When I was writing the paper, I felt a little bit at a loss. I checked some information and summarized it slightly based on the information checked by Zhihu Du Niang. I will record it here. It is only for my study.
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How to write an academic paper for the first time
Quiet working environment (the laboratory probably meets this condition)
Search for a few big topics, or review literature with keywords as your subject, and see what everyone is doing and to what extent.
There are three types of papers:
Ordinary essays are periodically published in ordinary journals according to the format specification, and some opinions and conclusions can be given.
The master's thesis has new perspectives or insights into traditional fields, or uses archival research methods to review the field with your own insights and scientific methods.
The doctoral dissertation must have new discoveries and innovations, either in the method, or in the conclusions to correct or best subvert the predecessors, or open up a new field, others can borrow your method to similar fields, Or some problems can be solved in actual production and life.
Collect papers
A pretty good article in the same field and type. Read each sentence carefully, think about its structure, and then start copying.
**The more papers and documents related to this topic on the Internet, the better! The more papers and documents related to this topic on the Internet, the better! **The important thing is said three times. Otherwise, you should go to the library to find ancient books and documents. And the related principles are:
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Foreign articles take precedence over domestic articles. First look for a large number of domestic articles, find the topic you are interested in, and translate the keywords of the topic into English for search. The foreign language is translated by yourself to reduce the weight.
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Doctoral dissertation is preferred to master's dissertation prior to journal literature. Doctoral dissertations have higher requirements than master's in terms of word count, depth, number of cases, etc., and the rigor of the doctoral dissertation to write your own master's thesis has a higher pass rate. Papers take precedence over journal documents, because the final paper you want to write is not journal documents, so the frame of the paper is more complete, and the references are more continuous. Journal documents can only be used in the two sections of reference and case.
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Articles published in recent times have priority over those published in long periods. In blind review of papers, one of the review criteria is the hourly rate of the literature. Some review teachers will directly write in the comments "the reference is not in the past five or ten years, it is too old" and ask you to change the reference. Therefore, the closer the article is published, the newer literature and case studies are used.
Don't pursue perfection for the first draft, because there will be a wide range of adjustments later.
Some websites: First, search for keywords on Wikipedia, then find some related articles in Google Scholar according to the keywords, and download these papers using sci-hub and other channels
Engineering papers
How to write engineering papers
Engineering papers are mainly related to their own topics, and the key is to elaborate on their own topicsThings I have done(Simulation, experiment, theoretical analysis, conclusions drawn, or detours taken). The second is the logical relationship, we must before writingClarify the logical relationship of your paper, The easiest way is to make an outline, and then sort out the logical relationship of the whole paper according to the outline. FinallyConclusion, including chapter conclusion and final conclusion, Simply put, the conclusions in the paper are the author's thinking and phenomenon extraction based on what he has done (simulation, experiment, theoretical analysis, etc.), or the conclusions drawn from previous assumptions and verifications. The other isRigorous and smoothlanguage.
Classification of engineering papers:
Theoretical model simulation category, software analysis category, physical production debugging category, experimental analysis category based on theoretical model guidance.
Theoretical model simulation category, software analysis category: with moreDeeper theoretical, Through the establishment of mathematical models, papers based on analysis software (such as ansys for finite element analysis, matlab for analysis software, labview for testing software, multisim for circuit analysis, solidworks for 3D model analysis, etc.) need to be solid The theoretical basis and simulation condition setting and the ability to simplify, finally draw conclusions based on their own assumptions. Structural thinking: Theoretical model + conditional assumptions + software analysis + analysis based on the results obtained.
The basic framework of the paper
Part One—Summary
The abstract is the essence and concentration of the paper, the level of the paper, and the level of research can basically be seen through the abstract. So this part must not be ignored. The abstract of an undergraduate dissertation is basically about five hundred words. Introduce the problem based on the background, and then explain the solutions, the recommendations and conclusions given at the end, and the expected results.
Part Two—Preface
It is also the first part of the main body of the paper. It usually introduces the research background, research status, and purpose of the paper. This part of the content should be careful not to be confused and not to be repeated. Never take the background as the status quo and the purpose as the meaning.
Part Three-Overview
It is perfected on the basis of the thesis report. The literature review also has its own format and content requirements. It mainly explains some academic research results, what are the limitations, and what room for improvement, mainly to elicit the research direction of the paper .
Part Four—Theoretical Summary
Each thesis topic selection requires corresponding theoretical support. Without theoretical support, the academic nature of the research will be greatly reduced. This part mainly writes the basic theories and basic concepts related to your own thesis research, and is the development of the follow-up research content Lay a theoretical foundation.
Part Five-Main Text
This is the core of the thesis and the place that best reflects the research results. In this part, you need to put forward your own views and provide strong proofs such as data analysis, method research, countermeasure suggestions, improvement measures, etc. To reflect the research value of the paper as much as possible, this part takes up a lot of space and time and energy.
Part VI-Full text summary
This is equivalent to the abstract, but it should be more detailed and different from the abstract.
Part Seven-Acknowledgements
Acknowledgments must meet the requirements of the regulations, not be fanciful, fancy, and not to be favored by the crowd.
Part 8—References
Categorize the cited documents and standardize them according to the order of citation. The number of references must meet the requirements, not too many or too few, the types of citations must be complete, foreign language references, etc., this part of the content is relatively simple, but also Take it seriously.
How to write the first draft
Principle: write quickly and change slowly
"Quick write" is to draft quickly. Use the shortest time to form a complete prototype.
"Slow change" is sculpting. On the basis of prototypes, continuous iterative improvements are made to improve quality.
To write a paper, you must have research first.
Only by doing research can you obtain something that others don't know through fresh data, unique observation perspectives, and novel analysis tools.
After confirming that the new knowledge you have acquired is valuable to others, use a standardized format (the so-called "foreign stereotypes") to vividly describe this cognitive difference (abbreviated as "cognitive difference") to others.
Mind
The idea of drafting a paper isIn one go。
When writing a first draft, never edit it.
If you consider font size, indentation, and paragraph spacing as you write, you still stop and think about wording and constructing sentences from time to time (for example, "Is it better to use'push' or'knock'"?)...Time quickly slipped away.
In addition to time consumption, this editing action will also bring you two other problems:
One is that your thoughts are blocked. Some original whims and quizzes may be fleeting and nowhere to be found.
The second is the "sunk cost" effect. In the later iterations, many texts need to be thrown away directly. Once you edit the text and work hard, you will have "special feelings" for this text. Even if you find it can be deleted later, you are reluctant to delete it decisively.
To help you make decisive decisions,From the beginning, don’t invest too much。
Stay away from the phone
Pay attention to the writing steps and order
Don't write a paper linearly from start to finish. The more difficult it is, the more it should be placed last.
Appearing in the first part of the paperintroduction, Is "wolf in sheep's clothing", when writingDon't be the first step.
step:
- Outline
- Show chart
- experiment
- discuss
- in conclusion
- Abstract (Keywords)
- Literature Review
- introduction
1. Outline
First, you need to outline an outline based on the research topic.
Making an outline is like finding a rough line of demarcation for your puzzle. It helps you to get an overview of the whole picture, know your prescription at any time, and not get lost.
I recommend you to useOutline tool, To quickly divide the paper into several manageable parts.
There are many outline tools, I have used org-mode, workflowy, dynalist.
Now it uses domestic products, called "screen".
2. Jigsaw
With the outline, all you have to do is to continuously fill in the blocks and assemble the entire figure (thesis).
This comes to the second step,Throw in research results such as graphs.
So I mentioned before that we must do research first. Otherwise, where do these research results come from?
3. Write the experimental part
If you can keep a diary and talk through pictures, this part can be done.
you need toDescribe your data source, experiment organization method, data analysis process, and describe experiment results。
4. Write the discussion section
Although you have the data and displayed it, you must never leave it alone.
you need toDiscuss it。
Think about it, if you were a serious reader yourself, what would you think about your results? Is it intuitivedoubt？
If you can feel the reader's question, use this section to raise it and respond seriously.
If you can't imagine the reader's question, go find a reader to have a look, and do empathy training.
5. Write a conclusion.
The conclusion should be three very classic blocks:
to sum upthis research;
Point out the shortcomings and discuss the reasons;
OutlookImprovements in the future.
6. Write a summary
After writing some of the above parts, the abstract is ready to be published. Strike while the iron is hot and write it.
Many journals will give you a structured abstract writing guide in the template. You can refer to it and fill in the blanks item by item. In this way, the summary is not only complete, but also clear in logic.
Summary writing must outline and guide. You have to sacrifice Occam's razor and delete all redundant parts.
Don't forget the reading order of people .
If the abstract is not well written, no one may read the text of your paper at all.
After writing the summary, don’t forget to fill in the key words.
7. Write a literature review
When many people write here, they will pile up abstracts of references and make up the number of words.
The purpose of literature review is not just to prove to readers or teachers that you are diligent and assiduous and have read the literature, butConduct an academic research environment scan.
You have to use the important research results of predecessors to form a net. On this website,Find the location of your own paper and insert it. (difficult)
You not only need to understand the important research in this field, but also the contributions and deficiencies to them are precious.
8. Write an introduction
The introduction is the most difficult to write, so we will extract this part and discuss it separately.
What is the difficulty in writing introduction?
You have to deal with two forces of ning and ba.
These two forces are: value and necessity
background? ? Research status? ?