ubuntu-16.04 configuration after reinstalling the system (steps, errors and modification methods)

Written in front:

1. Red is the command line that needs to be entered in the terminal. If there is an error, please refer to the blue error, green is the solution.

2. Please modify some installation paths in the text. The installed version is what I need. If you want to install other versions, please check it yourself.

3. If you are not sure, please refer to the references.