About 5G technology and the challenges that 5G technology will face
1. The history of the development of world communication technology
As of today in 2020, the development of world communication technology has undergone various changes from 1G to 5G.
Many people have questions, what exactly is "G"? In fact, "G" represents an epoch-making change and a big process.
1G: It represents the big brother era that everyone used around 1980. It was a communication technology with only one basic function, which was the voice function.
2G: It represents the era around 1990. At that time, the prototype of mobile phones (also known as "Little Smart") had begun. At that time, they had already equipped with more functions, except for voice functions. SMS function.
3G: It represents the era of epoch-making upgrading of social applications in 2000. In that era, the interaction between people has begun to become a lot more mature and convenient.
4G: In 2010, there were more online interactive software and game software that many friends liked, allowing many people to have more entertainment and leisure in their spare time.
5G: It is the mainstream communication technology that is currently in the development stage. There are many advanced technologies such as virtual reality technology. The mainstream communication operation companies have begun to use it. Although it is still developing, it has become the mainstream.
Advantages of 2.5G
Traffic density: 100,000
Connection number density: 1 million/km²
Delay: 1ms
Mobility: 500km/h
Energy efficiency: 100 times
Experience rate: 0.1~1Gb
Spectrum: 3 times (up to 5 times in special circumstances)
Peak value: 20Gb
3. Names and descriptions of the seven major indicators
1. Traffic density: the total traffic in a unit area
2. Connection density: refers to the total number of online devices that can be supported in a unit area
3. Latency: the interval between the sending end and the receiving end receiving data
4. Mobility: support Maximum mobile speed of the user terminal
5. Energy efficiency: The amount of data that can be transmitted per unit of energy consumed
6. User experience efficiency: The user obtains the MAC layer user plane data transmission volume per unit time
7. Spectrum efficiency: Within each cell or unit area, Throughput provided by unit spectrum resource
8. Peak rate: The maximum service rate that the user can obtain
The key performance indicators of 4.5G compared to 4G have been greatly improved
To sum up, 5g has the characteristics of high speed, low time efficiency, large capacity, high reliability, and massive connections.
5.5G application scenarios
VR: Virtual Reality
AR: Augmented Reality
MR: Mixed Reality
6. About the application of 5G
6.1. Ultra-dense networking
Ultra-dense networking means that the construction of small base stations can be greatly increased, in exchange for more efficient performance by reducing space.
So what is a base station?
Base stations can be divided into two types:
1. Macro base stations: namely "tower stations", which are large base stations with a coverage range of up to several kilometers.
2. Small base stations: ① Femtocell base stations, ② Micro base stations, ③ Pico base stations (also known as pico base stations), ④ Indoor base stations, ⑤ Personal base stations.
What are the advantages of small base stations?
The advantages of small base stations are:
Small size, low cost, easy to install, can deeply cover
the frequency reuse in a smaller range, can increase the used capacity, get
closer to the user, can improve the signal quality and achieve a higher rate
6.2. Large-scale antenna array
Advantages:
Improve signal reliability,
increase base station throughput, and
greatly reduce interference to surrounding base stations.
Serve more mobile terminals
6.3.
Advantages of dynamic self-organizing network (SON) :
flexible deployment,
multi-hop,
high reliability,
high bandwidth
6.4. Software-defined network (SDN)
physically separates the control plane and the forwarding plane. The
controller centrally manages multiple forwarding devices.
Services and programs are deployed on the controller.
6.5. Network function virtualization (NFV)
decoupling software and hardware, divide the functions of the network node level into blocks, and realize them in software, not limited to the hardware architecture,
allowing general hardware to realize network functions
6.6. The difference between SDN and NFV
SDN: mainly for the innovation of network architects
NFV: mainly for the innovation of equipment form