1. Completely usable computers are divided into hardware systems and software systems:
The hardware system is a controller, arithmetic unit, memory, input device, and output device or I/O device, that is, the computer host, display, and keyboard and mouse (peripherals) that are common in our real life.
Computer host: motherboard, cpu, memory, hard disk, power supply
Motherboard: ASUS, MSI, GIGABYTE, ASRock (currently there are more mainstream and the above-mentioned brands), and the motherboard can be divided into high, middle and low end by function.
High-end motherboards are generally equipped with Intel X or Z-series chips. The X- series is Extreme, which is the highest-end motherboard. It is mainly equipped with high-end processors such as the i7 Extreme Edition. It also has the characteristics of the Z- series . The Z- series is an overclocking board with sufficient materials and high specifications. , The function fully supports the overclocking of CPU and memory , generally now enthusiast players have more choices;
The low-end and mid-end are generally PBH series chips. The P series are mainly boards with higher scalability. Generally, they do not have a set display output interface or an integrated graphics card, and they can be overclocked by a small amount. Basically, it is not common now; B series are commercial boards. The expansion is general, the interface is sufficient , and the price is relatively low . The new B series specifications are still good, very popular, not overclocking, and enough for daily use. The H series is a fairly satisfactory board. The main difference from the Z series is that it does not support overclocking and a single PCI slot.
In addition to the hardware (chip), the motherboard also has corresponding software, namely BIOS, which is the basis for controlling various hardware on the motherboard. It is a set of programs that are cured on a ROM chip on the motherboard of the computer. It saves With the computer's most important basic input and output programs, self-checking programs after booting, and system self-starting programs, it can read and write specific information about system settings from CMOS. Its main function is to provide the lowest and most direct hardware settings and control for the computer. Here, in my own words, this is the interface shown to you, on which you can directly operate some hardware of the host. Some people may find some English sentences displayed at the bottom of the screen when turning on the computer. Press Esc to enter SETUP (press Esc to enter the BIOS setup), Press F2 go to Setup Utility (press F2 to set up the BIOS utility), Press <F2> to Setup Waiting is to tell you to press the corresponding button to enter the bios. The commonly used buttons are Esc, F1, F2, Delete and other buttons. Of course, if the bios is not past when booting, you can also use the three-key restart button ctrl+alt+del. However, current motherboards generally have added UEFI and fast secure boot functions. The full name is "Unified Extensible Firmware Interface", which is a standard that describes in detail a new type of interface. This interface is used for the operating system to automatically load from the pre-boot operating environment to an operating system, thereby simplifying the boot process and saving time. UEFI is generally used with the GUDI partition table.
There is also an important parameter on the motherboard: the interface type. Intel is generally 1151-pin. After the fourth generation until now, the 1151-pin interface is basically used. Although the number of pins is the same, the 8th and 9th generations The motherboard cannot be shared with the sixth and seventh generations. Although it can be achieved by brushing the BISO, the power supply system may not be able to bear it.
CPU: The computing and control core of a computer system, and the final execution unit for information processing and program operation. At present, the mainstream is generally Intel and AMD, and now they are generally X64-bit, and the 64-bit architecture was first designed by AMD in 1999. AMD first publicized the 64-bit set to expand to IA-32 , called x86-64 (later renamed AMD64 ). Later, when the technology was shared, Intel used this technology but did not want to call it amd64, so it was called x86-64. Although the Internet is now called AMD, Yes! However, Intel CPU is now full of turbo frequency. Personally, I suggest to play games or use Intel's CPU. The single core frequency is high, stable, and Tencent's family bucket is added. Xiaobai does not recommend contacting AMD.
Intel has more CPU classifications. Here are some common CPU suffixes:
X suffix = supreme supreme version
K suffix = unlock multiplier and higher performance
F suffix = castration nuclear display version
The C suffix is a special product of the fifth generation of Core
S suffix=65W energy-saving version
T suffix=45W energy-saving version, the frequency shrinks seriously
R stands for R with Iris high-performance nuclear display
The mobile version has more CPU classifications, but in general, if there are big brainless numbers, HQ (high-performance quad-core), choose HQ, and M (mobile version), choose M, but it seems that now the Shenzhou notebook has used the desktop U.
AMD's classification is relatively simple. The common suffix letters on the market have processors with K, E, X, and B:
K suffix = no frequency lock
E suffix = low power version
X suffix = support full automatic overclocking similar to Intel Turbo
B suffix = ultra-low power consumption
CPU overclocking is mainly to set its FSB and multiplier, and the main frequency = FSB * multiplier
Memory: It is the bridge between external memory and CPU. All programs in the computer are run in the memory, so the performance of the memory has a great impact on the computer. Memory (Memory) is also called internal memory and main memory . Its function is to temporarily store the calculation data in the CPU and the data exchanged with external memory such as hard disk . As long as the computer is running, the CPU will transfer the data that needs to be calculated into the memory for calculation, and when the calculation is completed, the CPU will send the result out. The operation of the memory also determines the stable operation of the computer. The current mainstream is basically DDR ( DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM, Double Data Rate SDRAM).) 4 There are also some DDR3 users. Better memory also supports overclocking. The current mainstream technology and XMP (Extreme Memory Profile (XMP) Automatic overclocking) After opening in the bios, it will overclock automatically. If two memory sticks are correctly inserted in the motherboard, they can form a dual channel , double the memory bandwidth, and can load faster.
Hard disk: At present, hard disks can be divided into mechanical hard disks and solid-state hard disks according to their working methods, and there are many types of interfaces between them. The common one is SATA3.0 600MB/s. Now common home office computers use this interface, SAS (Support full-duplex mode, that is, read and write at the same time) Generally used in servers, M.2 (used more in high-performance notebooks, some game consoles, etc.) M.2 interface is divided into B key (Socket 2) and M key (Socket 3). Socket 2 uses SATA channels and PCI-E 2.0 x 4 channels. The maximum theoretical read and write speeds reach 700MB/s and 550MB/s respectively . And Socket 3 is designed for high-performance storage, PCI-E 3.0 x 4 channels, the speed can reach 32Gbps, close to 4GB/S bandwidth, 5 times faster than SATA, the current M.2 interface has been fully converted to PCI-E 3.0 x4 channels.
How do these components work together?
When we execute a program on the computer, the input device first issues an operation instruction to the CPU. After the CPU receives the operation instruction, the corresponding program instruction in the hard disk is directly loaded into the memory. After that, the CPU then addresses the memory. , Translate the instruction loaded into the memory, and then send the operation signal to the operation controller to realize the operation of the program or the processing of the data.
The CPU calls data from the memory, why not get it from the hard disk? This involves an issue of access speed.
Comparing the access speeds of three types of storage: hard disk, memory and high-speed storage, we find that:
The access speed of the memory is much higher than the access speed of the hard disk, and the access speed of the high-speed memory in the CPU is much higher than the access speed of the memory.
When we put the program from the hard disk to the memory, the CPU runs the program directly in the memory, which is much faster than the CPU running the program directly on the hard disk.
many.
The memory solves the problem that part of the CPU runs too fast and the hard disk data access is too slow. Improve the running speed of our computer.
The memory is like a "high-speed lane", and data is transmitted from the hard disk with a slower transmission speed to the CPU for processing through this high-speed lane.
In fact, memory plays two roles here:
1. Save the data read from the hard disk and provide it to the CPU
2. Save some temporary execution results of the CPU, so that the CPU can be used next time or saved to the hard disk
To summarize the relationship between the three, the CPU runs very fast, but the storage space is very small. If it is a large amount of data or a large program, it cannot run. Therefore, if the CPU receives an instruction, it runs and stores it on the hard disk. In the program, the data needs to be transmitted through the memory, which is the center, so that the processing data and the data transmission speed match. The hard disk saves the data permanently, and temporarily stores it in the memory after it is taken out, because it is faster and more convenient when extracting the data, and then the CPU can process the data.
Display: The main thing is the resolution and interface. It will show you the execution results of the computer. Common interfaces are generally: VGA, DVI, HDMI, DP (supporting higher resolution and frame rate than HDMI), etc.
Software system: computer operating system, the current mainstream is windows and linux, most of us are accustomed to basically the windows operating system, and by 2020, a product of Microsoft's windows project has basically occupied the market. Windows 10 supports desktops, tablets, servers, etc. How to install windwos~ First, you need a windows mirror where you can choose the famous msdn or you can choose windows official website, Baidu search and download windows10 ( https://www.microsoft.com/zh-cn/software-download/windows10? OCID=WIP_r_Win10_Body_AddPC ) The first one is the download link,
Download the tool and then download a local iso depending on the network speed and your hard drive, which can be completed in a few minutes. After the download is complete, it will be the latest version.
It is recommended to use a USB flash drive for installation. If you find an 8G USB flash drive, you can choose to use Floppy Disk to burn it to your hard drive, which is the thing shown in the figure below, but I generally don’t like to use this when installing windows, and occasionally install it. Linux can be used, you must use PE to install windows~
We searched for the PE installation system on Baidu and came out a lot of tutorials. However, as a little white who has been mixing the desktop for so long, I recommend using IT Sky ( https://www.itsk.com/ ) to burn with the Youqitong software, which can be integrated. Universal drive, runtime library, etc. are very convenient.
Just select the U disk to make a brand new one. After making it, insert it into the computer. If it is ASUS boot, directly press F8 to select your U disk . Then press delete on MSI and Gigabyte , select ↑↓, enter to confirm. Then you can enter the interface as shown in the figure and still choose to start windows10 PEx64 as above, and we can enter the PE operating system happily.
After entering, use DiskGenius to partition . If it is MBR, remember to select the primary partition for future expansion. Of course, you can also choose to use AOMEI Partition Assistant for lossless partition expansion in the future . If it is a GUID partition, you don’t need to manage as long as you know how many partitions you need. Then select UEFI boot in BIOS. After the disk partition is completed, open the Easy Image software directly and select the ISO file you downloaded and restore it to the C drive to complete the system installation. For windows10, you don't need to drive it because windows10 will automatically search for the corresponding driver software after booting up .