1 Introduction to Linux
1. Linux abstract explanation
There must be someone like me who has heard the word Linux for a long time, but never touched it. Then I was stunned when I looked at the full command, and I didn't know where to start learning. This situation has been maintained until my interview. I am not afraid to tell you that I went to the interview with a resume that said "Familiar with Linux systems". In fact, I didn't know what Linux was at that time! I believe that everyone must have used the Windows system, or have also used the Mac system. In fact, Linux is the same as these Windows and Mac systems, but it is presented in different forms for user experience. We all know that, it is a system.
2. What kind of system is Linux?
I have heard some beginners say that Linux has a graphical interface, and some people say that Linux only relies on inputting commands. In fact, Linux has a graphical interface version, as well as a character version. Let's first talk about a Linux system with a graphical interface (with a desktop), which is similar to the Windows system you are using now. You can click the mouse to complete the operation required by the user, while the Linux character version can only complete the operation by entering commands. . What is an order? For example, when viewing the calendar in Windows, click the calendar with the mouse to view it. In the character version of the Linux system, when we enter the "cal" command, the system displays the calendar, and "cal" commands the Linux system to display the calendar. Some people say: "Why do Linux systems with graphical interfaces still need character versions?" First of all, Linux is open source and has high execution speed. Using it as a server will also reduce the chance of being attacked. Linux is generally used as a server. , Few use the graphical version of Linux in the enterprise, so our next tutorials are based on the character version of Linux. Let's start learning with me!
Two Linux Beginners Recommendations
Before learning Linux, there are a few points that I hope you can pay attention to
1. All content in the Linux system is stored in the form of files
2. In the Linux system of learning character version, the commands we enter are strictly case - sensitive
3. The files in Linux are not distinguished by their suffix names , but by permissions , which will be discussed in the following tutorials.
4. The programs in the windows system cannot be directly installed and used in the Linux system
5. When we insert a U disk or other storage device, Linux cannot directly read and use it. We need a mounting process before it can be used. (What is mount? Please be patient and learn below)
Three Start to install your own Linux system
1. Before we start, we need to do two preparations
1 Download the Vmware virtual machine installation package
Because we are beginners in linux system, there is no need to install a linux system on our own computer. After all, there will be no dual systems on our real server, and we also avoid damaging our own Windows system, so we use In the way of virtual machine, a virtual machine can simulate a real computer, and also supports the installation of various operating systems, which is convenient for us to learn.
2 Download the Centos 6.3 image file
Centos 6.3 is the file we need to install Linux. For example, when we install a windows system, we also need an iso image file before we can install the system. Here we can go to the official Centos download. It is recommended that the version you download does not need to be too high, because we are beginners, and we do not need to use many things in the higher version of the system, so there is no need to waste resources. If you can't find the resource, you can contact me, or leave a message with your email number, and I will send it to you privately.
2. Install the Vmware virtual machine (the installation package can be downloaded directly from Baidu)
Windows installation software is very convenient, and it is the same as we install other software. I choose the version of Vmware14 here. You can choose the version according to your own requirements.
3. Create a new virtual machine
After installing Vmware, this interface is opened. Some interfaces will be different because of different versions. Most of them are similar.
Here we choose to create a new virtual machine . If children's shoes with a virtual machine before can also choose to open the virtual machine, because we are a beginner and choose to create a new virtual machine. After clicking on the new virtual machine, the installation wizard will pop up. We choose the typical installation . If you are a technical expert, you can also choose to customize. Next, select the installation source, and we choose to install the operating system later , so that we can install the system step by step by ourselves and increase the meaning of learning. The next step is to choose the operating system that needs to be installed, choose Linux , we downloaded Centos6.3 before the version, and choose Centos6 for the following version . If there is no Centos6 version to choose, it is because your Vmware version is too low.
After clicking Next, select the location where the virtual machine will be installed. It is recommended that you install it in a directory , do not install directly to the D disk or other disks . If we want to delete the virtual machine, just delete the directory directly. The disk size is 20GB by default. Click to finish our one The empty virtual machine is created , and then we need to install the linux system on the virtual machine .
4. Install the Linux system on the virtual machine
First of all, we need to set the virtual machine to use the CentOS-6.3-i386-bin-DVD1.iso file we downloaded, and then click on the green triangle to start the power supply, load the Linux installation page, and explain the meaning of these few English sentences ( As follows), we choose 1 , just install a new linux system. Next, it will self-check whether the system satisfies the installation, and then it will prompt whether you need to check the CD, because this CD is downloaded by ourselves, so choosing skip does not require testing, and testing will only waste more time.
In the installation process, you need to use the keyboard to select, right-click with the mouse to enter the virtual machine system operation, press Ctrl+Alt to operate your own system
1 Install or rupgrade an existing system //安装或升级现有的系统
2 Install system with basic video driver //安装过程采用基本的显卡驱动
3 Rescue installed system //进入系统修复模式
4 Boot from local drive //退出安装从硬盘启动
5 Memory test //存储介质检测
接下来就是真正的安装Linux系统安装选项操作，点击NEXT选择语言中文，键盘选择美式英文。到选择装置类型时，我们选择基本装置。看到提示存储装置警告时，由于我们时新系统所以选择“是，放弃资料”，然后输入主机名，一般默认就可以了，城市选择 “亚洲/上海”，设置登录密码（密码要求 8位字符以上，需要有大小写，数字，字符），密码最好1个月更换一次，确保安全性。下一步之后选择安装类型，由于我们是学习安装所以选择最后一项建立自定义分割格式。
给我们的Linux系统区分并且格式化，我们在安装windows系统的时候也需要对硬盘进行分区并且进行格式化操作。没有格式化的硬盘是不能保存文件的。请跟着下面步骤，请勿弄错，弄错可能会导致无法启动Linux。我们看到的sda是我们的第一块硬盘，我们选择标准分区，然后点击创建。（下图1）
什么是挂载点？
挂载就是相当于我们windows给硬盘分区格式化的一个过程，挂载点就相当于我们windows系统中的C盘、D盘、E盘。
1 选择系统挂载点，第一步先选择Boot，Boot是我们系统启动时所需要的，大小200兆就足够了。（下图2）
2 swap分区，swap在分区的时候是没有挂载点的，因为swap不是给我们用户使用的，而是提供给linux内核进行使用。大小1G就够了， 我们在给swap分区，在挂载点是找不到swap的，在挂载点下有个系统类型选择swap即可。（下图3）
3 然后再分home分区，这个一般根据自己的需求，比如说一般文件服务器文件都是存在home分区下的，这样会比较安全，大小2个G。
4 最后在给 “根目录”分区，根目录就是在选择挂载点的第一个 “/”,然后下面有个选择框“选择最大的值”，分区4个就够了。
最后分完是这个样子的，为什么最后分完根目录，会多出一个sda5，大家记住一块硬盘最多只能分4个，当我们分到第四的时候，系统不确定是否还需要继续分，所以最后的分区就变成了扩展分区下面在开始分多个逻辑分区。大家可以按照下图对比一下否是分区正确，如果不正确可以删除重新分。然后选择下一步，提示是否需要格式化，（大家记住没有经过格式化的分区是不能够写入数据的），我们选择格式化。再点击下一步之后，我们会选择安装类型。在这里我跟大家解释几种，第一:Desktop(桌面)，上面跟大家说过Linux系统也有图形版的，这个选项就是安装桌面版的Linux系统，有兴趣的可以安装看看。第二：Basic Server (基本服务器)，这个是字符型的，最安装一些常用的命令来提供我们学习，所以我们选择Basic Server就可以了，点击下一步就开始安装咯，需要一个等待的过程，不能方。
安装完成后点击重新启动稍等片刻Linux安装好了，一开始Linux会让我们进行登录（如下图，这个是已经登录好了），用户名输入 “root”,root是最强大的，拥有最高权限的，一开始没有创建其他用户所以用root来进行登录，输入root回车后会提示输入密码，在输入密码（密码就是在安装系统时输入的密码）的时候是不会出现****，这一点不像windows，其实你在输入密码的时候Linux已经在记录密码，但不会给任何提示，输入密码直接回车就行。登录成功会出现“[root@localhost ~]”，这里root代表登录用户，localhost代表的是本机。 到这里本章节内容就学完啦，赶紧喝口水压压惊，休息好了在回头消化消化。
5.总结
本章对Linux有一个初步的解释，使用Vmware来安装一个Linux系统，对于学习Linux是非常需要有耐心，遇到问题不能方，仔细想想是哪一步弄错了。在这里写一些文章也只是本人对学习一个记录，顺便分享出来，写的不好的请不要喷出来放在心里就好，如果是大神路过有意见的地方也可以指点指点，学习一门课程坚持最重要，贵在坚持，有什么不懂地方私聊我，或者加我扣扣1351098539，赶紧跟我一起学习Linux吧！！