@ [TOC】
1 template
1.1 The concept of templates
The template is to establish a universal mold , which greatly improves the reusability
For example, templates in life
One-inch photo template:
PPT template:
Features of the template:
- The template cannot be used directly, it is just a framework
- Universal template is not a panacea
1.2 Function template
-
Another programming idea of C++ is called Generic programming , The main technology used is template
-
C++ provides two template mechanisms: function templates and class templates
1.2.1 Function template syntax
Function template function:
Establish a general function, the function return value type and formal parameter type can not be specified specifically, represented by a virtual type .
grammar:
template<typename T>
函数声明或定义
Explanation:
template — declare to create a template
typename — The symbol behind it is a data type, which can be replaced by class
T — general data type, the name can be replaced, usually in uppercase letters
Example:
//交换整型函数
void swapInt(int& a, int& b) {
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
//交换浮点型函数
void swapDouble(double& a, double& b) {
double temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
//利用模板提供通用的交换函数
template<typename T>
void mySwap(T& a, T& b)
{
T temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
void test01()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
//swapInt(a, b);
//利用模板实现交换
//1、自动类型推导
mySwap(a, b);
//2、显示指定类型
mySwap<int>(a, b);
cout << "a = " << a << endl;
cout << "b = " << b << endl;
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
to sum up:
- Function template uses keyword template
- There are two ways to use function templates: automatic type inference, display specified types
- The purpose of the template is to improve reusability and parameterize the type
1.2.2 Precautions for Function Templates
Precautions:
-
Automatic type derivation, you must derive a consistent data type T before you can use it
-
The template must determine the data type of T before it can be used
Example:
//利用模板提供通用的交换函数
template<class T>
void mySwap(T& a, T& b)
{
T temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
// 1、自动类型推导，必须推导出一致的数据类型T,才可以使用
void test01()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
char c = 'c';
mySwap(a, b); // 正确，可以推导出一致的T
//mySwap(a, c); // 错误，推导不出一致的T类型
}
// 2、模板必须要确定出T的数据类型，才可以使用
template<class T>
void func()
{
cout << "func 调用" << endl;
}
void test02()
{
//func(); //错误，模板不能独立使用，必须确定出T的类型
func<int>(); //利用显示指定类型的方式，给T一个类型，才可以使用该模板
}
int main() {
test01();
test02();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
to sum up:
- When using a template, a common data type T must be determined, and a consistent type must be deduced
1.2.3 Function template example
Case description:
- Use a function template to encapsulate a sorting function, which can sort arrays of different data types
- Sorting rules are from big to small, the sorting algorithm is selection sort
- Test using char array and int array respectively
Example:
//交换的函数模板
template<typename T>
void mySwap(T &a, T&b)
{
T temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
template<class T> // 也可以替换成typename
//利用选择排序，进行对数组从大到小的排序
void mySort(T arr[], int len)
{
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++)
{
int max = i; //最大数的下标
for (int j = i + 1; j < len; j++)
{
if (arr[max] < arr[j])
{
max = j;
}
}
if (max != i) //如果最大数的下标不是i，交换两者
{
mySwap(arr[max], arr[i]);
}
}
}
template<typename T>
void printArray(T arr[], int len) {
for (int i = 0; i < len; i++) {
cout << arr[i] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
void test01()
{
//测试char数组
char charArr[] = "bdcfeagh";
int num = sizeof(charArr) / sizeof(char);
mySort(charArr, num);
printArray(charArr, num);
}
void test02()
{
//测试int数组
int intArr[] = { 7, 5, 8, 1, 3, 9, 2, 4, 6 };
int num = sizeof(intArr) / sizeof(int);
mySort(intArr, num);
printArray(intArr, num);
}
int main() {
test01();
test02();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
Summary: Templates can improve code reuse and require proficiency
1.2.4 The difference between ordinary functions and function templates
The difference between ordinary functions and function templates:
- Automatic type conversion (implicit type conversion) can occur when ordinary function calls
- When the function template is called, if automatic type inference is used, implicit type conversion will not occur
- If you use the display of the specified type, implicit type conversion can occur
Example:
//普通函数
int myAdd01(int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
}
//函数模板
template<class T>
T myAdd02(T a, T b)
{
return a + b;
}
//使用函数模板时，如果用自动类型推导，不会发生自动类型转换,即隐式类型转换
void test01()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
char c = 'c';
cout << myAdd01(a, c) << endl; //正确，将char类型的'c'隐式转换为int类型 'c' 对应 ASCII码 99
//myAdd02(a, c); // 报错，使用自动类型推导时，不会发生隐式类型转换
myAdd02<int>(a, c); //正确，如果用显示指定类型，可以发生隐式类型转换
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
Summary: It is recommended to use the method of displaying the specified type and calling the function template, because you can determine the general type T by yourself
1.2.5 Calling rules of ordinary functions and function templates
The calling rules are as follows:
- If both the function template and the ordinary function can be implemented, the ordinary function is called first
- You can force a function template to be called through an empty template parameter list
- Function templates can also be overloaded
- If the function template can produce a better match, call the function template first
Example:
//普通函数与函数模板调用规则
void myPrint(int a, int b)
{
cout << "调用的普通函数" << endl;
}
template<typename T>
void myPrint(T a, T b)
{
cout << "调用的模板" << endl;
}
template<typename T>
void myPrint(T a, T b, T c)
{
cout << "调用重载的模板" << endl;
}
void test01()
{
//1、如果函数模板和普通函数都可以实现，优先调用普通函数
// 注意 如果告诉编译器 普通函数是有的，但只是声明没有实现，或者不在当前文件内实现，就会报错找不到
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
myPrint(a, b); //调用普通函数
//2、可以通过空模板参数列表来强制调用函数模板
myPrint<>(a, b); //调用函数模板
//3、函数模板也可以发生重载
int c = 30;
myPrint(a, b, c); //调用重载的函数模板
//4、 如果函数模板可以产生更好的匹配,优先调用函数模板
char c1 = 'a';
char c2 = 'b';
myPrint(c1, c2); //调用函数模板
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
Summary: Since function templates are provided, it is best not to provide ordinary functions, otherwise ambiguity is likely to occur
1.2.6 Limitations of templates
limitation:
- The versatility of templates is not a panacea
E.g:
template<class T>
void f(T a, T b)
{
a = b;
}
The assignment operation provided in the above code, if the incoming a and b are an array, it cannot be implemented
Another example:
template<class T>
void f(T a, T b)
{
if(a > b) { ... }
}
In the above code, if the data type of T is passed in a custom data type like Person, it will not work properly.
Therefore, in order to solve this problem, C++ provides template overloading, which can provide specific templates for these specific types .
Example:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
class Person
{
public:
Person(string name, int age)
{
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
string m_Name;
int m_Age;
};
//普通函数模板
template<class T>
bool myCompare(T& a, T& b)
{
if (a == b)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
//具体化，显示具体化的原型和定意思以template<>开头，并通过名称来指出类型
//具体化优先于常规模板
template<> bool myCompare(Person &p1, Person &p2)
{
if ( p1.m_Name == p2.m_Name && p1.m_Age == p2.m_Age)
{
return true;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
void test01()
{
int a = 10;
int b = 20;
//内置数据类型可以直接使用通用的函数模板
bool ret = myCompare(a, b);
if (ret)
{
cout << "a == b " << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "a != b " << endl;
}
}
void test02()
{
Person p1("Tom", 10);
Person p2("Tom", 10);
//自定义数据类型，不会调用普通的函数模板
//可以创建具体化的Person数据类型的模板，用于特殊处理这个类型
bool ret = myCompare(p1, p2);
if (ret)
{
cout << "p1 == p2 " << endl;
}
else
{
cout << "p1 != p2 " << endl;
}
}
int main() {
test01();
test02();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
to sum up:
- The use of specific templates can solve the generalization of custom types
- Learning templates is not to write templates, but to use the templates provided by the system in STL
1.3 Class template
1.3.1 Class template syntax
Class template function:
- Establish a general class, the member data type in the class can not be specified specifically, represented by a virtual type .
grammar:
template<typename T>
类
Explanation:
template — declare to create a template
typename — The symbol behind it is a data type, which can be replaced by class
T — general data type, the name can be replaced, usually in uppercase letters
Example:
#include <string>
//类模板
template<class NameType, class AgeType>
class Person
{
public:
Person(NameType name, AgeType age)
{
this->mName = name;
this->mAge = age;
}
void showPerson()
{
cout << "name: " << this->mName << " age: " << this->mAge << endl;
}
public:
NameType mName;
AgeType mAge;
};
void test01()
{
// 指定NameType 为string类型，AgeType 为 int类型
Person<string, int>P1("孙悟空", 999);
P1.showPerson();
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
Summary: The syntax of a class template and a function template is similar. Add a class after the declaration template template. This class is called a class template
1.3.2 The difference between class template and function template
There are two main differences between a class template and a function template:
- There is no way to use automatic type inference for class templates
- Class templates can have default parameters in the template parameter list
Example:
#include <string>
//类模板
template<class NameType, class AgeType = int>
class Person
{
public:
Person(NameType name, AgeType age)
{
this->mName = name;
this->mAge = age;
}
void showPerson()
{
cout << "name: " << this->mName << " age: " << this->mAge << endl;
}
public:
NameType mName;
AgeType mAge;
};
//1、类模板没有自动类型推导的使用方式
void test01()
{
// Person p("孙悟空", 1000); // 错误 类模板使用时候，不可以用自动类型推导
Person <string ,int>p("孙悟空", 1000); //必须使用显示指定类型的方式，使用类模板
p.showPerson();
}
//2、类模板在模板参数列表中可以有默认参数
void test02()
{
Person <string> p("猪八戒", 999); //类模板中的模板参数列表 可以指定默认参数
p.showPerson();
}
int main() {
test01();
test02();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
to sum up:
- Class templates can only be used to display the specified type
- The template parameter list in the class template can have default parameters
1.3.3 When to create a member function in a class template
There is a difference in the creation timing of the member functions in the class template and the member functions in the ordinary class:
- Member functions in ordinary classes can be created from the beginning
- Member functions in the class template are created when they are called
Example:
class Person1
{
public:
void showPerson1()
{
cout << "Person1 show" << endl;
}
};
class Person2
{
public:
void showPerson2()
{
cout << "Person2 show" << endl;
}
};
template<class T>
class MyClass
{
public:
T obj;
//类模板中的成员函数，并不是一开始就创建的，而是在模板调用时再生成
void fun1() { obj.showPerson1(); }
void fun2() { obj.showPerson2(); }
};
void test01()
{
MyClass<Person1> m;
m.fun1();
//m.fun2();//编译会出错，说明函数调用才会去创建成员函数
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
Summary: The member functions in the class template are not created at the beginning, they are created when they are called
1.3.4 Class template object as function parameter
learning target:
- The object instantiated by the class template, the way to pass parameters to the function
There are three incoming methods:
- Specify the incoming type — directly display the data type of the object
- Parameter templating-the parameters in the object are transformed into templates for transmission
- Entire class templatization — templatize this object type for delivery
Example:
#include <string>
//类模板
template<class NameType, class AgeType = int>
class Person
{
public:
Person(NameType name, AgeType age)
{
this->mName = name;
this->mAge = age;
}
void showPerson()
{
cout << "name: " << this->mName << " age: " << this->mAge << endl;
}
public:
NameType mName;
AgeType mAge;
};
//1、指定传入的类型
void printPerson1(Person<string, int> &p)
{
p.showPerson();
}
void test01()
{
Person <string, int >p("孙悟空", 100);
printPerson1(p);
}
//2、参数模板化
template <class T1, class T2>
void printPerson2(Person<T1, T2>&p)
{
p.showPerson();
cout << "T1的类型为： " << typeid(T1).name() << endl;
cout << "T2的类型为： " << typeid(T2).name() << endl;
}
void test02()
{
Person <string, int >p("猪八戒", 90);
printPerson2(p);
}
//3、整个类模板化
template<class T>
void printPerson3(T & p)
{
cout << "T的类型为： " << typeid(T).name() << endl;
p.showPerson();
}
void test03()
{
Person <string, int >p("唐僧", 30);
printPerson3(p);
}
int main() {
test01();
test02();
test03();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
to sum up:
- Objects created by class templates can pass parameters to functions in three ways
- The more widely used is the first one: specify the type of incoming
1.3.5 Class templates and inheritance
When the class template encounters inheritance, you need to pay attention to the following points:
- When the parent class inherited by the subclass is a class template, when the subclass is declared, the type of T in the parent class should be specified
- If not specified, the compiler cannot allocate memory to the subclass
- If you want to flexibly specify the type of T in the parent class, the subclass also needs to become a class template
Example:
template<class T>
class Base
{
T m;
};
//class Son:public Base //错误，c++编译需要给子类分配内存，必须知道父类中T的类型才可以向下继承
class Son :public Base<int> //必须指定一个类型
{
};
void test01()
{
Son c;
}
//类模板继承类模板 ,可以用T2指定父类中的T类型
template<class T1, class T2>
class Son2 :public Base<T2>
{
public:
Son2()
{
cout << typeid(T1).name() << endl;
cout << typeid(T2).name() << endl;
}
};
void test02()
{
Son2<int, char> child1;
}
int main() {
test01();
test02();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
Summary: If the parent class is a class template, the subclass needs to specify the data type of T in the parent class
1.3.6 Class template member function implementation outside the class
Learning objective: to be able to master the implementation of member functions in the class template outside the class
Example:
#include <string>
//类模板中成员函数类外实现
template<class T1, class T2>
class Person {
public:
//成员函数类内声明
Person(T1 name, T2 age);
void showPerson();
public:
T1 m_Name;
T2 m_Age;
};
//构造函数 类外实现
template<class T1, class T2>
Person<T1, T2>::Person(T1 name, T2 age) {
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
//成员函数 类外实现
template<class T1, class T2>
void Person<T1, T2>::showPerson() {
cout << "姓名: " << this->m_Name << " 年龄:" << this->m_Age << endl;
}
void test01()
{
Person<string, int> p("Tom", 20);
p.showPerson();
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
Summary: When the member function in the class template is implemented outside the class, the template parameter list needs to be added
1.3.7 Compilation of class template files
learning target:
- Grasp the problems and solutions arising from the compilation of class template member functions in separate files
problem:
- The creation time of the member function in the class template is in the calling phase, which leads to the failure to link when writing sub-files
solve:
- Solution 1: Directly include the .cpp source file
- Solution 2: Write the declaration and implementation in the same file, and change the suffix to .hpp, hpp is the agreed name, not mandatory
Example:
The code in person.hpp:
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
#include <string>
template<class T1, class T2>
class Person {
public:
Person(T1 name, T2 age);
void showPerson();
public:
T1 m_Name;
T2 m_Age;
};
//构造函数 类外实现
template<class T1, class T2>
Person<T1, T2>::Person(T1 name, T2 age) {
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
//成员函数 类外实现
template<class T1, class T2>
void Person<T1, T2>::showPerson() {
cout << "姓名: " << this->m_Name << " 年龄:" << this->m_Age << endl;
}
The class template is divided into files to write the code in .cpp
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//#include "person.h"
#include "person.cpp" //解决方式1，包含cpp源文件
//解决方式2，将声明和实现写到一起，文件后缀名改为.hpp
#include "person.hpp"
void test01()
{
Person<string, int> p("Tom", 10);
p.showPerson();
}
int main() {
test01();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
Summary: The mainstream solution is the second, write the class template member functions together, and change the suffix name to .hpp
1.3.8 Class templates and friends
learning target:
- Master the in-class and out-of-class implementation of class templates and friend functions
Realization of global functions in a class-you can declare friends directly in the class
Implementation of global functions outside the class-you need to let the compiler know the existence of global functions in advance
Example:
#include <string>
//2、全局函数配合友元 类外实现 - 先做函数模板声明，下方在做函数模板定义，在做友元
template<class T1, class T2> class Person;
//如果声明了函数模板，可以将实现写到后面，否则需要将实现体写到类的前面让编译器提前看到
//template<class T1, class T2> void printPerson2(Person<T1, T2> & p);
template<class T1, class T2>
void printPerson2(Person<T1, T2> & p)
{
cout << "类外实现 ---- 姓名： " << p.m_Name << " 年龄：" << p.m_Age << endl;
}
template<class T1, class T2>
class Person
{
//1、全局函数配合友元 类内实现
friend void printPerson(Person<T1, T2> & p)
{
cout << "姓名： " << p.m_Name << " 年龄：" << p.m_Age << endl;
}
//全局函数配合友元 类外实现
friend void printPerson2<>(Person<T1, T2> & p);
public:
Person(T1 name, T2 age)
{
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
private:
T1 m_Name;
T2 m_Age;
};
//1、全局函数在类内实现
void test01()
{
Person <string, int >p("Tom", 20);
printPerson(p);
}
//2、全局函数在类外实现
void test02()
{
Person <string, int >p("Jerry", 30);
printPerson2(p);
}
int main() {
//test01();
test02();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
Summary: It is recommended that the global function be implemented in the class, the usage is simple, and the compiler can directly recognize it
1.3.9 Class template case
Case description: To implement a general array class, the requirements are as follows:
- Can store data of built-in data types and custom data types
- Store the data in the array to the heap area
- The capacity of the array can be passed in the constructor
- Provide the corresponding copy constructor and operator= to prevent shallow copy problems
- Provide tail interpolation and tail deletion methods to add and delete data in the array
- You can access the elements in the array by subscripting
- You can get the current number of elements in the array and the capacity of the array
Example:
Code in myArray.hpp
#pragma once
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
template<class T>
class MyArray
{
public:
//构造函数
MyArray(int capacity)
{
this->m_Capacity = capacity;
this->m_Size = 0;
pAddress = new T[this->m_Capacity];
}
//拷贝构造
MyArray(const MyArray & arr)
{
this->m_Capacity = arr.m_Capacity;
this->m_Size = arr.m_Size;
this->pAddress = new T[this->m_Capacity];
for (int i = 0; i < this->m_Size; i++)
{
//如果T为对象，而且还包含指针，必须需要重载 = 操作符，因为这个等号不是 构造 而是赋值，
// 普通类型可以直接= 但是指针类型需要深拷贝
this->pAddress[i] = arr.pAddress[i];
}
}
//重载= 操作符 防止浅拷贝问题
MyArray& operator=(const MyArray& myarray) {
if (this->pAddress != NULL) {
delete[] this->pAddress;
this->m_Capacity = 0;
this->m_Size = 0;
}
this->m_Capacity = myarray.m_Capacity;
this->m_Size = myarray.m_Size;
this->pAddress = new T[this->m_Capacity];
for (int i = 0; i < this->m_Size; i++) {
this->pAddress[i] = myarray[i];
}
return *this;
}
//重载[] 操作符 arr[0]
T& operator [](int index)
{
return this->pAddress[index]; //不考虑越界，用户自己去处理
}
//尾插法
void Push_back(const T & val)
{
if (this->m_Capacity == this->m_Size)
{
return;
}
this->pAddress[this->m_Size] = val;
this->m_Size++;
}
//尾删法
void Pop_back()
{
if (this->m_Size == 0)
{
return;
}
this->m_Size--;
}
//获取数组容量
int getCapacity()
{
return this->m_Capacity;
}
//获取数组大小
int getSize()
{
return this->m_Size;
}
//析构
~MyArray()
{
if (this->pAddress != NULL)
{
delete[] this->pAddress;
this->pAddress = NULL;
this->m_Capacity = 0;
this->m_Size = 0;
}
}
private:
T * pAddress; //指向一个堆空间，这个空间存储真正的数据
int m_Capacity; //容量
int m_Size; // 大小
};
Class template case-Array class encapsulation.cpp
#include "myArray.hpp"
#include <string>
void printIntArray(MyArray<int>& arr) {
for (int i = 0; i < arr.getSize(); i++) {
cout << arr[i] << " ";
}
cout << endl;
}
//测试内置数据类型
void test01()
{
MyArray<int> array1(10);
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
array1.Push_back(i);
}
cout << "array1打印输出：" << endl;
printIntArray(array1);
cout << "array1的大小：" << array1.getSize() << endl;
cout << "array1的容量：" << array1.getCapacity() << endl;
cout << "--------------------------" << endl;
MyArray<int> array2(array1);
array2.Pop_back();
cout << "array2打印输出：" << endl;
printIntArray(array2);
cout << "array2的大小：" << array2.getSize() << endl;
cout << "array2的容量：" << array2.getCapacity() << endl;
}
//测试自定义数据类型
class Person {
public:
Person() {}
Person(string name, int age) {
this->m_Name = name;
this->m_Age = age;
}
public:
string m_Name;
int m_Age;
};
void printPersonArray(MyArray<Person>& personArr)
{
for (int i = 0; i < personArr.getSize(); i++) {
cout << "姓名：" << personArr[i].m_Name << " 年龄： " << personArr[i].m_Age << endl;
}
}
void test02()
{
//创建数组
MyArray<Person> pArray(10);
Person p1("孙悟空", 30);
Person p2("韩信", 20);
Person p3("妲己", 18);
Person p4("王昭君", 15);
Person p5("赵云", 24);
//插入数据
pArray.Push_back(p1);
pArray.Push_back(p2);
pArray.Push_back(p3);
pArray.Push_back(p4);
pArray.Push_back(p5);
printPersonArray(pArray);
cout << "pArray的大小：" << pArray.getSize() << endl;
cout << "pArray的容量：" << pArray.getCapacity() << endl;
}
int main() {
//test01();
test02();
system("pause");
return 0;
}
to sum up:
Able to use the knowledge points learned to realize a universal array
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