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1. DNS domain name system
In daily life, people are accustomed to using domain names to access servers, but machines only recognize IP addresses each other. There is a many-to-one relationship between domain names and IP addresses. An ip address does not necessarily correspond to one domain name, and one domain name can only correspond to one. IP address, the conversion between them is called domain name resolution, domain name resolution needs to be completed by a dedicated domain name resolution server, and the whole process is carried out automatically.
1. Definition of DNS
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DNS is the abbreviation of "Domain Name System". As a distributed database that maps domain names and IP addresses to each other, it can make it easier for people to access the Internet.
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NDS service uses TCP and UDP port 53, TCP port 53 is used to connect to the DNS server, and UDP port 53 is used to resolve DNS
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The length of each first-level domain name is limited to 63 characters, and the total length of the domain name cannot exceed 253 characters.
2. Domain name structure
http://www.sina.com.cn./
Structure: http://hostname.subdomain.second-level domain.top-level domain.root domain/
The top level of the tree structure is called the root domain and is represented by "." The corresponding server is called the root server, and the entire domain name space resolution power belongs to the follow server, but the root server cannot bear the huge load. It adopts the "delegation" mechanism to set up some top-level domains under the root domain, and then resolves different top-level domains The right is delegated to the corresponding top-level domain server. For example, if the resolution of the com domain is delegated to the com domain server, any domain name resolution request ending with com will be forwarded to the com domain server. The same reason, in order to reduce the top level Under the pressure of domains, several second-level domains are set up, and second-level domains are set up third-level domains or hosts.
- The root domain
is at the top of the domain name space and is generally represented by a "." - Top-level domains
generally represent a type of organization or country,
such as .net (network provider), .com (business enterprise), .org (group organization), .edu (educational institution), .gov (government department) , .Cn (Chinese national domain name) - The second-level domain is
used to indicate a specific organization in the top-level domain. The second-level domain names under the national top-level domain are managed by the national network department. For
example, the second-level domain names set under the .cn top-level domain name: .com.cn, .net.cn , .Edu.cn - Subdomains The domains
at all levels created under the second-level domains are collectively referred to as subdomains. Each organization or user can freely apply for registration of their own domain names. - Host
Host is located at the lowest level of the domain name space. It is a specific computer. For
example, www and mail are specific computer names, which can be represented by www.sina.com.cn. and mail.sina.com.cn. The method is called FQDN (Fully Qualified Domain Name), which is also the full name of this host in the domain name
3. DNS domain name resolution method
Forward resolution: Find the corresponding IP address based on the domain name.
Reverse resolution: Find the corresponding domain name based on the IP address.
4. DNS server type
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Primary domain name server: responsible for maintaining all domain name information of an area, it is the authoritative information source of all specific information, and the data can be modified. When constructing the main domain name server, you need to create the address data file of the area in charge.
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Secondary domain name server: When the primary domain name server fails, shuts down, or is overloaded, the secondary domain name server serves as a backup service to provide domain name resolution services. The resolution result provided from the domain name server is not determined by yourself, but comes from the main domain name server. When constructing the secondary domain name server, you need to specify the location of the master domain name server so that the server can automatically synchronize the address database of the area.
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Cache domain name server: It only provides the cache function of domain name resolution results to improve query speed and efficiency, but there is no domain name database. It obtains the result of each domain name server query from a remote server, puts it in the cache, and uses it to respond when querying the same information later. The cache domain name server is not an authoritative server, because all the information provided is indirect information. When constructing a cache domain name server, you must set the root domain or designate another DNS server as the source of resolution.
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Forwarding domain name server: responsible for local queries of all non-local domain names. After the forwarding domain name server receives the query request, it searches in its cache, and if it cannot find it, it forwards the request to the specified domain name server in turn until the result is found, otherwise it returns a result that cannot be mapped.
2. Steps to construct DNS domain name resolution server
1. Install the bind package
2. Configure forward analysis
(1) First check the path of the configuration file that needs to be modified
rpm -qc bind #查询bind软件配置文件所在路径
/etc/named.conf #主配置文件
/etc/named.rfc1912.zones #区域配置文件
/var/named/named.localhost #区域数据配置文件
(2) Modify the main configuration file
vim /etc/named.conf
options {
listen-on port 53 { 192.168.172.10; }; #监听53端口，ip地址使用提供服务的本地IP，也可用any表示所有
#listen-on-v6 port 53 { ::1; }; #ipv6行如不使用可以注释掉或者删除
directory "/var/named"; #区域数据文件的默认存放位置
dump-file "/var/named/data/cache_dump.db"; #域名缓存数据库文件的位置
statistics-file "/var/named/data/named_stats.txt"; #状态统计文件的位置
memstatistics-file "/var/named/data/named_mem_stats.txt"; #内存统计文件的位置
allow-query { any; }; #允许使用本DNS解析服务的网段，也可用any代表所有
……
｝
zone "." IN { #正向解析“.”根区域
type hint; #类型为根区域
file "named.ca"; #区域数据文件为named.ca，记录了13台根域服务器的域名和IP地址等信息
};
include "/etc/named.rfc1912.zones"; #包含区域配置文件里的所有配置
(3) Modify the zone configuration file and add the forward zone configuration
vim /etc/named.rfc1912.zones #可在文件里有模版，可复制粘贴后修改
zone "zhangsan.com" IN { #正向解析“zhangsan.com”区域
type master; #类型为主区域
file "zhangsan.com.zone"; #指定区域数据文件为zhangsan.com.zone
allow-update { none; };
}; #忽略，可不用配置，默认就好
png)
(4) Configure the forward zone data file
cd /var/named/
cp -p named.localhost zhangsan.com.zone #保留源文件的权限和属主的属性复制
vim /var/named/zhangsan.com.zone
$TTL 1D #有效解析记录的生存周期
@ IN SOA zhangsan.com. admin.zhangkai.com. ( #“@”符号表示当前的DNS区域名
0 ; serial #更新序列号，可以是10位以内的整数
1D ; refresh #刷新时间，重新下载地址数据的间隔
1H ; retry #重试延时，下次失败后的重试间隔
1W ; expire #失效时间，超过该时间仍无法下载则放弃
3H ) ; minimum #无效解析记录的生存周期
NS zhangsan.com. #记录当前区域的DNS服务器的名称
А 192.168.172.10 #记录主机IP地址
IN MX 10 mail.zhangsan.com. #MX为邮件交换记录，数字越大优先级越低
www IN A 192.168.172.30 #记录正向解析www.benet.com对应的IP
mail IN A 192.168.172.40
ftp IN CNAME www #CNAME使用别名, ftp是www的别名
* IN A 192.168.172.100 #泛域名解析, "*" 代表任意主机名
“@”这里是一个变量，当前DNS区域名
SOA记录中的更新序列号用于同步主、从服务器的区域数据，当从服务器判断区域更新时，若发现主服务器中的序列号与本地区域数据中的序列号相同，则不会进行下载。
“zhangsan.com.”此为完全合格域名（FQDN），后面有个“.”不能漏掉
“admin.zhangsan.com.”表示管理员邮箱，这里的“@”符号已有其他含义，所以用“.”代替
vim /var/named/zhangsan.com.zone
Template
configuration
(5) Start the service and turn off the firewall
systemctl start named
systemctl stop firewalld
setenforce 0
#如果服务启动失败，可以查看日志文件来排查错误
tail -f /var/log/messages
#如果服务启动卡住，可以执行下面命令解决
rndc-confgen -r /dev/urandom -a
(6) Add the DNS server address in the client's domain name resolution configuration file
vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33 #修改完后需要重启网卡
DNS1=192.168.132.20
systemctl restart network
或
vim /etc/resolv.conf #修改完后立即生效
nameserver 192.168.132.20
vim /etc/resolv.conf
(7) Test DNS resolution
nslookup www.zhengkai.com
host www.zhengkai.com
