INFO [04-11|08:05:23] HTTP endpoint opened                     url=http://127.0.0.1:8545                      cors= vhosts=localhost
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!

instance: Geth/TestNode/v1.8.2-stable-b8b9f7f4/linux-amd64/go1.9.4
 modules: admin:1.0 debug:1.0 eth:1.0 miner:1.0 net:1.0 personal:1.0 rpc:1.0 txpool:1.0 web3:1.0

这是一个交互式的 JavaScript 执行环境，在这里面可以执行 JavaScript 代码，其中 > 是命令提示符。在这个环境里也内置了一些用来操作以太坊的 JavaScript 对象，可以直接使用这些对象。这些对象主要包括：

eth：包含一些跟操作区块链相关的方法；
net：包含一些查看p2p网络状态的方法；
admin：包含一些与管理节点相关的方法；
miner：包含启动&停止挖矿的一些方法；
personal：主要包含一些管理账户的方法；
txpool：包含一些查看交易内存池的方法；
web3：包含了以上对象，还包含一些单位换算的方法。

六、控制台操作

进入以太坊 Javascript Console 后，就可以使用里面的内置对象做一些操作，这些内置对象提供的功能很丰富，比如查看区块和交易、创建账户、挖矿、发送交易、部署智能合约等。

常用命令有：

personal.newAccount()：创建账户；
personal.unlockAccount()：解锁账户；
eth.accounts：枚举系统中的账户；
eth.getBalance()：查看账户余额，返回值的单位是 Wei（Wei 是以太坊中最小货币面额单位，类似比特币中的聪，1 ether = 10^18 Wei）；
eth.blockNumber：列出区块总数；
eth.getTransaction()：获取交易；
eth.getBlock()：获取区块；
miner.start()：开始挖矿；
miner.stop()：停止挖矿；
web3.fromWei()：Wei 换算成以太币；
web3.toWei()：以太币换算成 Wei；
txpool.status：交易池中的状态；
admin.addPeer()：连接到其他节点；

这些命令支持 Tab 键自动补全，具体用法如下。

1、创建账户

>personal.newAccount()
Passphrase: 
Repeat passphrase: 
"0x914995c9c3c993c9d3fdd63602c91823f932b308"

输入密码、确认密码将会创建一个账户.

同样方法再创建一个

> personal.newAccount()
Passphrase:
Repeat passphrase:
"0x30ed8cd207dfdaf5e24847252df822b1da1f2fe5"

View the account (there is an error in the initialization configuration file above? No allocation)

> eth.accounts
["0x914995c9c3c993c9d3fdd63602c91823f932b308", "0x30ed8cd207dfdaf5e24847252df822b1da1f2fe5"]

2. Check account balance

eth.getBalance (eth.accounts [0])

3. Start and stop mining

Start mining

>miner.start(1)

The parameter of start indicates the number of threads used for mining. The first time you start mining, the DAG file required for mining will be generated first. This process is a bit slow. After the progress reaches 100%, mining will start. At this time, the screen will be refreshed with mining information.

stop mining

>miner.stop()

Mining a block will reward 5 ethers, and the reward from mining will enter the miner's account. This account is called coinbase. By default, coinbase is the first account in the local account, which can be set by miner.setEtherbase () Other accounts are set to coinbase.

Check account balance again

> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])
510000000000000000000

4. Send transaction

At present, account 0 has mined 97 blocks of rewards, and the balance of account 1 is still 0:

> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[0])
510000000000000000000
> eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1])
0

We want to transfer from account 0 to account 1, we need to unlock account 0 before transferring

> personal.unlockAccount(eth.accounts[0])
Unlock account 0x914995c9c3c993c9d3fdd63602c91823f932b308
Passphrase: 
true

转账0->1

> amount = web3.toWei(5,'ether')
"5000000000000000000"
> eth.sendTransaction({from:eth.accounts[0],to:eth.accounts[1],value:amount})
INFO [04-11|09:37:09] Submitted transaction                    fullhash=0x2d8342ce23ca00a61a66a9926d45e8516bd0edda18703770c72897d2b9c31973 recipient=0x30Ed8Cd207dfdAF5E24847252DF822b1DA1F2FE5
"0x2d8342ce23ca00a61a66a9926d45e8516bd0edda18703770c72897d2b9c31973"

此时如果没有挖矿，用 txpool.status 命令可以看到本地交易池中有一个待确认的交易，可以使用 eth.getBlock("pending", true).transactions 查看当前待确认交易。

> txpool.status
{
  pending: 1,
  queued: 0
}
> eth.getBlock("pending", true).transactions
[{
    blockHash: "0x2a13705bbe3a60c1d8fa686d6c8a326c6f1b70e7943bb7be8d8e9aa9fef7701e",
    blockNumber: 103,
    from: "0x914995c9c3c993c9d3fdd63602c91823f932b308",
    gas: 90000,
    gasPrice: 18000000000,
    hash: "0x2d8342ce23ca00a61a66a9926d45e8516bd0edda18703770c72897d2b9c31973",
    input: "0x",
    nonce: 0,
    r: "0x546055f53f1f7535549c4e31ddf03c6678384afc9571240d237823c205239a11",
    s: "0x65f39c6a35f338c6fe67faf7a3bb14c91abc0472113bb9916c82cc51a407f6c9",
    to: "0x30ed8cd207dfdaf5e24847252df822b1da1f2fe5",
    transactionIndex: 0,
    v: "0x359",
    value: 5000000000000000000
}]

使用 miner.start() 命令开始挖矿：

> miner.start(1);admin.sleepBlocks(1);miner.stop();
INFO [04-11|09:39:49] Updated mining threads                   threads=1
INFO [04-11|09:39:49] Transaction pool price threshold updated price=18000000000
INFO [04-11|09:39:49] Starting mining operation 
INFO [04-11|09:39:49] Commit new mining work                   number=103 txs=1 uncles=0 elapsed=378.402碌s
INFO [04-11|09:39:52] Successfully sealed new block            number=103 hash=8327606bec9
INFO [04-11|09:39:52]  block reached canonical chain          number=98  hash=9d43b286588
INFO [04-11|09:39:52]  mined potential block                  number=103 hash=8327606bec9
INFO [04-11|09:39:52] Commit new mining work                   number=104 txs=0 uncles=0 elapsed=231.591碌s
true

新区块挖出后，挖矿结束，查看账户 1 的余额，已经收到了账户 0 的以太币：

> web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1]),'ether')
5

5、查看交易和区块

查看当前区块总数：

> eth.blockNumber
103

通过交易 Hash 查看交易（Hash 值包含在上面交易返回值中）：

> eth.getTransaction("0x2d8342ce23ca00a61a66a9926d45e8516bd0edda18703770c72897d2b9c31973")
{
  blockHash: "0x83276067a8ad0168cf1d9fabb089b7778024bc6700434f470d830decb4a6bec9",
  blockNumber: 103,
  from: "0x914995c9c3c993c9d3fdd63602c91823f932b308",
  gas: 90000,
  gasPrice: 18000000000,
  hash: "0x2d8342ce23ca00a61a66a9926d45e8516bd0edda18703770c72897d2b9c31973",
  input: "0x",
  nonce: 0,
  r: "0x546055f53f1f7535549c4e31ddf03c6678384afc9571240d237823c205239a11",
  s: "0x65f39c6a35f338c6fe67faf7a3bb14c91abc0472113bb9916c82cc51a407f6c9",
  to: "0x30ed8cd207dfdaf5e24847252df822b1da1f2fe5",
  transactionIndex: 0,
  v: "0x359",
  value: 5000000000000000000
}

通过区块号查看区块

> eth.getBlock(102)
{
  difficulty: 137514,
  extraData: "0xd783010802846765746887676f312e392e34856c696e7578",
  gasLimit: 121486905,
  gasUsed: 0,
  hash: "0x09c0a05f1a76fa39222f965d0b3665550bb5a0ab518963c8d1c5280a7b13cf43",
  logsBloom: "0x00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
  miner: "0x914995c9c3c993c9d3fdd63602c91823f932b308",
  mixHash: "0x7afd2e352e797ad57554bd81d1f156baed041242fcb641c336683fc9f5937b6c",
  nonce: "0x4fe257812731bb15",
  number: 102,
  parentHash: "0xaf1c22536346d8183b63632e4eb6fae81bfd5f9ca305f5fe20b9b7ef0da2a9de",
  receiptsRoot: "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
  sha3Uncles: "0x1dcc4de8dec75d7aab85b567b6ccd41ad312451b948a7413f0a142fd40d49347",
  size: 536,
  stateRoot: "0x73bb0a88af2d04b4fcec031a48ffdc16cda90b88c215e3587f1e9acc1c050eca",
  timestamp: 1523438740,
  totalDifficulty: 13695386,
  transactions: [],
  transactionsRoot: "0x56e81f171bcc55a6ff8345e692c0f86e5b48e01b996cadc001622fb5e363b421",
  uncles: []
}

Ubuntu16.04 builds Ethereum Ethereum private chain

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