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For a compilation of some measurement methods, scholars can refer to the following articles: ① "200 articles used in empirical research, a toolkit for social science scholars", ② 50 famous experience posts commonly used in empirical article writing, a must-read series for students ③The Articles album on Chinese topics on AER in the past 10 years. ④AEA announced the top ten research topics that received the most attention in 2017-19, giving you the direction of topic selection. ⑤The key topic selection direction of Chinese Top journals in 2020, just write the paper These, ⑥The road map of "high light moments" in the past 30 years, RCT, DID, RDD, LE, ML, DSGE and other methods. Later, we introduced a collection of selected articles using CFPS, CHFS, CHNS data for empirical research! , ②These 40 micro-databases are enough for your Ph.D., anyway, relying on these libraries to become a professor, ③The most complete collection of shortcut keys in the history of Python, Stata, and R software! , ④ 100 selected Articles albums about (fuzzy) breakpoint regression design! , ⑤ 32 selected Articles of DID about the double difference method! , ⑥ 33 selected Articles of SCM about the synthesis control method! ⑦Compilation of the latest 80 papers about China's international trade field! ⑧Compilation of 70 recent economic papers on China's environmental ecology! ⑨A collection of selected articles using CEPS, CHARLS, CGSS, CLHLS database empirical research! ⑩Compilation of the last 50 papers using the system GMM to conduct empirical research!
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Before, we sadly learned that "another Nobel Prize master committed suicide! Depression makes him unable to extricate himself!" the news. The economic giant Alan Krueger committed suicide on March 16, 2019. Hundreds of people including Presidents Barack Obama and Bill Clinton, whom Professor Krueger served, expressed their sadness for his death. Obama praised in a written statement: Even when Professor Krueger corrects you, he will always maintain a smile and gentle expression."
His most famous DID research is the article on New Jersey Minimum Wages published in 1994 in collaboration with Professor Card (note what does it look like to distinguish it from the world's first DID empirical paper?). When the minimum wage in New Jersey rose from US$4.25 to US$5.05 in April 1992, Card and Krueger compared employment in the fast food industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania in February 1992 and November 1992, respectively. If we only observe the employment changes in New Jersey before and after the minimum wage policy, we cannot control the estimation bias caused by the omitted variables, such as the weather and macroeconomic conditions in the region. By using Pennsylvania as the control group in the DID model, even if these variables are not observed, any deviation caused by the common variables of New Jersey and Pennsylvania can be indirectly controlled.
Assuming that the trends of New Jersey and Pennsylvania over time are parallel, the change in employment in Pennsylvania can be explained as the change in employment that New Jersey will experience if it does not raise the minimum wage, and vice versa. There is evidence that an increase in the minimum wage will not reduce employment in New Jersey, which is contrary to what simplistic economic theory implies. The following table shows the estimated value of the impact of Card & Krueger's minimum wage policy on employment.
Recently, we read an article in the Journal of Economic Perspectives. However, the author of this article is special because it includes Professor Alan Krueger, and it has been more than one year since his suicide death. Let us read the article together in memory of this once dominating labor economist.
Individual self-employment and other work arrangements: Transnational perceptions of changes in work composition
In most OECD countries, the nature of self-employment is changing. Individual self-employment is on the rise compared to individual self-employment dependent on employees, which is often related to the development of gig economy work and alternative work arrangements. We still know very little about this change in the composition of work. According to special surveys conducted in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Italy, we found that self-employment and self-employment with employees are essentially different. Self-employment is between employment and unemployment. For some people, self-employment Camp has become a new area of underemployment. Its spread stems from the strong demand for social insurance, but in view of the information asymmetry of these jobs, social insurance rarely meets sufficient supply. Implementing minimum wage legislation for these jobs and reconsidering the preferential tax treatment of self-employment may prevent the abuse of these positions to hide the employment work they actually rely on. Improved labor slack measures should be formulated to recognize that in addition to unemployment, some self-employed and alternative work arrangements in the labor market today are putting downward pressure on wages.
In the past 20 years, the composition of self-employment in most OECD countries has undergone major changes. Compared with other self-employed individuals, in almost all places, the proportion of self-employed individuals who do not rely on payroll or start their own businesses has increased. This changing nature of self-employment raises some related questions: Is self-employment in the middle of employment and unemployment? Does it help explain the dramatic decline in wages that OECD countries are experiencing even with low unemployment? Are policies that encourage self-employment as a means of entrepreneurship and job creation inappropriate for these new developments? How do the preferences of self-employed trade-offs between flexible work organization and unsafe income from work arrangements? Is it necessary to extend social protection to these new forms of employment? If so, how can this be achieved?
Economic theory usually regards self-employment as a labor supply decision. Most economic literature on self-employment focuses on entrepreneurship (Evans and Jovanovic 1989; Jovanovic 1994; Parker 2004; Lazear 2004; Audretsch, Keilbach, and Lehmann 2006). A part of the exception is Levine and Rubinstein (2017), who recognize the difference between self-employment in corporate and unincorporated enterprises, but do not consider the distinction between self-employment and self-employment with employees. The broader theoretical framework used in this article is a career choice model in which workers voluntarily choose self-employed or paid occupations based on factors such as their skills and risk aversion. Some employees may be more willing to flexibly arrange their time or other unsafe benefits of being their own boss. By treating self-employment as an option, this framework does not allow demand-driven self-employment determinants. For example, it does not allow employers to be unwilling to provide employment protection for individuals in their enterprises who actually rely on workers.
However, do self-employed people agree that they have made a career choice instead of traditional dependent employment? Self-employed individuals who have no employees do not give their employees the same types of social insurance and job security. Some countries have a dual labor market with a large number of fixed-term contract holders, but even when compared with this group, self-employed persons do not receive any protection for the duration of the contract, and they often do not have access to fixed-term contract workers. Various forms of social insurance protection.
This article aims to re-understand the status of self-employed individuals, especially the status of self-employed individuals, through the latest survey data on labor markets in Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States. In these three countries, we conducted comparative surveys on self-employment, alternative work arrangements, and the global gig economy, including issues such as demographics, job characteristics, contract conditions, flexibility requirements, and willingness to pay social security fees. We supplement these data with macro-trend information from the OECD data and individual labor market dynamics from the United Kingdom, Italy’s Labour Force Survey (LFS) and the US Current Census (CPS). This provides a unique international comparison for the changes in the nature of self-employment in the three major economies.
We first consider the self-employment data provided by the OECD with and without workers. In most countries, self-employment with employees is declining, while in nearly half of countries, self-employment by individuals is on the rise. Therefore, compared with self-employment where employees are employed almost everywhere, individual self-employment is increasing. A recurring theme in this article is that the sole proprietor is different from the sole proprietor with employees. We also deal with measurement issues, which are extremely important when dealing with self-employment and the relationship between self-employment and other work arrangements (such as jobs).
Then, we conducted surveys of workers in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Italy to describe the characteristics of these workers, the difference between self-employment and self-employment with employees, and the reasons why workers engage in this type of work. In particular, we investigated the extent to which non-standard work arrangements meet the need for flexibility, or, in contrast, whether self-employed workers are more willing to work more hours, but suffer to some extent. limit. There are many reasons to suspect that quite a few self-employed individuals may not seek flexibility. Self-employment contracts often hide de facto dependent employment conditions, and working time flexibility is very small. Therefore, even for workers who value greater flexibility, the situation may be worse when the degree of protection against labor market risks is lower and the flexibility is higher. In fact, we have provided evidence, especially among workers, job satisfaction has a bimodal distribution, and more or less the same proportion of workers are restricted every hour and are satisfied with the current working hours. A recent study of call center applicants in the United States found that most employees do not value workplace flexibility and are very disgusted with irregular and unobtrusive schedules (Mas and Pallais, 2017).
Then, we turn to the labor market dynamics and consider the transitional models of unemployment, formal employment, independent self-employment, and self-employment with employed workers. Third, strong evidence shows that self-employment alone and self-employment with employees are two different labor market positions, which are characterized by different transitions from unemployment to unemployment. In addition, independent self-employment is largely related to underemployment: that is, these workers want to work a few more hours, and their hourly income is less than that of their self-employed counterparts. Compared with self-employed individuals with workers, self-employed individuals have more limited mobility and are more vulnerable to special shocks.
These characteristics of individual self-employment make it an overall indicator of the degree of labor slack. In fact, we believe that the weakness of the labor market may no longer be reflected in the unemployment rate and involuntary part-time data, especially in the European labor market. Even in countries with very low unemployment rates, there is now a huge "reserve army", including some self-employed people, which may reduce the wages of those engaged in traditional forms of employment.
We also discussed the demand and supply of social security, as well as the problems to be solved by reforms that may extend work-related injury, illness, old age, and unemployment insurance to these separate self-employed work arrangements. Our survey shows that self-employed individuals have a strong demand for social security, and they are willing to pay higher fees than traditional forms of employment in order to obtain a certain amount of social insurance. The key challenge is how to design social security for those self-employed who are prone to change their work status and income, and how to solve the resulting moral hazard and adverse selection problems. Finally, policy recommendations and directions for further research are put forward.
If you are interested in the last article after the death of Professor Alan Krueger, you can go to the Journal of Economic Perspectives to download it.
Paper: Boeri, Tito, Giulia Giupponi, Alan B. Krueger, and Stephen Machin. 2020. "Solo Self-Employment and Alternative Work Arrangements: A Cross-Country Perspective on the Changing Composition of Jobs."Journal of Economic Perspectives, 34 ( 1): 170-95.
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Regarding the DID double difference method, scholars can refer to the following articles: 1. DID use classic literature, compulsory license: evidence from the enemy's trade law, 2. continuous DID classic literature, potatoes made the old world civilization, 3. cross section Data DID tells the paradigm of double-differential policy evaluation in cross-section, 4. RDD classic literature, RDD model validity and robustness test, 5. Event research method used in DID classic literature "environmental regulation" thesis data and procedures, 6. Generalized The DID method is very classic JHE literature, 7. DID’s classic literature "compulsory license" paper data and do program, 8. MLM activities on economic development, AER cross-sectional data analysis classic text, 9. Multi-period DID classic Literature big bad banks data and do files, 10. Causal inference IV method classic literature, is it system or human capital that promotes economic development? , 11. The establishment of causality on AER, sensitivity testing, heterogeneity analysis and cross-data use classic articles, 12. The second classic of causal inference, the impact of work interruption on the subsequent productivity of workers? 13. Density Economics: Natural Experiments from the Berlin Wall, Best Econometrica Papers, 14. Labor and Health Economics with DID and DDD as identification strategies on AER, 15. A policy evaluation method using cross-sectional data, can also be issued AER, 16. Multi-period DID model classic literature, big bad banks explain ",", 17. Multi-period DID classic literature big bad banks data and do files, 18. Non-linear DID, double transformation model CIC, quantile DID, 19. What is Fuzzy DID? How to use data to achieve it? 20. Multi-issue DID big bad banks Chinese translation version and detailed explanation, 21. DID industry/region and time trend interaction items, common trend test, dynamic policy effect test, etc. 22. Cross-sectional data DID operating procedure guide, Teach you step by step, 23. DID research dynamics and literature review applied in policy evaluation, 24. Continuous DID classic literature, potatoes made the civilization of the old world, 25. DID double difference method, some error-prone places, 26 .Continuous DID, DDD and proportional DID, unobservable selection deviation, 27. Weighted DID, An encyclopedia of IPW-DID empirical procedures, 28.DID and DDD, a concise introduction, double and triple difference models, 29.DID process summary map display skills, 30.DID parallel trend hypothesis testing program and coefplot Other usage, 31. Cross-sectional DID, various fixed effects, placebo test, displacement test, other external shock treatments, 32. The first DID method used by the academician of metrology to analyze the impact of China's lockdown on the spread of new coronavirus! 33. The assumptions implied by the double difference method DID in practice, 34. The latest empirical papers compilation of the spatial DID method!
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