1. Introduction to Computer System

Principles of Computer Organization

Explanation: The general principle of logic realization of digital computer hardware system

Lecture content

1. The structure and organization of the basic components
2. Principles of operation of basic operations
3. Design ideas of basic components and units
   

1. Introduction to Computer System

HPC : A great computer

1.1 The software and hardware concepts of computer systems

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1.2 The hierarchical structure of the computer system

• System complexity management method 1: Abstract

9 layers are abstracted according to the physical structure

The hierarchy in the programmer:

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1.3 Computer architecture and computer composition

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2. The basic composition of a computer

2.1 Features of Von Neumann Computer

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Hardware block diagram

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Solid line: data path

Dotted line: control and status feedback path

Calculator: logical operations and mathematical operations

Memory: Store program

Controller: Command the program to run, complete the order of instructions

Input device: Convert information into a form that the computer can recognize

Output device: Convert the computer's processing results into a form that people can recognize

problem

1. Taking the arithmetic unit as the core, causing the arithmetic unit to become a development bottleneck
2. Chaotic system

2.2 Solve von Neumann computer problems ==> modern computers

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But still messy

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Method 2 of System Complexity Management (3Y):

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2.3 Use computers to solve real-world problems

Computability

是否可以用计算机来解决

Computer work steps:

Preparation before boarding

• Build a mathematical model
• Determine the calculation method
• Programming
  • Procedure-all steps of calculation
  • Instructions-every step

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ACC: Register

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2.4 The basic composition of the memory

Instructions and data are stored in the memory

Core structure

Storage body

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MAR : memory address register: reflect the number of memory cells

MDR : memory data register: response memory word length

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The data stored in each storage unit is called a storage word

The length of the data stored in each storage unit is called the storage word length

2.5 Calculator

2.5.1 Basic composition

Core : ALU (Arithmetic Logic Operation Unit)

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The letters in the picture are registers

Note

如果设计的计算机不是累加型的计算机，那么寄存器数量会发生变化。

2.5.2 Operation

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2.5.3 Addition operation process

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2.5.4 Subtraction operation process

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2.5.5 Multiplication operation process

Realized by accumulating and shifting, cleared before accumulating!

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第一个操作和第二个操作顺序可换

Sequence controlled by the controller

2.5.6 Division operation process

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MQ: Multiplying Quotient Register

2.6 Controller

Features:

• Explain the instructions
• Ensure the orderly execution of instructions

Explain (complete) an instruction process:

1. Instruction fetch: fetch the instruction stored in the memory unit and send it to the controller
2. Analysis instruction: send the operation code part to the control unit for analysis
3. Execution instructions: the control unit controls the corresponding components to perform operations

CU is the core

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IR PC is also a register

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2.6.1 Exercises

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2.7 The process of the host completing an instruction

Host: arithmetic unit + controller + memory

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2.7.1 Take the fetch instruction as an example:

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2.7.2 Take the storage instruction as an example:

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2.8 Comprehensive case

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每条指令运行结束后，需要对PC进行加一处理

本图片上显示的是取指令，在取——分析——执行过程中，并没有用到PC，所以可以直接在取完指令后进行加一处理

3. The main technical indicators of computer hardware

• Machine word length: The number of bits of data that the CPU can process at a time is related to the number of registers in the CPU. Generally speaking, the longer the machine word length, the better the machine performance

在我们模型机里，机器字长、存储字长、 指令字长都一样

• calculating speed

  • Main frequency
  • Number of cores, the number of threads supported by each core

  这俩不是机器速度的直接指标

  • Gibson's method f is the frequency of instruction occurrence, t is the time of instruction execution

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  • CPI: The number of clock cycles required to execute an instruction, the reciprocal of which is IPC

  • MIPS: execute millions of instructions per second

  • FLOPS: the number of floating point operations per second

• Storage capacity: the total number of digits to store binary information

The instruction word length is the same

- 运算速度

  - 主频
  - 核数，每个核支持的线程数

  ```这俩不是机器速度的直接指标```

  - 吉普森法 f是指令出现的频率、t是指令执行的时间
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  - CPI：执行一条指令所需时钟周期数 它的倒数是IPC
  - MIPS：每秒执行百万条指令
  - FLOPS：每秒浮点运算次数



- 存储容量：存放二进制信息的总位数

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