Linux directory and vi editor

Linux directory

1. Linux is the root of the tree directory

-The starting point of all partitions, directories, files, etc.
-In the entire tree-shaped directory structure, a separate "/" is used to indicate common subdirectories-
/root; /bin; /boot; /dev; /etc-
/home; /var; /usr; /sbin

Linux directory effect
/root Administrator's host (home) directory
/home/xxx Home directory of ordinary users
/bin Command file directory, store all user executable commands
/sbin Administrator operation directory, storing management commands that only administrators can execute
/boot System kernel, startup file directory
/dev Store device files (CD-ROM, hard disk, etc.)
/etc Store configuration files of system programs and most applications (rpm/yum installation)
/where Store files that can be changed, including various log files
/lib Store the dynamic link shared library file of the system program (similar to the DLL file in windows)
/usr Store system user tools and programs
/media Removable media attachment point, such as U disk, CD-ROM, etc.
/proc File to store the mapping system information
/ mnt Directory for temporarily mounting storage devices
/opt The directory where the third-party application is installed
/tmp Temporary files stored in the system

Second, the command

1. View the content of the file --------cat

Format: cat [options] filename

Function: directly display the content of the entire file

Options effect
-n Number all output lines
-b Do not number blank lines
-s Replace all consecutive blank lines with one blank line

2. View the content of the file-------more

Format: more [option] file name

Function: Full-screen display of file content in pages

Operation method effect
Enter Scroll down line by line
space bar Scroll down one screen
b Flip up one screen
q drop out

3. View the content of the file-------less

Format: less [option] file name

Function: Less is the same as the more command, but less has more extended functions

Operation method effect
Page Up Page up
Page Down Page down/find content
n Next content
N Previous content
Scroll up
Scroll down
Enter Scroll down line by line
space bar Scroll down one screen
b Flip up one screen
q drop out

4. View the content of the file-----head, tail

·head

Format: head -n file name (n is the number of lines)

Role: View part of the content at the beginning of the file (default is 10 lines)

·tail

Format:
tail -n file name
tail -f file name (tracking the dynamic update of the tail content of the file)

Role: View a small part of the content at the end of the file (10 lines by default)

5. The content of the statistical file--------wc

Function: Count the number of words in the file (word count) and other information
Format: wc [option] target file

Options effect
-l Statistics rows
-w Count the number of words
-c Count bytes

If you enter the wc command without any options, the three options -lwc are used by default

6. Retrieve and filter file content --------grep

Format: grep [Options] Search condition target file

Function: Find and display the line including the specified string in the file

Options effect
-i Not case sensitive when searching
-v Display all lines that do not contain matching text (reverse query, reverse match)
-n Show matching line and line number
-c Only output the total number of matched rows (not the number of matched rows)
-e Realize the matching of multiple search conditions, logical or relationship
-E Support the use of extended regular expressions, which is equivalent to using the egrep command

Search condition setting

– The string to be searched is enclosed in double quotation marks
– “^……” means it starts with…, “…$” means it ends with…
– “^$” means a blank line

7. Compression command--------gzip, bzip2

作用:制作压缩文件、解开压缩文件
压缩格式:
gzip [-9] 文件名
bzip2 [-9] 文件名
解压缩格式:
gzip -d .gz格式的压缩文件 等同于 gunzip 文件名.gz
bzip2 -d .bz2格式的压缩文件 等同于 bunzip2 文件名.bz2

8、归档命令-------tar

作用:制作归档文档、释放归档文件(就是用来制作备份的)
格式:
tar [选项] 归档文件名 源文件或目录
tar [选项] 归档文件名 [-C 目标目录]

选项 作用
-c 创建.tar格式的包文件
-x 解开.tar格式的包文件
-C 解压时指定释放的自标文件夹
-f 表示使用归档文件
-p 打包时保留文件及目录的权限
-P 打包时保留文件及目录的绝对路径
-t 列表查看包内的文件
-v 输出详细信息、(Verbose )
-j 调用bzip2程序进行压缩或解压
-z 调用gzip 程序进行压缩或解压

9、文件编辑器-------vi

1)作用:创建或修改文本文件;维护Linux系统中的各种配置文件
2)linux中最常用的文本编辑器有两个:
vi:类似UNIX操作系统的默认文本编辑器
vim:vim是vi文本编辑器的增强版
3)工作模式
vi编辑器由三种工作模式:命令模式、输入模式、末行模式。
命令转输入

按键 作用
a 在当前光标位置之后插入内容
i 在当前光标位置之前插入内容
o 在光标所在行之下插入一个新行内容
O 在光标所在行之上插入一个新行内容
A 在所在行的行尾插入内容
I 在所在行的行首插入内容

输入模式

操作类型 操作键 功能
翻页移动 Page Down健或Ctrl+F 向下翻动一整页内容
Page Up键或Ctrl+B 向上翻动一整页内容
行内快速跳转 Home键或^键、数字0键 跳转到本行的行首
End键或$键 跳转到本行的行尾
行间快速跳转 1G或gg 转到文件内容的第1行
G 跳转到文件的最后一行
#G 跳转到文件中的第#行(其中"#”号用具体数字替换)
M 跳转至当前页的中间位置
显示行号 : set nu 在编辑器中显示行号
: set nonu 取消行号
显示删除 x或Delete键 删除光标处的单个字符
dd 删除当前光标所在行(有剪切功能)
#dd 删除从光标处开始的#行内容
d^ 删除当前光标之前到行首的所有字符
d$ 删除当前光标处到行尾的所有字符
dw 删除光标处的整个单词替换字符
R或Shift+r 替换当前光标处字符
复制 yy 复制当前行整行的内容到剪贴板
#yy 复制从光标处开始的#行内容
粘贴 P 粘贴到光标所在行之下
p 粘贴到光标所在行之上
查找 / word 从当前光标处开始向后进行查找字符串"word"
?word 从当前光标处开始向前进行查找
n 定位下一个匹配的被查找字符串
N 定位上一个匹配的被查找字符串
撤销 u 按一次取消最近的一次操作;
重复u键, 恢复多步操作
U 用于取消对当前行所做的所有编辑保存退出
: w 保存修改的内容
:w 新文件名 另存为其它文件
:q:q! 放弃对文件内容的修改并退出
ZZ或:wq、:x 保存当前的文件内容并退出vi编辑器
打开新文件 :e 其它文件名打开新的文件进行编辑读入文件内容
:r 其它文件名在当前文件中读入其他文件内容
文件内容替换 :s /old/ new 将当前行中查找到的第一个字符串"old”串替换为"new"
:s /old/ new/ g 将当前行中查找到的所有字符串 “old”替换为"new”
:#,# s/old/ new/ g 在行号"#,#”范围内替换所有的字符串 “old"为"new”
:% s/old/ new / g 在整个文件范围内替换所有的字符串"old"为"new"
:s /old/new/ c 在替换命令末尾加入c命令,将对每个替换动作提示用户进行确认

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Origin blog.csdn.net/weixin_51614581/article/details/109963320