Principle analysis of HashMap and ConcurrentHashMap

1. JDK 7 HashMap concurrency dead link

https://github.com/heheliu321/concurrent/tree/main/case_java7

Test code
Note

• To run under JDK 7, otherwise the expansion mechanism and hash calculation method have changed
• The following test code is carefully prepared, don’t change it casually
   

package test;

import java.util.HashMap;

public class TestDeadLink {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 测试 java 7 中哪些数字的 hash 结果相等
        System.out.println("长度为16时，桶下标为1的key");
        for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
            if (hash(i) % 16 == 1) {
                System.out.println(i);
            }
        }
        System.out.println("长度为32时，桶下标为1的key");
        for (int i = 0; i < 64; i++) {
            if (hash(i) % 32 == 1) {
                System.out.println(i);
            }
        }
        // 1, 35, 16, 50 当大小为16时，它们在一个桶内
        final HashMap<Integer, Integer> map = new HashMap<Integer, Integer>();
        // 放 12 个元素
        map.put(2, null);
        map.put(3, null);
        map.put(4, null);
        map.put(5, null);
        map.put(6, null);
        map.put(7, null);
        map.put(8, null);
        map.put(9, null);
        map.put(10, null);
        map.put(16, null);
        map.put(35, null);
        map.put(1, null);

        System.out.println("扩容前大小[main]:"+map.size());
        new Thread() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                // 放第 13 个元素, 发生扩容
                map.put(50, null);
                System.out.println("扩容后大小[Thread-0]:"+map.size());
            }
        }.start();
        new Thread() {
            @Override
            public void run() {
                // 放第 13 个元素, 发生扩容
                map.put(50, null);
                System.out.println("扩容后大小[Thread-1]:"+map.size());
            }
        }.start();
    }

    final static int hash(Object k) {
        int h = 0;
        if (0 != h && k instanceof String) {
            return sun.misc.Hashing.stringHash32((String) k);
        }
        h ^= k.hashCode();
        h ^= (h >>> 20) ^ (h >>> 12);
        return h ^ (h >>> 7) ^ (h >>> 4);
    }
}

Dead link recurrence The
debugging tool uses idea
to add a breakpoint on line 590 of the HashMap source code

int newCapacity = newTable.length;

The conditions of the breakpoint are as follows, the purpose is to stop the HashMap when the capacity is expanded to 32 and the thread is Thread-0 or Thread-1

newTable.length==32 &&
(
Thread.currentThread().getName().equals("Thread-0")||
Thread.currentThread().getName().equals("Thread-1")
)

The breakpoint pause mode is Thread. Otherwise, when Thread-0 is debugged, Thread-1 will not be able to resume running.
Run the code, and the program will stop at the expected breakpoint and output

长度为16时，桶下标为1的key
1
16
35
50
长度为32时，桶下标为1的key
1
35
扩容前大小[main]:12

Next, enter the expansion process debugging
and add a breakpoint at line 594 of the HashMap source code

Entry<K,V> next = e.next; // 593
if (rehash) // 594
// ...

This is to observe the status of the e node and the next node. Thread-0 single-steps to line 594, and then adds a breakpoint at 594 (condition
Thread.currentThread().getName().equals("Thread-0") )
At this time, you can observe the e and next variables in the Variables panel, use view as -> Object to view the node status

e (1)->(35)->(16)->null
next (35)->(16)->null

Select Thread-1 in the Threads panel to resume operation, you can see the console output new content as follows, Thread-1 expansion has been completed

newTable[1] (35)->(1)->null

Size after expansion: 13

At this time, Thread-0 still stops at 594, and the state of the variables in the Variables panel has changed to

e (1)->null
next (35)->(1)->null

Why, because the list is the expansion of Thread-1 after adding an element into the head of the list, so the list reverse is true, but although the knot Thread-1
result is correct, but it ended Thread-0 will continue to run
next on You can single-step debugging (F8) to observe the
occurrence of the dead link. The next cycle will go to 594, and e will be moved to the head of the newTable linked list.

newTable[1] (1)->null
e (35)->(1)->null
next (1)->null

In the next round of looping to 594, move e to the head of the newTable linked list

newTable[1] (35)->(1)->null
e (1)->null
next null

Look at the source code again

e.next = newTable[1];
// 这时 e (1,35)
// 而 newTable[1] (35,1)->(1,35) 因为是同一个对象
newTable[1] = e;
// 再尝试将 e 作为链表头, 死链已成
e = next;
// 虽然 next 是 null, 会进入下一个链表的复制, 但死链已经形成了

Source code analysis
HashMap's concurrency dead link occurs during expansion
 

// 将 table 迁移至 newTable
void transfer(Entry[] newTable, boolean rehash) {
int newCapacity = newTable.length;
for (Entry<K,V> e : table) {
while(null != e) {
Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
// 1 处
if (rehash) {
e.hash = null == e.key ? 0 : hash(e.key);
}
int i = indexFor(e.hash, newCapacity);
// 2 处
// 将新元素加入 newTable[i], 原 newTable[i] 作为新元素的 next
e.next = newTable[i];
newTable[i] = e;
e = next;
}
}
}

Assuming that the initial element in the map is
 

原始链表，格式：[下标] (key,next)
[1] (1,35)->(35,16)->(16,null)
线程 a 执行到 1 处 ，此时局部变量 e 为 (1,35)，而局部变量 next 为 (35,16) 线程 a 挂起
线程 b 开始执行
第一次循环
[1] (1,null)
第二次循环
[1] (35,1)->(1,null)
第三次循环
[1] (35,1)->(1,null)
[17] (16,null)
切换回线程 a，此时局部变量 e 和 next 被恢复，引用没变但内容变了：e 的内容被改为 (1,null)，而 next 的内
容被改为 (35,1) 并链向 (1,null)
第一次循环
[1] (1,null)
第二次循环，注意这时 e 是 (35,1) 并链向 (1,null) 所以 next 又是 (1,null)
[1] (35,1)->(1,null)
第三次循环，e 是 (1,null)，而 next 是 null，但 e 被放入链表头，这样 e.next 变成了 35 （2 处）
[1] (1,35)->(35,1)->(1,35)
已经是死链了

summary:

The reason is that the non-thread-safe map set
JDK 8 is used in a multi-threaded environment. Although the expansion algorithm has been adjusted, elements are no longer added to the list head (instead of maintaining the same order as before the expansion), but still It does not mean that it can be safely expanded in a multi-threaded environment, and other problems (such as data loss due to expansion) may occur.

2. JDK 8 ConcurrentHashMap

Important attributes and inner classes

// 默认为 0
// 当初始化时, 为 -1
// 当扩容时, 为 -(1 + 扩容线程数)
// 当初始化或扩容完成后，为 下一次的扩容的阈值大小
private transient volatile int sizeCtl;
// 整个 ConcurrentHashMap 就是一个 Node[]
static class Node<K,V> implements Map.Entry<K,V> {}
// hash 表
transient volatile Node<K,V>[] table;
// 扩容时的 新 hash 表
private transient volatile Node<K,V>[] nextTable;
// 扩容时如果某个 bin 迁移完毕, 用 ForwardingNode 作为旧 table bin 的头结点
static final class ForwardingNode<K,V> extends Node<K,V> {}
// 用在 compute 以及 computeIfAbsent 时, 用来占位, 计算完成后替换为普通 Node
static final class ReservationNode<K,V> extends Node<K,V> {}
// 作为 treebin 的头节点, 存储 root 和 first
static final class TreeBin<K,V> extends Node<K,V> {}
// 作为 treebin 的节点, 存储 parent, left, right
static final class TreeNode<K,V> extends Node<K,V> {}

Important method

// 获取 Node[] 中第 i 个 Node
static final <K,V> Node<K,V> tabAt(Node<K,V>[] tab, int i)
// cas 修改 Node[] 中第 i 个 Node 的值, c 为旧值, v 为新值
static final <K,V> boolean casTabAt(Node<K,V>[] tab, int i, Node<K,V> c, Node<K,V> v)
// 直接修改 Node[] 中第 i 个 Node 的值, v 为新值
static final <K,V> void setTabAt(Node<K,V>[] tab, int i, Node<K,V> v)

Constructor analysis

You can see that lazy initialization is implemented. In the construction method, only the size of the table is calculated, and it will be created when it is used for the first time in the future.

public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) {
if (!(loadFactor > 0.0f) || initialCapacity < 0 || concurrencyLevel <= 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (initialCapacity < concurrencyLevel) // Use at least as many bins
initialCapacity = concurrencyLevel; // as estimated threads
long size = (long)(1.0 + (long)initialCapacity / loadFactor);
// tableSizeFor 仍然是保证计算的大小是 2^n, 即 16,32,64 ...
int cap = (size >= (long)MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) ?
MAXIMUM_CAPACITY : tableSizeFor((int)size);
this.sizeCtl = cap;
}

get process

public V get(Object key) {
Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> e, p; int n, eh; K ek;
// spread 方法能确保返回结果是正数
int h = spread(key.hashCode());
if ((tab = table) != null && (n = tab.length) > 0 &&
(e = tabAt(tab, (n - 1) & h)) != null) {
// 如果头结点已经是要查找的 key
if ((eh = e.hash) == h) {
if ((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek)))
return e.val;
}
// hash 为负数表示该 bin 在扩容中或是 treebin, 这时调用 find 方法来查找
else if (eh < 0)
return (p = e.find(h, key)) != null ? p.val : null;
// 正常遍历链表, 用 equals 比较
while ((e = e.next) != null) {
if (e.hash == h &&
((ek = e.key) == key || (ek != null && key.equals(ek))))
return e.val;
}
}
return null;
}

put process

The following abbreviation for array (table), abbreviation for linked list (bin)

public V put(K key, V value) {
return putVal(key, value, false);
}
final V putVal(K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
if (key == null || value == null) throw new NullPointerException();
// 其中 spread 方法会综合高位低位, 具有更好的 hash 性
int hash = spread(key.hashCode());
int binCount = 0;
for (Node<K,V>[] tab = table;;) {
// f 是链表头节点
// fh 是链表头结点的 hash
// i 是链表在 table 中的下标
Node<K,V> f; int n, i, fh;
// 要创建 table
if (tab == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
// 初始化 table 使用了 cas, 无需 synchronized 创建成功, 进入下一轮循环
tab = initTable();
// 要创建链表头节点
else if ((f = tabAt(tab, i = (n - 1) & hash)) == null) {
// 添加链表头使用了 cas, 无需 synchronized
if (casTabAt(tab, i, null,
new Node<K,V>(hash, key, value, null)))
break;
}
// 帮忙扩容
else if ((fh = f.hash) == MOVED)
// 帮忙之后, 进入下一轮循环
tab = helpTransfer(tab, f);
else {
V oldVal = null;
// 锁住链表头节点
synchronized (f) {
// 再次确认链表头节点没有被移动
if (tabAt(tab, i) == f) {
// 链表
if (fh >= 0) {
binCount = 1;
// 遍历链表
for (Node<K,V> e = f;; ++binCount) {
K ek;
// 找到相同的 key
if (e.hash == hash &&
((ek = e.key) == key ||
(ek != null && key.equals(ek)))) {
oldVal = e.val;
// 更新
if (!onlyIfAbsent)
e.val = value;
break;
}
Node<K,V> pred = e;
// 已经是最后的节点了, 新增 Node, 追加至链表尾
if ((e = e.next) == null) {
pred.next = new Node<K,V>(hash, key,
value, null);
break;
}
}
}
// 红黑树
else if (f instanceof TreeBin) {
Node<K,V> p;
binCount = 2;
// putTreeVal 会看 key 是否已经在树中, 是, 则返回对应的 TreeNode
if ((p = ((TreeBin<K,V>)f).putTreeVal(hash, key,
value)) != null) {
oldVal = p.val;
if (!onlyIfAbsent)
p.val = value;
}
}
}
// 释放链表头节点的锁
}
if (binCount != 0) {
if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD)
// 如果链表长度 >= 树化阈值(8), 进行链表转为红黑树
treeifyBin(tab, i);
if (oldVal != null)
return oldVal;
break;
}
}
}
// 增加 size 计数
addCount(1L, binCount);
return null;
}
private final Node<K,V>[] initTable() {
Node<K,V>[] tab; int sc;
while ((tab = table) == null || tab.length == 0) {
if ((sc = sizeCtl) < 0)
Thread.yield();
// 尝试将 sizeCtl 设置为 -1（表示初始化 table）
else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, -1)) {
// 获得锁, 创建 table, 这时其它线程会在 while() 循环中 yield 直至 table 创建
try {
if ((tab = table) == null || tab.length == 0) {
int n = (sc > 0) ? sc : DEFAULT_CAPACITY;
Node<K,V>[] nt = (Node<K,V>[])new Node<?,?>[n];
table = tab = nt;
sc = n - (n >>> 2);
}
} finally {
sizeCtl = sc;
}
break;
}
}
return tab;
}
// check 是之前 binCount 的个数
private final void addCount(long x, int check) {
CounterCell[] as; long b, s;
if (
// 已经有了 counterCells, 向 cell 累加
(as = counterCells) != null ||
// 还没有, 向 baseCount 累加
!U.compareAndSwapLong(this, BASECOUNT, b = baseCount, s = b + x)
) {
CounterCell a; long v; int m;
boolean uncontended = true;
if (
// 还没有 counterCells
as == null || (m = as.length - 1) < 0 ||
// 还没有 cell
(a = as[ThreadLocalRandom.getProbe() & m]) == null ||
// cell cas 增加计数失败
!(uncontended = U.compareAndSwapLong(a, CELLVALUE, v = a.value, v + x))
) {
// 创建累加单元数组和cell, 累加重试
fullAddCount(x, uncontended);
return;
}
if (check <= 1)
return;
// 获取元素个数
s = sumCount();
}
if (check >= 0) {
Node<K,V>[] tab, nt; int n, sc;
while (s >= (long)(sc = sizeCtl) && (tab = table) != null &&
(n = tab.length) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
int rs = resizeStamp(n);
if (sc < 0) {
if ((sc >>> RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) != rs || sc == rs + 1 ||
sc == rs + MAX_RESIZERS || (nt = nextTable) == null ||
transferIndex <= 0)
break;
// newtable 已经创建了，帮忙扩容
if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc, sc + 1))
transfer(tab, nt);
}
// 需要扩容，这时 newtable 未创建
else if (U.compareAndSwapInt(this, SIZECTL, sc,
(rs << RESIZE_STAMP_SHIFT) + 2))
transfer(tab, null);
s = sumCount();
}
}
}

size calculation process

The size calculation actually occurs in the operation of put and remove to change the elements of the collection

• No competition occurs, accumulate the count to baseCount
• Competition occurs, create new counterCells, and accumulate counts to one of the cells
• counterCells initially has two cells
• If the count competition is fierce, a new cell will be created to accumulate the count

public int size() {
long n = sumCount();
return ((n < 0L) ? 0 :
(n > (long)Integer.MAX_VALUE) ? Integer.MAX_VALUE :
(int)n);
}
final long sumCount() {
CounterCell[] as = counterCells; CounterCell a;
// 将 baseCount 计数与所有 cell 计数累加
long sum = baseCount;
if (as != null) {
for (int i = 0; i < as.length; ++i) {
if ((a = as[i]) != null)
sum += a.value;
}
}
return sum;
}

to sum up:

Java 8 Array (Node) + (Linked List Node | Red-Black Tree TreeNode) hereinafter referred to as array (table) and linked list (bin)

• Initialization, use cas to ensure concurrency safety, and initialize the table lazily
• Treeization, when table.length <64, try to expand first, when it exceeds 64, and bin.length> 8, the linked list will be treeized, and the tree will use synchronized to lock the head of the linked list.
• put, if the bin has not been created, just use cas to create the bin; if it already exists, lock the head of the linked list for subsequent put operations, and add the element to the end of the bin
• get, lock-free operation only needs to ensure visibility, the get operation gets ForwardingNode during the expansion process, it will let the get operation search in the new table
• Expansion, the expansion is carried out in bin as the unit, and the bin needs to be synchronized, but at this time, other competing threads are not nothing to do. They will help expand other bins. The average expansion is only 1/6 of the nodes. Will copy to the new table
• size, the number of elements is stored in baseCount, and the number of concurrent changes is stored in CounterCell[]. It can be accumulated when the final count is counted

3. JDK 7 ConcurrentHashMap

It maintains a segment array, and each segment corresponds to a lock.
Advantages: If multiple threads access different segments, there is actually no conflict. This is similar to jdk8.
Disadvantages: The default size of the Segments array is 16, and this capacity is initialized. It cannot be changed after it is specified, and it is not lazy initialization

Constructor analysis

public ConcurrentHashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) {
if (!(loadFactor > 0) || initialCapacity < 0 || concurrencyLevel <= 0)
throw new IllegalArgumentException();
if (concurrencyLevel > MAX_SEGMENTS)
concurrencyLevel = MAX_SEGMENTS;
// ssize 必须是 2^n, 即 2, 4, 8, 16 ... 表示了 segments 数组的大小
int sshift = 0;
int ssize = 1;
while (ssize < concurrencyLevel) {
++sshift;
ssize <<= 1;
}
// segmentShift 默认是 32 - 4 = 28
this.segmentShift = 32 - sshift;
// segmentMask 默认是 15 即 0000 0000 0000 1111
this.segmentMask = ssize - 1;
if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
int c = initialCapacity / ssize;
if (c * ssize < initialCapacity)
++c;
int cap = MIN_SEGMENT_TABLE_CAPACITY;
while (cap < c)
cap <<= 1;
// 创建 segments and segments[0]
Segment<K,V> s0 =
new Segment<K,V>(loadFactor, (int)(cap * loadFactor),
(HashEntry<K,V>[])new HashEntry[cap]);
Segment<K,V>[] ss = (Segment<K,V>[])new Segment[ssize];
UNSAFE.putOrderedObject(ss, SBASE, s0); // ordered write of segments[0]
this.segments = ss;
}

The construction is complete, as shown in the figure below

It can be seen that ConcurrentHashMap does not implement lazy initialization, and the space occupation is not friendly
. The role of this.segmentShift and this.segmentMask is to determine which segment to match the hash result of the key.
For example, to find the segment position according to a certain hash value, first move the high bit to the low bit. Move this.segmentShift bit

put process

public V put(K key, V value) {
Segment<K,V> s;
if (value == null)
throw new NullPointerException();
int hash = hash(key);
// 计算出 segment 下标
int j = (hash >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask;
// 获得 segment 对象, 判断是否为 null, 是则创建该 segment
if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObject
(segments, (j << SSHIFT) + SBASE)) == null) {
// 这时不能确定是否真的为 null, 因为其它线程也发现该 segment 为 null,
// 因此在 ensureSegment 里用 cas 方式保证该 segment 安全性
s = ensureSegment(j);
}
// 进入 segment 的put 流程
return s.put(key, hash, value, false);
}

Segment inherits the reentrant lock (ReentrantLock), and its put method is

final V put(K key, int hash, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent) {
// 尝试加锁
HashEntry<K,V> node = tryLock() ? null :
// 如果不成功, 进入 scanAndLockForPut 流程
// 如果是多核 cpu 最多 tryLock 64 次, 进入 lock 流程
// 在尝试期间, 还可以顺便看该节点在链表中有没有, 如果没有顺便创建出来
scanAndLockForPut(key, hash, value);
// 执行到这里 segment 已经被成功加锁, 可以安全执行
V oldValue;
try {
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab = table;
int index = (tab.length - 1) & hash;
HashEntry<K,V> first = entryAt(tab, index);
for (HashEntry<K,V> e = first;;) {
if (e != null) {
// 更新
K k;
if ((k = e.key) == key ||
(e.hash == hash && key.equals(k))) {
oldValue = e.value;
if (!onlyIfAbsent) {
e.value = value;
++modCount;
}
break;
}
e = e.next;
}
else {
// 新增
// 1) 之前等待锁时, node 已经被创建, next 指向链表头
if (node != null)
node.setNext(first);
else
// 2) 创建新 node
node = new HashEntry<K,V>(hash, key, value, first);
int c = count + 1;
// 3) 扩容
if (c > threshold && tab.length < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
rehash(node);
else
// 将 node 作为链表头
setEntryAt(tab, index, node);
++modCount;
count = c;
oldValue = null;
break;
}
}
} finally {
unlock();
}
return oldValue;
}

rehash process

Occurs in put, because the lock has been obtained at this time, so thread safety does not need to be considered when rehashing

private void rehash(HashEntry<K,V> node) {
HashEntry<K,V>[] oldTable = table;
int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
int newCapacity = oldCapacity << 1;
threshold = (int)(newCapacity * loadFactor);
HashEntry<K,V>[] newTable =
(HashEntry<K,V>[]) new HashEntry[newCapacity];
int sizeMask = newCapacity - 1;
for (int i = 0; i < oldCapacity ; i++) {
HashEntry<K,V> e = oldTable[i];
if (e != null) {
HashEntry<K,V> next = e.next;
int idx = e.hash & sizeMask;
if (next == null) // Single node on list
newTable[idx] = e;
else { // Reuse consecutive sequence at same slot
HashEntry<K,V> lastRun = e;
int lastIdx = idx;
// 过一遍链表, 尽可能把 rehash 后 idx 不变的节点重用
for (HashEntry<K,V> last = next;
last != null;
last = last.next) {
int k = last.hash & sizeMask;
if (k != lastIdx) {
lastIdx = k;
lastRun = last;
}
}
newTable[lastIdx] = lastRun;
// 剩余节点需要新建
for (HashEntry<K,V> p = e; p != lastRun; p = p.next) {
V v = p.value;
int h = p.hash;
int k = h & sizeMask;
HashEntry<K,V> n = newTable[k];
newTable[k] = new HashEntry<K,V>(h, p.key, v, n);
}
}
}
}
// 扩容完成, 才加入新的节点
int nodeIndex = node.hash & sizeMask; // add the new node
node.setNext(newTable[nodeIndex]);
newTable[nodeIndex] = node;
// 替换为新的 HashEntry table
table = newTable;
}

Attached, debug code

public static void main(String[] args) {
ConcurrentHashMap<Integer, String> map = new ConcurrentHashMap<>();
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
int hash = hash(i);
int segmentIndex = (hash >>> 28) & 15;
if (segmentIndex == 4 && hash % 8 == 2) {
System.out.println(i + "\t" + segmentIndex + "\t" + hash % 2 + "\t" + hash % 4 +
"\t" + hash % 8);
}
}
map.put(1, "value");
map.put(15, "value"); // 2 扩容为 4 15 的 hash%8 与其他不同
map.put(169, "value");
map.put(197, "value"); // 4 扩容为 8
map.put(341, "value");
map.put(484, "value");
map.put(545, "value"); // 8 扩容为 16
map.put(912, "value")
map.put(941, "value");
System.out.println("ok");
}
private static int hash(Object k) {
int h = 0;
if ((0 != h) && (k instanceof String)) {
return sun.misc.Hashing.stringHash32((String) k);
}
h ^= k.hashCode();
// Spread bits to regularize both segment and index locations,
// using variant of single-word Wang/Jenkins hash.
h += (h << 15) ^ 0xffffcd7d;
h ^= (h >>> 10);
h += (h << 3);
h ^= (h >>> 6);
h += (h << 2) + (h << 14);
int v = h ^ (h >>> 16);
return v;
}

get process

The get is not locked, and the UNSAFE method is used to ensure visibility. During the expansion process, the content is fetched from the old table when the get occurs first, and the content is fetched from the new table after the get occurs.

public V get(Object key) {
Segment<K,V> s; // manually integrate access methods to reduce overhead
HashEntry<K,V>[] tab;
int h = hash(key);
// u 为 segment 对象在数组中的偏移量
long u = (((h >>> segmentShift) & segmentMask) << SSHIFT) + SBASE;
// s 即为 segment
if ((s = (Segment<K,V>)UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile(segments, u)) != null &&
(tab = s.table) != null) {
for (HashEntry<K,V> e = (HashEntry<K,V>) UNSAFE.getObjectVolatile
(tab, ((long)(((tab.length - 1) & h)) << TSHIFT) + TBASE);
e != null; e = e.next) {
K k;
if ((k = e.key) == key || (e.hash == h && key.equals(k)))
return e.value;
}
}
return null;
}

size calculation process

• Before calculating the number of elements, calculate twice without locking. If the results of the previous two times are the same, the number is considered correct and returned
• If they are not the same, try again. If the number of retries exceeds 3, lock all segments and recalculate the number. Return

• public int size() {
  // Try a few times to get accurate count. On failure due to
  // continuous async changes in table, resort to locking.
  final Segment<K,V>[] segments = this.segments;
  int size;
  boolean overflow; // true if size overflows 32 bits
  long sum; // sum of modCounts
  long last = 0L; // previous sum
  int retries = -1; // first iteration isn't retry
  try {
  for (;;) {
  if (retries++ == RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
  // 超过重试次数, 需要创建所有 segment 并加锁
  for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
  ensureSegment(j).lock(); // force creation
  }
  sum = 0L;
  size = 0;
  overflow = false;
  for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j) {
  Segment<K,V> seg = segmentAt(segments, j);
  if (seg != null) {
  sum += seg.modCount;
  int c = seg.count;
  if (c < 0 || (size += c) < 0)
  overflow = true;
  }
  }
  if (sum == last)
  break;
  last = sum;
  }
  } finally {
  if (retries > RETRIES_BEFORE_LOCK) {
  for (int j = 0; j < segments.length; ++j)
  segmentAt(segments, j).unlock();
  }
  }
  return overflow ? Integer.MAX_VALUE : size;
  }